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By Zirlene Alves da Silva Santos

O presente trabalho analisa as falhas por desgaste em um transportador de correia de uma empresa mineradora que beneficia o minério de ferro. O transportador de correia, por ser um equipamento critico em qualquer linha de produção, é o objeto do estudo de caso utilizado para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. O objetivo desse estudo é reunir informações a respeito dos desgastes que o transportador apresenta em um determinado período de tempo para criar uma tabela com os principais tipos de desgastes e a freqüência com que eles ocorrem. As falhas por desgaste são encontradas através da pesquisa documental pelo software Maximo e da análise feita no local do transportador. Como resultados das análises foi constatado que o desgaste predominante é o abrasivo por dois e três corpos, esse promove a perda gradual de material da superfície dos componentes do transportador de correia.

Aug 16, 2017

By Frederico Ibrahim Horta

As estradas de mineração influenciam diretamente nos custos de operação de mina e manutenção de equipamentos. A equipe de planejamento de lavra em conjunto com a equipe de operação de mina buscando a melhoria de seus indicadores de custos e produtividade realizaram várias melhorias no perfil de transporte da Mina Oeste. Para realização deste trabalho foram mapeados e projetados novos trechos da mina que poderiam ser melhorados em termos de inclinação de rampa, subidas, descidas e curvas. A realização destas melhorias, em conjunto com correções de drenagem e forragem das pistas, possibilitou a alteração do limite de velocidade dos caminhões fora-de-estrada em alguns trajetos de 40 para 50 km/h. Como resultado destas alterações, obteve-se um ganho de 18% na produtividade da frota de transporte e uma redução de 13% nos custos de operação.

Oct 30, 2017

By Natália Cristina Candian Lobato

A fim de se evitar os danos causados pela corrosão, cresce cada vez mais o uso do aço galvanizado. Durante o processo de galvanização a quente ou por eletrodeposição é gerado um resíduo sólido perigoso conhecido por lama galvânica cujo descarte se trata de um processo oneroso. Sendo assim, as principais rotas de gerenciamento desse resíduo foram levantadas no presente trabalho, visando contribuir com a economia e aumento da sustentabilidade desse setor industrial. Ultimamente a lama galvânica é considerada uma matéria-prima potencial por conter metais com valor comercial presentes em concentrações elevadas, e isso tem estimulado pesquisas de rotas de recuperação desses teores metálicos. Paralelamente, a fim de resolver o problema de gestão do resíduo, estudos buscam rotas alternativas de descarte que visem estabilizar os elementos tóxicos e reutilizar a lama como matéria-prima em outro processo industrial.

Aug 7, 2018

By Philip C. Tully

This bibliography contains 2,072 citations to technical and scientific literature about helium and alpha-particles abstracted by 12 abstract service publications during 1962. Citations are listed by 16 major subject classifications with several subclassifications to minimize areas of literature search. Automatic data processing was used to reduce the time and labor required to compile the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1969

By S. H. Ash

THE information obtained by examining and analyzing the core drillings from 15 diamond-drill holes shows that with the proper equipment little difficulty should be experienced while sinking the shafts at the 15 selected sites. Although a number of holes penetrated formations containing a high percentage of silica,, the health hazard from dust can be removed by using proper dust-control equipment. Methane was detected in small amounts in only one (hole 5) of the boreholes. The methane hazard should present no difficulty if adequate ventilation is employed while sinking the shafts.

Jan 1, 1952

By S. Don Brown

Between 1987 and 1988, the Bureau of Mines studied the mineral resources of the White River National Forest and part of the Arapaho National Forest to appraise the resources present and to determine the types of deposits, and their location, that could be mined economically if sufficient demand and metal prices existed. The study included a comprehensive literature search and a limited amount of field investigation of minerals and mining activity in and near the Forest. Mineral resource information indicates that in the Gore Range the area between Tennessee Pass and Gilman may contain large base-and precious-metal deposits, and could be the focus of exploration activity in the near future. The Breckenridge mining district was found to have a moderate to high likelihood for mineral exploration and possible development of gold. Recent exploration and minor development work has occurred in several other areas: Montezuma, Kokomo-Tenmile, and Upper Blue River districts, and portions of the Sawatch Range. Limestone, marble, sand and gravel, rock for crushed aggregate, and other industrial rocks have been recently mined or Quarried in the Forrest, and will likely be mined or quarried in the near future. Currently coal is being produced at one mine in the Forest, and extensive identified coal resources are located in the Forest. Parts of four known gas fields lie within the Forest west of Glenwood Springs; there is current production at one field.

Jan 1, 1990

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expanded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flotation and Agglomerate Tabling of Nonmetallic Minerals, " published in Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 691-726) and prepared a year previously. Revisions embodied herein brine the data up to January 1, 1938. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered. This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By John L. Hatton

The author will introduce and describe the nature of Fiberglas-Reinforced Plastics. Successful applications of corrosion-resistant structures will be shown and described, including pipe, ducts, tanks and other equipment. These structures are generally designed to handle corrosive liquids and gases and have proved both satisfactory and economical in service in various industries in Canada. The specification of structures will be discussed in relation to materials, construction and workmanship, physical properties and methods of testing.

Jan 1, 1970

Effect of Grinding Media on the Flotation of Sulfide Minerals

Sep 13, 2010

By J. D. Brown

The electron optics, vacuum system, and sample stage assembly for the Bureau of Mines? electron probe X-ray spectrograph were purchased. Four scanning curved-crystal spectrometers, two reflection- and two transmission-type, were designed and constructed by the authors. The reflection spectrometers are placed in a vacuum chamber for measurement of long-wave-length X-radiation. Detection, pulse-amplitude discrimination, and recording circuits are provided for the simultaneous measurement of four X-ray spectral lines. Minimum spot size is approximately 2 microns in diameter at 30 kilovolts and a sample-to-ground current of 5 x 10-8 ampere. At this voltage and current the limit of detection with reflection spectrometers is less than 0.05 weight-percent for most elements. The limit of detection for elements determined by transmission-type spectrometers, evaluated at 35 kilovolts and 5 x 10-8 ampere, is approximately 0.1 weight--percent for all elements having excitation voltages below 20 kilovolts. In general, reflection spectrometers exhibited satisfactory but poorer resolution than the transmission type, resolution of the spectrometers being limited primarily by crystal imperfections, with greater mosaic structure being introduced by the grinding process for the reflection crystals. Several applications of the electron probe X-ray spectrograph are described. Analysis of a uranium-steel is discussed in detail to illustrate calculation of composition from measured X-ray intensities.

Jan 1, 1962

By Alessandro Ibarra Mendonça

Embora a metalurgia do pó e o forjamento sejam técnicas totalmente consolidadas no mundo industrializado, surge o forjamento de sinterizados e o sinterforjamento para somar as vantagens de cada processo convencional em uma única técnica de processamento. O presente trabalho propõe a obtenção de uma peça denominada cruzeta, forjada utilizando billet sinterizado como matéria prima. O pó de ferro ASC 100,29 e o grafite UNICARBO 50- fino foram utilizados para obtenção do Billet , através da metalurgia do pó convencional, pressão de 600 MPa, a partir da curva de compressibilidade. Foi escolhida a cruzeta como peça alvo, devido a seu uso na indústria automotiva. A geometria da peça foi modelada em Solidworks e posteriormente realizado o projeto e construção das matrizes para o forjamento. Realizaram-se ensaios de compressão para determinar e analisar a densificação do produto, em função dos fechamentos de poros, do billet sinterizado. Ainda, foram realizados cálculos de volume para determinar a altura do billet necessária para o preenchimento da cavidade da geometria determinada. Confeccionaram-se billet sinterizados a 1150ºC em atmosfera redutora, mantido até 900°C e rapidamente transferida para uma matriz fechada de forjamento para a execução do processo de sinterforjamento a morno. Foram realizados ensaios metalográfico, de dureza e microdureza do billet sinterforjados para validação do processo. Após este processo, obteve-se peças sinterforjadas, onde analisou-se o preenchimento, ausência de dobra e trincas macroscópicas.

Aug 16, 2017

By NILAMADHABA SAHU, Gajanan U. Kapure, Pankaj Kumar, Sunil Kumar Tripathy

Chromite ore processing tailings and low-grade manganese ores are typically considered waste due to their limited or negligible utility, leading to environmental and storage concerns. Researchers globally have explored various methods to utilize or upgrade these wastes, particularly because dumping chromite ore has been linked to severe health issues through Cr(VI) leaching. Individually, these ores lack economic value, and there has not been research on simultaneously reducing both low-grade ores. In this study, the focus lies on smelting these ores together, aiming to create a precursor alloy for 200 series stainless steel scrap. Initial research indicated the potential for scrap formation, validated through lab experiments with varying coke rate, basicity, and holding time. The investigation discovered that smelting this combination could yield a metal product comprising 59% Fe, 24.93% Cr, 7.56% Mn, 0.62% Ni, and 0.93% Si. The optimum basicity was found to be 0.6 with 80% recovery. Notably, this process eliminates intermediate steps in 200 series stainless steel production, potentially reducing overall CO2 emissions. This proposed method represents a cleaner, sustainable approach to repurpose these two waste ores, projecting a net profit of USD 330 per ton.

Jan 10, 2024

By Jacob Carr, Christopher C. Jobes, Chenming Zhou, LaTasha R. Swanson, Jennica Bellanca, Jingcheng Li

Magnetic proximity detection systems (PDSs) are used with continuous mining machines (CMMs) to protect miners from striking and pinning accidents. Generators are used in a PDS to create magnetic fields covering the space around a CMM. The PDS determines the proximity of a miner relative to the CMM based on the magnetic flux density detected by a miner-wearable component (MWC) and simultaneously alerts the miner and stops the motion of the CMM if the miner is within a proximity that creates a striking hazard. A stable magnetic field is essential to the accuracy of the proximity calculations performed by the PDS. This paper presents the results of a systematic study of the magnetic influence of two types of steel structures found near a CMM— the body of the CMM itself and the wire mesh used for roof and rib control. The results show that the steel of the CMM body can change the magnetic field distribution and also alter electrical parameters of a PDS by changing its generator current. The study also shows that, depending on the distance between the wire mesh and a generator, the magnetic field can also be altered.

By Jin Dai, Xianwen Geng, Hao Liu, Pu Wang

To investigate how deformation failure occurs in roadways surrounding rock, the relationship between cohesion and plastic shear strain of the strain softening model and the equation for calculating the shear strain of a rock mass in the ultimate elastic state are derived. On this basis, the equality relationship between the built-in maximum shear strain increment and cohesion of FLAC 3D was established to give a more intuitive picture of how the cohesion of the roadway surrounding rock changes. The cohesion attenuation and deformation of the surrounding rock are analysed. The results show that significant deformation in the roadway surrounding rock was caused primarily by the development of large areas of highly softened plastic rock masses towards residual strength. Taking the floor overhead-mining roadway under different rock pillar thicknesses (RPTs) in the Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine as an example, the results demonstrate that investigating the cohesion distribution inside the roadway during mining operation can provide a more intuitive, more accurate description of the degree of failure of the surrounding rock at any point of the roadway, as well as the overall failure range of the surrounding rock. The simulation agrees well with the field monitoring result and seems to be more practically useful than simply analysing the coverage of shear plastic zones. Based on the failure range and degree of roadway surrounding rock with different RPTs, three support schemes are designed. Classified support was implemented for roadways under different RPTs, which realizes the effective control of roadway surrounding rock.

Jan 16, 2022

By C. L. Emery, A. V. Corlett

"The stress equilibrium is disturbed in a body of rock by a mine opening and is restored by a redistribution of the stresses around the opening. The pattern of the redistribution of unilateral stress around an opening has been established by mathematical analysis and photoelastic measurements. The pattern for multilateral stress is found by superimposition of unilateral fields. The mathematical analysts do not use the elastic moduli as parameters and they are not significant in photoelastic work. The medium is isotropic. The concept of unilateral stress from vertical loading and the classical pattern of its stress distribution around openings does not explain commonly observed failures around the perimeters of mine openings. They show evidence of compression where tension is postulated.When it is recognized that few minerals and perhaps no rocks are Hooke Solids, most rocks must be St. Venant Solids. The components have varying degrees of elasticity and viscosity. The assembly will be-have elastically to rupture under shock loading, but when loaded short of rupture will adjust viscously to equilibrium. Similarly, the highly elastic components may initiate rupture before equilibrium can be established when stress is instantaneously relieved. Polycrystalline adjustments may produce permanent deformation. The mechanics of consolidation, especially in sedimentary deposits, ac-quire a stress component normal to the direction of compaction which can exceed that of the loading. It is one source of prestress. There are others. The principles of prestress design are based on the normal beam reactions, modified by a built-in compression in the lower chord. When the beam is loaded to design limits, the lower chord retains some compression and the whole beam depth is effective in compression. Some of the . common evidences of failure in compression over a mine opening can be duplicated in a prestressed experimental model.When the triaxial stress pattern is recognized and suitable measuring techniques are devised, mine design can be done on a rational basis."

Jan 1, 1959

By Guthrie. R. K., H. B. Hill

"INTRODUCTION During the early 1920's world-wide attention was attracted to a group of oil fields (Mexia, Wortham, Currie, Richard, and Powell) later known as Mexia-Powell fault-line fields in Limestone, Freestonne, and Navarro Counties, Tex. Enormous yields of high-gravity oil from the wells in these fields resulted in drilling campaigns that quickly surpassed all previous records for rapid, intensive development of productive areas. The discovery of oil in the Mexia filed in September 1921 was followed quickly by the finding of oil in the Currie field in October. In January 1923 oil was discovered in the Powell field; in February 1924 the Richland field, midway between Currie and Powell fields, was brought in; and in November 1924 oil was discovered in the Wortham field, situated between Mexia and Currie fields. Each of the fileds was developed rapidly: wells were spaced closely and had high initial production; production peaks were reached early in the producing lives of the fields; subsequent decline was rapid, and there was early and rapid encroachment of edge water.In 1927 Bureau of Mines engineers, in their investigations a engineering conditions in oil,completed a preliminary study and published a mimeographed report 4/ on underground conditions in the Wortham field, and in 1928 they reported on production and development problems in the Powell Field. 5/ field."

Aug 1, 1943

By Jay W. Hawkins

Under an approved remining program, mine operators can remine abandoned coal mines without assuming legal responsibility for treatment of the previously degraded water, as long as the discharging waters are not further degraded and other regulatory requirements are satisfied. A U.S. Bureau of Mines review of 105 remining permits in Pennsylvania indicates that remining results in substantial reclamation of abandoned mine lands, utilization of significant quantities of coal, and reduction of contaminant loads (acidity and iron) from degraded mine drainage discharges. Normality tests performed on the water quality and flow data indicate generally nonnormal distributions and extreme right-skewness, tending toward lower values. The water quality of underground coal mines was observed to be more highly degraded in terms of acidity, iron, and sulfate than that of surface coal mines. The optimum baseline sampling scenario is 12 months in duration at a frequency of one sample per month. Analysis of water quality and flow rates before and after remining indicates that a majority of the mines exhibited either no change or a significant decrease in pollution rate because of remining. The discharge flow rate was the dominant controlling factor when the post-remining contaminant load was significantly better or worse than the baseline (pre-remining) load.

Jan 1, 2010

By Jan Kvinge, Aina Opsal Bakke, Yanjun Li, Jan-Ove Løland, Svein Jørgensen

"Compound casting is a very attractive approach to reduce the weight of components for some specific applications while keep both the functional and the mechanical property requirements. In this work, Al-7Si-Mg alloy /copper compound castings were produced through a low pressure die casting process. To reduce the oxide present in the interface, flux coating of the copper pipes was tested. The interface layer formed between the two alloys was investigated using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Vickers Micro-hardness was also measured across the interface. Results showed that the flux coating prevented the formation of the metallic bond between copper and aluminum. Instead, high concentrations of potassium, magnesium and fluoride, coinciding with formation of KMgF3 and MgF2, were detected in the interface. In the castings without surface treatment, a continuous metallurgical bond was achieved. In the bond layer, various Al-Cu intermetallic phases have been detected. In addition, formation of primary silicon particles in the reaction layer was observed in all castings. The mechanism for the formation of the intermetallic phases and the strength of the interface layer have been discussed.INTRODUCTION Recent development in the automotive industry has focused on producing lightweight components, which can reduce CO2 emission and increase the efficiency. Often, one material alone is not able to meet the requirements for a specific use. The need for lightweight bimetallic components has therefore increased. Aluminum-copper bimetallic components can be used in wires and bus bars where conductivity is an important factor (Lee, Bang, & Jung, 2005). Compared to Al-Cu alloys, Al-Cu bimetallic components can reduce both weight and cost without reducing electrical and thermal conductivity (Sheng, Yang, Xi, Lai, & Ye, 2011). A challenge is, however, that aluminum and copper have high affinity to each other, especially at elevated temperatures. This causes formation of brittle intermetallic phases with high electric resistance (Liu, Wang, Sui, Wang, & Wenjiang, 2016). In addition, both metals are subjected to oxide formation on the surface. Copper is especially exposed to oxidation at elevated temperatures (Pinnel, Tompkins, & Heath, 1979), while a thermodynamically stable oxide layer will spontaneously form on the aluminum surface (Papis, Loeffler, & Uggowitzer, 2009). Oxides are known to be passive substrates, which will reduce wettability and will thus prevent the formation of metallic bonding between aluminum and copper (Papis, Hallstedt, Löffler, & Uggowitzer, 2008)."

Jan 1, 2018

By L. M. Yokum

Tremendous strides have been made in front end loaders in the last 15 years. Fifteen years ago a 21/4-cu-yd front end loader was the largest standard machine you could purchase. Today there are two commercially available 15-yd front end loaders and many 10-yd loaders. The estimated total worldwide market for all front end loaders over 1 cu yd has increased to over 30,000 units yearly. The trend for front end loaders, in general, and for the mining market, in particular, is to larger and larger loaders. Today there are 18 and 24-cu-yd front end loaders in prototype form. It is not inconceivable that within another 15 years there will be front end loaders in the 50-cu-yd class with design features quite different from today's. These larger loaders are being designed at the demand of the mining industry, and the design criteria are being directed at this market area. The costs of these larger loaders may be greater per unit of capacity, but it is the intent of the various manufacturers that they will be more reliable, be easier to service, give greater availability, live longer, and cost less to maintain, than previous loaders. It is also the intent of the manufacturers to compete directly with the large mining shovel as the front end loaders become appropriately larger and more reliable. There has been some trend in this direction in the past with smaller shovels and loaders. In Table 1 are data for U.S. production of front end loaders (5 to 6-cu-yd class and 10-cu-yd class) and U.S. production of cable-operated, crawler-mounted power shovels, draglines, and cranes (11/z to 5-cu-yd class) for the years 1965 and 1970 (Source: Bureau of Census, U.S. Department of Commerce). Many believe that the decline in shovel production, in particular, is due at least in part to the acceptance of the front end loader as a primary production tool. However, the foregoing comparison is for a smaller shovel class than for front end loaders. It has generally been a rule of thumb that a front end loader is competitive on a cost and production basis with a shovel when it is approximately twice as large as the shovel. This same relationship may not hold true with the larger 10 to 15-cu-yd electric shovels, but at some point, direct competition will probably occur. Current Trends There are many trends today that are significant. One major usage trend in large front end loaders involves load and carry operations. This application is defined as "performing the functions of loading, hauling and dumping with one machine over distances within its economical limits." Many people are using front end loaders to transport material as well as load it. It is estimated that nearly half of all 10-cu-yd front end loaders sold in 1970 went into primary load and carry work. Many times, significant savings result from using the load and carry system, instead of small truck and shovel operations, for distances in excess of 1000 ft. Strip mining in coal utilizes great numbers of front end loaders in this manner. In-pit crushing of limestone is developing on an ever-increasing level, especially in Europe, and this stimulates interest in load and carry operations. In Table 2 is a cost example for 10-cu-yd front end loader in a limestone quarry. More than likely, load and carry use will continue to increase over the next few years. While some types of mining do not lend themselves to load and carry in the pit, such areas as surge piles are applicable and should be studied. In the area of machine operating cost reduction, there

Jan 1, 1974