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By Federico Oviedo Kernan

El texto señala el procedimiento de la campaña de higiene, sanidad y seguridad industrial realizada en Pamplona y el diseño de un programa de seguridad en la ingeniería minera. Ante el incremento de accidentes registrados por influencia del medio ambiente -en tanto condiciones materiales y anímicas en el trabajador-, la Marcona Mining Company creó un departamento de seguridad e higiene industrial, a fin de mejorar sus condiciones y sentar las bases de la difusión entre los participantes de la zona. Entre los servicios y facilidades del aspecto externo tenemos: sanidad y profilaxia, servicio social, cooperativa, servicio médico, casas-comedor, medicina preventiva, curativa y medicina social. Mientras que en el aspecto interno, encontramos la higiene industrial, los ambientes de trabajo, iluminación, espacio, vapores, protección personal y ruido. Asimismo, es importante el rol del ingeniero de Seguridad quien además de su experiencia(5 años) y profesionalismo, se convierte en un intermediario del trabajador y la empresa, ofreciendo soluciones y evaluando las dificultades presentadas. Por ello, se hace importante la función del Pool o Asociación de diversas empresas en tanto difundan la información de la campaña entre los colaboradores de la empresa, a través del uso de prensa y propaganda para el desarrollo de seguridad de las mismas.

Jul 20, 1959

By Zhou Shu-cai

"A method has been proposed for the pre-treatment of high phosphorus iron ore by carbothermic reduction assisted with microwave irradiation and magnetic separation on a laboratory scale. Chemical analysis of the reduced ore sample, the metal sample and the slag sample were conducted. Based on the above research, the influences of carbon addition, microwave power and microwave irradiation time on the recovery of Fe and dephosphorization were discussed. It indicated that the increase of microwave irradiation time and power had substantial effect on the recovery of Fe while the influence of carbon addition was not obvious and the highest iron recovery ratio reaches some 95.5% when the dephosphorization ratio was 37.68%. A high iron recovery ratio and a reasonable dephosphorization rate were incompatible under the conditions investigated in this study due to the reduced iron and because unreduced P-contained gangues were not efficiently separated. This method may provide a reference for the future utilisation of high-phosphorus iron ore.IntroductionWith the rapid growth of crude steel production in China, the source of iron ore tends to become increasingly strained and is facing the risks of raw material shortage for the iron and steel industry. In order to decrease the production cost, China has to focus on the utilization of its domestic low grade iron ores for the iron and steel plants [1-2]. China has a large deposit of high phosphorous iron ore with a reserve of 7.45 billion tons which is unused in any large scale [3]. Therefore, the development of a successful and economically viable technology for high phosphorus iron ore is of profound importance. To remove phosphorus from the high phosphorus iron ore, several mineral and metallurgical processes have been proposed, such as bio-leaching [4], roasting reduction plus melting separation [5], pre-reduction and screening methods combined with mechanical crushing or air jet milling[6] selective agglomeration plus reverse flotation [7]. However these processes are not cost effective or are time consuming. The traditional pyrometallurgical process( BF+ BOF) refuse this kind of ore mainly because that molten iron is saturated with carbon or high carbon content and thus all phosphor us in the burden goes to the molten iron[8]. Therefore, it is important to exploit the cheap and abundant high phosphorus iron ore as a resource in ironmaking. In recent years, the microwave was widely introduced as a heat resource for extractive metallurgy of iron ore or other minerals. For example, microwave assisted ore milling, microwave assisted carbothermic reduction of metal oxides and microwave assisted mineral leaching issues[9-10]"

Jan 1, 2014

By Augusto Viana Leandro Teixeira

Rare Earth Elements (REE) are fundamental for modern life products and green technologies. Supply constraints and the price peak of 2011 boosted intensive research for alternatives for processing and separation. Complex monazite- type, rare earth ores usually contain high acid consumption impurities, such as iron and aluminum, and radioactive thorium in their composition. These impurities are not removed by conventional concentration processes due to fine, micro-level association between the REE carrying minerals and the gangue minerals. This work presents a selective process route for REE extraction from iron-rich, monazite ores. The process involves sulfation by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid and pyrohydrolysis at temperatures of approximately 700–750 °C. Experimental results show REE extraction higher than 70% and low iron (below 5%) and thorium extraction (below 10%). A method based on thermogravimetric analyses was shown to be adequate to predict the behavior of a given ore sample in the sulfationselective pyrolysis-leaching process.

By Don L. Deardorff

The Deserado Mine and transportation system is the fuel supply portion of the Bonanza Power Plant project. Deserado Mine con¬sists of an underground mine with a capacity of 1,224,700 tonnes (1,350,000 tons) of clean coal per year, a 649 tonne (715 tons) per hour closed water circuit jig type preparation plant, a 5.6-kilometer (3 ½ -mile) overland conveyor with covered slot storage, a unit train rail load-out and 59.5 kilometers (37 miles) of totally independ¬ent, captive electrified railroad. Planning and exploration started in March of 1978. Construction of all facilities was completed in April of 1984, approximately six years after initial planning was commenced. This paper will discuss exploration, environmental permitting, mine planning, engineering and construction of the Deserado Mine project.

Jan 1, 1984

By D. H. Stonehouse

Of the f ive Canadian cement producing regions- Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie and Pacific-Ontario has the greatest capacity and normally produces the most cement. However, during the last 5 years the greatest activity within the industry in Canada has been in the Prairie and Pacific regions where major capacity increases have taken place. Most Canadian cement companies produce normal Portland, high-earlystrength Portland and sulphate resisting Portland cements. Some companies also manufacture moderate Portland cement, and low-heat-of-hydration Portland cement. Escalating energy costs highlight the need for technology research into more energy-efficient equipment for the energy-intensive cement industry. The industry is well integrated and plants are well situated to support construction in Canada. Expansion into the United States has become common during the past decade.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. C. Hagel, H. J. Beattie

Phases present at 2200° and 1500°F (1204° and 816°C) were identified in sixty wrought developmental austenitic alloys possessing wide compositional variations. The bases were iron-, cobalt-, and nickel-rich as well as a base with equal parts of each. There are only two structure types previously not found in similar alloys, viz .-the Co3 W and the Fe3Al types. A molybdenum-rich monocarbide decorates dislocations with unusual clarity. Other results provide correlations between alloy composition and phas e precipitation. Grouping intermetal -lic phases into three general classes : I) geometrically close-packed, 2) topologically close-packed, and 3) bcc derivatives, the nickel base prefers the first, the iron base the second, and the cobalt base the third—each base tending to shun the other two classes. Thus, a crystal-chemistry effect previously noted by Laves and Wallbaum can he expanded for these Group VIII elemental bases. There appear to he no quaternary or higher -order structure types requiring more than three atomic species. AFTER studying aging reactions in many diverse commercial austenitic alloys1-4 as a function of detailed time-temperature variations in heat treatment, it became apparent that matrix composition influenced structure types and morphologies to a large extent. These tendencies were related4 to a crystal-chemistry effect uncovered by Laves and Wallbaum.5,6 We have now directed our efforts to exploration of the whole ternary field, covering the standard base elements—iron, cobalt. and nickel— with 10 to 20 pct Cr and moderate amounts, up to 10 pct, of the usual alloy additions. Solutioning and aging treatments were held constant with major emphasis on X-ray identification of microconstituents. The possible existence of exceptions to the Laves-Wallbaum effect, or any new phases, was sought. Phases appearing in austenitic alloys can be classified as geometrically close-packed (gcp), octahedral or nonoctahedral interstitial compounds, topologically close-packed (tcp), semicarbides, and bcc derivatives. Crystal structures of the first four classifications can be visualized as a dense packing of semirigid spheres of different sizes, while the bcc derivatives represent a less efficient packing of spheres. The Laves-Wallbaum effect involves the gcp and tcp phases. Gcp phases possess both tetrahedral and large octahedral interstices; examples are Ni3Ti(n), NiSAl(y'), Co3W(E), and other ordered AB3 compounds where B atoms are smaller than A. Their precipitation is primarily intragranular, presumably coherent with an austenitic matrix, and a chief source of strengthening. Most octahedral interstitial compounds (e.g., CbC, Tic, TiN, Mo2C) have a gcp lattice of large metal atoms which accommodate small carbon or nitrogen atoms in the octahedral interstices. The compound Ti2SC, previously designated Y phase or T phase, can, with some reservation due to its partial co-valency, be placed in this category.7 The nonoctahedral interstitials (e.g., M7C3, Fe3C) represent close-packings of spheres in structures that provide larger triangular-prism interstices for carbon, since the octahedral interstices formed by chromium and iron atoms are too small. Tcp phases possess only tetrahedral interstices; examples are Laves (Fe2Ti, Fe2Cb, Fe2W...AB2), p(Fe7MO6, Co7W8.... A8B7), and (FeCr, Co2Cr3)

Jan 1, 1965

By R. A. Cattell

With the surrender of the Japanese Imperial Government as a climax to the capitulation of the German High Command , the main objective of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division pivoted from war assignments to its main normal functions . One of these functions is to give wide public distribution to valuable technical facts which the Division has obtained through research on petroleum , natural gas , helium , and related subjects . During the war years many engineering data and scientific facts could be released only on a restricted basis as reports to war agencies and others immediately concerned . Moreover , many of the wartime reports contained masses of detailed data that were prepared under stress to meet emergency schedules . For peacetime publication and application , these data must be reviewed , correlated , and rearranged so as to present the essentials in proper form . To illustrate , a wartime report of 50 pages might be resolved into one curve in a composite graph for a peacetime publication . Another factor affecting the orientation of the work of the Division is the broader horizon of research revealed by its war activities . Fundamental research and careful engineering analyses are just as important in time of peace as in time of war; in fact , they should be more important to the forward view , because under peace conditions disrupting influences that distract from the orderly acquisition of knowledge are minimized . Therefore , the concerted effort has been not to " salvage " the results of the war activities , but to evaluate them on the basis of their relative importance in the future economy of the country . Where wartime investigations have pointed to peacetime accomplishments , the effort has been to give the corresponding type of work additional emphasis . This adjustment can not be made hurriedly , but many of the necessary preliminary steps on the new course have been taken ..

Jun 1, 1949

By D. K. Deardorff

The hafnium-vanadium phase diagram was constructed within an estimated accuracy of ± 10° C and ± 2 wt pct composition. Alloys for investigation were melted under an atmosphere of purified helium by nonconsumable tungsten-electrode arc melting on a water-cooled copper hearth. Melting points were determined by optical pyrometer, and the remaining phase relationships were investigated by metallography, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The existence of a face-centered cubic intermetallic compound HfV2 (a = 7.38 A) was confirmed. A eutectic reaction occurred at 20 wt pct vanadium and 1,395° C to yield HfV2 and 8 solid solution. HfV2 melted incongruently by a peritectic reaction at 1,480° C, and the 3 solid solution decomposed eutectoidally at 1,165° C and 6 wt pct vanadium to yield HfV2 and a solid solution. The eutectoid, the eutectic, and the peritectic isotherms extended from 1 to 36.3 wt pct vanadium, from 8 to 36.3 wt pct vanadium, and from 26 to 89.5 wt pct vanadium, respectively. Terminal solid solubilities of hafnium in vanadium at 1,300° C and of vanadium in hafnium at 1,100° C determined to be about 3 and 1 wt pct, respectively.

Jan 1, 1965

By Steve Kral

As the mining industry watches commodity prices continue to soar, the question on most everyone’s mind is how long will this upcycle last. The con-census among speakers and attendees at the SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit is that this cycle is sustainable. The buzz at the meeting was, of course, the current boom cycle the industry is in. Most agree that China’s huge appetite for mineral commodities is part of the force driving the upturn. But the improving economies of other developing nations also plays a role. However, along with the good times come challenges. Speakers at the keynote session addressed some of the challenges and offered their opinions on the sustainability of the boom.

Jan 1, 2006

By B. Q. By

TiO2 is an ideal material for catalytic technology due to its unique properties. In this paper, Sm3+ doped TiO2 photo-catalyst was developed to improve the efficiency of TiO2 and to use the natural light as irradiation source, which was made from Titanium Tetrabutoxide and Samarium Oxide with the Sol-Gel process. The Sm3+-TiO2 photocatalyst was used to degrade reactive orange 4 (RO4) in Azo Dyes. The effects of solution pH, Sm3+ concentration and catalytic time on the degradation rate of RO4 were studied. The characteristics of the catalyst were analyzed with XRD and TEM. The experimental results show that the catalyst has high activity in the degradation of RO4. The Azo bonds of RO4 are active and easily broken by oxidation. The catalytic activity of the Sm3+ doped catalyst greatly depends on the pH of solution. The catalyst has high photo-catalytic activity at both neutral and alkaline conditions. The degradation mechanism of the Sm3+ doped TiO2 photo-catalyst was also discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Alvaro Lucio

The continuous increase of the fuel oil price compelled CV3D to look for an alternative fuel. Charcoal was selected as the alternative energy source. This paper justifies its selection, describes charcoal properties, the methods for using charcoal in the pelletizing and shows the results of the in-plant tests.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. Gül

This investigation was carried out with low grade Murgul-Cakmakkaya copper ore once used to be dumped away as waste material. Sulphide minerals in the ore sample observed are chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and to some extent molibdenite; quartz, calcite and dolomite are the gangue minerals. The ore sample assays 0.28% Cu, 2.94% Fe and 3.36% S. Mineralogical study of the ore sample showed that adequate liberation of chalcopyrite for flota-tion was achieved below 100 µm. In flotation tests Aerophine 3418-A was the collector employed, NaOH or Ca(OH)2were the pH modifiers. Deactivators used were sodium meta bi-sulphide, starch, dextrin and lime. MIBC was the frother used throughout the tests. Test results showed that starch alone was the most suitable depressant to give the optimum metal content and recovery val-ues. Activated charcoal was used to adsorb excess collector species in the flotation pulp during cleaning stages After two stages cleaning of the rougher concentrate using starch as the depressant a copper concentrate assaying 21.2% Cu was obtained with 79.5% recovery while the tailings contained 0.01% Cu and metal losses were about 3%

Jan 1, 2014

[1.1. The provisions of this code are minimum provisions and are designed to minimize hazards to life and property in and about underground coal mines where electrical equipment and circuits installed used. They indicate the Steps necessary in the selection, installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance of electrical equipment and circuits to obtain proper safeguards in reducing electric shock, fire, explosion and other hazards. Surface as well as underground installations were considered in formulating the code and, unless otherwise stated, each provision applies equal to both underground and surface installations. This code does not apply to buildings and installations not directly connected with mining operations, nor does apply to strip-mining operations.]

Jan 1, 1952

By P Mugebe, M Yahyaei, M S. Kizil, R Low

This paper seeks to establish an empirical relationship between the impact of mining technological innovation implementation and a company’s market value. The company’s market value is represented by its stock price. In a bid to ascertain the relationship, a stock price prediction model is sought to be established using the firm-specific factors impacted by the implementation of innovative technology. This work is performed under the watch of the prevailing macroeconomic factors. The background anchors in the understanding that the difference between the economic status of a mineral deposit and its uneconomic status lies in the level of mining technological innovation most prevalent at a given time (Hartwick, Olewiler and Preuss, 1986; Wellmer and Scholz, 2017; Wright and Czelusta, 2003). This is derived from productivity improvement, resulting in sustainable profitability due to technological innovation. Unfortunately, there is not an adequately established relationship that links this technological innovation impact to the share price performance of the mineral commodity company.

Sep 1, 2024

By Forrest T. Moyer

In 1969, the number of fatal injuries in the coal mining industry was lower than in any previous year and the number of nonfatal injuries was lower than in any preceding year except 1968. Fatal injuries in 1969 totaled 203 with frequency rates of 0.85 per million man-hours of worktime and 0.36 per million tons of coal These rates were new annual lows. Nonfatal injuries totaled 9,917 with frequency rates of 41.76 per million man-hours and 17.42 per million tons. The severity rate for fatal and nonfatal injuries combined was 7,359 days lost or charged per million man-hours. The average severity was 173 days lost or charged per injury. These statistics represent the injury experience of an average of 133,302 employees per day working an average of 225 days in 5,955 coal mines for a total of 237-5 million man-hours worked and a coal output of 565 2 million tons

Jan 1, 1973

By James W. Cameron

DESPITE the fact that, after oxygen and silicon, aluminum is the most abundant and widely distributed element in the earth's crust, it is, commercially, a modern metal. Attempts were made by Sir Humphrey Davy and other chemists to decompose alumina, the oxide, into its elements, but with unsatisfactory results, and it was not until 1827 that Wohler succeeded for the first time in isolating the metal in pure form. Some thirty years later, commercial production of aluminum was started in a plant near Alais, France, using a process developed by Deville which was a modification of that of Wohler. It was not, however, until around 1886 that possibilities of low-cost production were realized. Hall and Heroult discovered, independently, the now famous process for extraction of aluminum by the electrolysis of alumina (Al,O,) dissolved in fused cryolite. This discovery, with its subsequent effect in reducing the price of the metal, was perhaps the greatest single factor contributing to the remarkable growth of the aluminum industry. But only in the years following the Great War did aluminum begin to attain equal importance in many fields with other non-ferrous metals. Numerous factors, political and economic, in the past decade have had a profound effect on the industrial history of the metal. At present, systematic substitution of aluminum for other base-metals is proceeding at a rapid rate in such countries as Germany and Italy with a view towards 'economic self-sufficiency'. Quite naturally, ?the economic depression started extensive research and experiment in various industries in an attempt to improve efficiencies and lower costs. Partial answers have been found in the extended use of aluminum and its alloys. Even against the background of tremendous technological advance that has marked the past fifty years, the rise of the aluminum industry must necessarily stand out conspicuously.

Jan 1, 1939

By Steven K. Ruggieri

Increased coal production on longwalls has brought with it higher levels of dust generation. Most U.S. longwall mining operators have difficulty complying with Federal dust standards, which are stricter than European standards. Longwall operators faced with a longwall that is "out of compliance" have implemented a variety of practices designed to reduce dust levels. Mining conditions and other important variables, however, can cause fluctuations in dust levels that may overshadow the performance of a new dust control technique. This can result in the continued use of an ineffective technique or lead to the abandonment of an effective dust control technique. No single technique can keep a longwall in compliance. Maintaining compliance requires a fundamental approach to dust control -- proper application and continued use of effective dust control techniques.

Jan 1, 1983

By Oliver Bowles

Limestone is the most widely used of all racks and is essential to a great many industries, including tae building trades, highway construction, metallurgy, agriculture, end many chemical and manufacturing enterprises. It occurs in some form in every State and is produced in thousands of quarries. Production in 1930 exceeded 134,000,000 tons. It has more numerous and more diversified uses than any other rock. This paper is designed to furnish general information on the various branches of limestone quarrying and their economic importance. Brief reference is made to dimension stone, and a more complete discussion follows of the uses, requisite qualities, quarry methods, grid processes of preparation of crushed and broken limestone. Footnote references serve to guide the reader to more detailed information.

Jan 1, 1933

By C T. Portelli

Belt conveyor transfers are the most likely location for high wear rates and failures. Belt transfers are necessary to change the direction of conveyed material and will remain a part of belt conveyor systems into the future. Burden being accelerated due to fall and changes in direction from one system to the next, prevents steady state flow which introduces component fatigue. The conveyor belt is considered the greatest cost item over the life of a belt conveyor system and consumes considerable downtime to replace, therefore a financial incentive exists to preserve this high-cost item. Other issues created at the transfer include health risks of uncontained dust and product losses due to spillage. Additional consideration to support the belt is one way to improve the life of components and contain dust within the transfer chute. The humble impact cradle/bed has changed little over the years whilst conveyor systems have achieved ever greater flow rates. Further development of the impact cradle is an opportunity to reduce maintenance costs and increase uptime. The peak technology on the market for conventional impact belt support is the dynamic impact cradle, which ensures the belt support area under the chute allows for some dynamic travel, whilst also maintaining a consistent skirt board area. The impact energy at a transfer when installed with Kinder Australia’s dynamic impact belt support system was measured to further understand the forces involved and how they compare with static belt support systems. Adding further dynamic capacity to the load zone has been shown to increase belt life by at least 30 per cent. Other components also benefit from reducing impact energy in the transfer and the incorporation of polyurethane bushes at roller supports has been employed further increase roller and frame life. Kinder Australia has developed a unique and innovative range of belt support technologies that further promote dynamic travel whilst maintaining a consistent skirt board area without a significant increase in belt-friction tension. This technology combines slider rails with rollers that can absorb impact independently within the support system and/or utilising exotic slider materials to overcome high belt speeds and/or system capacities. Kinder Australia has a vast library of documented case studies and application data to ensure the future systems being offered will survive, provide better chute sealing and protect the conveyor belt.

Sep 18, 2023

By M Graham, R Brunning, C Andringa-Bate, S Westergren

In 2010, Rio Tinto Iron Ore’s operations commenced the planning and design of a sampling and analysis system for the new 50 Mt/a Cape Lambert Port B (CLB) facility. Current sampling systems at the ports consist of automated robotic, mass-based sampling protocols employed at Dampier, and semi-automated, time-based sampling systems operating at Cape Lambert Port A.The new sampling system at CLB has brought together a fully automated sampling and analysis system utilising time-based sampling, with the capacity to sample ore products of medium quality variation as defined in ISO 3082 (ISO, 2009). The CLB system is required to sample at shiploading rates from 6000 t/h to 13 440 t/h and provide full load-port analysis. The sampling approach is to proportionally extend primary increments (of varying mass relative to shiploading rate) to a standard length using variable speed aero-belt conveyor systems. This enables a fixed number of secondary cuts to be achieved for all primary increment masses and to be delivered to the automated cell. The cell is required to be capable of concurrently processing four individual shipments, each containing multiple cargoes.Achieving the target sampling precision for all export cargo sizes has culminated in the planning, design and construction of the largest automated iron ore port laboratory in the world. The CLB sampling and analysis cell was commissioned in Q3 and Q4 2013. This paper discusses the sampling philosophy and commissioning outcomes.CITATION:Brunning, R, Andringa-Bate, C, Graham, M and Westergren, S, 2014. Cape Lambert Port B shiploading, sampling and analysis, in Proceedings Sampling 2014 , pp 79–90 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 29, 2014