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By Jaeheon Lee, Jai‑Won Byeon, Junmo Ahn, Jun‑Jae Lee, Eun‑Woo Kim, Yoo‑Jin Kim, Jiajia Wu, Jae‑Yeon Kim

Growing demand for valuable battery materials and environmental issues from battery disposal make the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential. Specifically, the green approaches using organic reagents have garnered many attentions for battery recycling. In this study, a synergetic organic leaching system using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) of strong organic acid and citric acid (CA) with good chelating ability was investigated to extract valuable metals from LiCoO2. Hydrogen peroxide was used as a reducing agent to enhance leaching kinetics. Cobalt extraction of 98% and lithium extraction of 97 % were achieved in the optimized condition; 2.4M MSA, 1.6M CA, 1.0 vol% H2O2, S/L ratio 80 g/L, 85 °C, and 1 h. The optimal leaching condition of the MSA-CA mixed leaching system exhibited good applicability to various cathode scraps, such as LiCoO2, LiNixMnyCo1- x-yO2, and LiNixCoyO2. The dissolved Co and Li ions in the MSA-CA leachate were selectively recovered with high recovery efficiencies of 99 % and 97 % as Co3O4 and Li3PO4, respectively. The recovered Co3O4 and Li3PO4 were utilized to regenerate cathode materials. LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 were also synthesized through a solid-state reaction and hydrothermal method. The recycling process based on the MSA-CA-H2O2 synergetic leaching system was proposed, and it might be applied as a green and economical organic leaching system for the recycling of various types of spent LIBs.

Sep 20, 2023

By WALTER B. JONES

IN ALABAMA there are three distinct groups of bauxite deposits, as follows: (1) Cambro-Ordovician contact with the principal-deposits located in Talla-dega, Calhoun, DeKalb, and Cherokee Counties, and in adjacent portions of the State of Georgia. (2) Midway-Nanafalia contact, with the principal deposits in Barbour and Henry Counties, and in adjacent portions of Georgia; also in North-eastern Mississippi. (3) Mississippian - Cretaceous contact, with a group of deposits centered around Margerum in Colbert County. For the purpose of more clearly describing bauxite mining in the state, past, present and possible future, these three groups will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1934

By Keith Heasley

This paper is a retrospective on the development, application, and enhancement of the LaModel program from a personal perspective. The narrative starts with an explanation of the objectives behind the original development of the program and then introduces some of the unique and very practical features of the program. Next, a demonstration of how LaModel was advantageously used to model stresses and displacements in a multiple-seam mining situation with highly variable topography is presented. This is followed by the details of a number of the major enhancements and expansions of the program over the years. A back-analysis of the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse is then briefly presented, along with the associated development of a recommended calibration procedure for the critical input parameters to LaModel. Finally, some of the present research areas are briefly described, and future enhancements are introduced.

Jan 1, 2011

By John M. Devine

Hydrogen sulphide associated with natural gas was noted as early as at Point Albino, Canada. The presence of this impurity was recognized also in other of the earlier oil and gas fields, although the occurrence was by no means common. However, in recent years, with the development of the producing zones of test Texas and the Texas Panhandle, the Production of "sour" crude has increased greatly and hydrogen sulphide has proved a generally troublesome factor--frequently a major problem--in the drilling and operation of many wells in those areas. The problems arising from the drilling and producing of oil or gas wells in hydrogen-sulphide areas, fall under two general divisions: safety problems and corrosion problems. Mention is made of a third division which is closely related to the other two, that of treating--or the development of processes for the removal of hydrogen iron the standpoint of safety and health hazards, hydrogen sulphide in the petroleum industry has been discussed in a number of publications. Likewise, the problem of hydrogen-sulphide corrosion of production equipment has been given considerable attention in the literature.

Jan 1, 1931

By N. E. Maccallum

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) ALMOST half a century has passed since the Siemens brothers, after tedious and costly experiments, finally began the manufacture of open-hearth steel. The furnace of that time was very small, having a hearth-capacity of from 3 to 4 tons, and we can appreciate the wonderful development that has taken place in those 50 years by the knowledge that to-day furnaces of 50 times the original capacity are in operation. As the new steel process assumed importance, and furnaces began to grow in number and in size, a question arose, to which no satisfactory answer has ever been given, and that was: ?What is the safe and economical limit of the open-hearth furnace?" Various stopping-places have been suggested, and 20, 30, 40, and 50 tons have each been advocated, but all such arbitrary restrictions have been passed, and 60 tons would probably represent the average furnace, although in a few instances from 70 to 80 tons are regularly tapped into one ladle. The furnaces which are the subject of the present paper have gone far beyond even these limits, and since, in my opinion, they mark another step in the progress of open-hearth steel, they will be considered fairly and frankly, in order that those to whom the matter may be of interest may be able to judge and form their own Conclusions. Short accounts of the work of these furnaces have appeared from time to time in various technical journals, of which the following is a brief résumé. These furnaces are the property of the Phoenix Iron Co., of Phoenixville, Pa., and their distinctive and important feature is, that they charge to twice the capacity of one ladle, and tap simultaneously into two ladles, with a device for controlling the flow into either. In this way the capacity of the furnace is not limited, as formerly, but heats of any size within the capacity of two ladles may be charged.

Oct 1, 1912

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investi-gation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigation beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the sixteenth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 half-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project, except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of the latter holes show on figure 13 in volume 1. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each half township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By E. S. Machlin, W. R. Yankee

IN a previous study1 of the effect of heating com-mercial titanium in air on its subsequent friction coefficient against other metals, as well as itself, it was found that the friction coefficient markedly decreased from a value of about 0.7 to about 0.3. A tentative explanation was given that surfaces normally produced at room temperature are not contaminated sufficiently to prevent seizing or welding of the titanium to the softer mating metals. The latter tend to cleanse themselves during rubbing over the harder titanium. It was thought that the lack of a contaminant protective film on the titanium was due to the high solubility of titanium for oxygen and nitrogen and hence an inability to form a contaminant oxide or nitride. This explanation requires the ratio of the surface absorption rate to the diffusion rate to become much lower at room temperature than it is at high temperatures. In order to check the phenomenon further, commercial titanium specimens were nitrided or oxidized at 800°C for 20 hr in flows of prepurified N2 and 01, respectively, at about 1/2 in. H2O above atmospheric pressure. Friction runs were made in argon using a freshly cut copper hemisphere (cut in argon) on surfaces cut successively into the diffusion layers in the titanium (cut in argon) using the techniques described in a previous publication.' DPH values (100 gram load) were made as a function of depth into the diffusion layer using a Tukon tester. Also, micrographs were taken at separate cross sections to indicate the diffusion layers. The results obtained are presented in Figs. 1 and 2, which show the "static" friction coefficient vs hardness for the nitrided and oxidized specimens, respectively. A separate measurement of the friction coefficient of clean copper vs iodide titanium also was made. From results reported in the literature' giving the oxygen and nitrogen contents as functions of the hardness, cross plots were made showing the friction coefficients as functions of the amount of interstitial solute. These plots are given in Figs. 3 and 4. From micrographs of the diffusion layers and the phase diagrams, it was deduced that the data in Figs. l through 4 correspond to the single phase a region. The points observed on the compound regions have been excluded from the figures. It is apparent that nitrogen or oxygen in solution in the a titanium markedly affects the friction coefficient against a softer mating metal. Discussion of Results These results are extremely interesting from both a practical and theoretical viewpoint. The theoretical implications will be discussed first. According to Bowden, the friction coefficient should be given to a good approximation by the relation where a is the fraction of contact area that has welded, a is the shear strength of weaker component, and H is the hardness of softer component. Using this relation alone, it is difficult to understand the results because none of the terms should be affected by a variation in the oxygen or nitrogen content of the harder and stronger metal, titanium. Even if the ratio of S/H for titanium is used in Eq. 1, the ratio has been shown to be independent of oxy-gen or nitrogen content.' If a more rigorous equa-tion is used combining Eq. 1 and a result given pre-viously" for the case where welding is absent, then the relation obtained is µ = a S/H + (1-a) a W aß/H where a is constant and Waß is the work of adhesion between the two metals comprising the friction couple. This relation states that if a is less than 1/2 or so, variation in the work of adhesion Waß between copper and the titanium should affect the friction coefficient markedly. It is reasonable to expect that the work of adhesion will depend on the oxygen or nitrogen content of the titanium. Available data4 show that clean metals and oxides have much lower works of adhesion than the same metals against the

Jan 1, 1955

By Ashish Kumar, Khadija Said, Ulupi Mishra, Sekhar Bhattacharyya

Using battery-powered equipment in underground mining can improve safety, advance automation, and reduce greenhouse emissions. In this context, rechargeable lithium- ion batteries (LIBs) have a competitive edge due to their high Coulombic efficiency, superior energy density, and extended cycling stability. However, several conditions must be met for their safe operation. Their failure can cause thermal runaway (TR), which poses a significant safety risk in underground mines. Despite studies having investigated this phenomenon using physics-based models, limited research has used deep learning to predict its implications. This study aims to bridge this gap by characterizing LIB TR under dynamic airflow through simulations and predicting temperatures using two of the most common recurrent neural networks: long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRU).

Feb 22, 2026

By Albert Sauveur

THE following experiments were conducted in order to study the influence of the rate of cooling through and below solidification on the dendritic structure (macrostructure) and microstructure of some hypoeutectoid steel. The steel selected was of commercial grade and had the following composition: C, 0.40 per cent.; Mn, 0.85; Si, 0.70; P, 0.099; S, 0.043. After melting in vacuum in an Arsem furnace, the various samples were allowed to solidify and to cool to room temperature as indicated in Fig. 1. Samples were thus obtained representing all possible combinations of slow and fast cooling through the various ranges of temperatures indicated, namely: (1), zone of solidification or primary crystallization, (2) zone of granulation, and (3) zone of secondary crystallization. The location of the different temperature zones in the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram is shown in Fig. 2. The authors adopted. Belaiew's notations. The designations of the various samples readily indicate their treatment, as will be apparent from Table 1.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. O'Leary, R. Cannell, D. Honsberger

"The Scully Mine deposit lies within the group of metasediments that together comprise the rocks of the Labrador Trough. The ore itself still retains the bedding characteristics of the parent rocks and on this basis has been divided into three main members, namely: Upper, Middle and Lower. The Upper and Lower both show many of the bedding characteristics of the cherty taconites of the northern U.S.A.; the Middle member is a coarse-grained friable specularite rock. The ore minerals are hematite (normally present in the specular variety) and magnetite, although the latter rarely occurs in concentrations greater than 20 per cent. Gangue minerals are quartz and the hydrated iron oxides. Manganese oxides also occur as accessory minerals. The outcrop area of the orebody is in excess of 2 square miles, displaying a complex pattern of faulting and folding, which has been formed as a result of at least two orogenic periods."

Jan 1, 1972

By A Takahashi, Y Uchisawa, M Hayashi, T Watanabe, M Susa

Owing to the deterioration of iron ore, the Al2O3 concentration in iron ore increases, and thus it is important to investigate the effect of increment in Al2O3 concentration on the microstructures of iron ore sinters. During the sintering process, a melt is present in the sinter for only a few minutes, and therefore the microstructure of the sinter doesn’t reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Nevertheless, the formation process of the microstructures can be interpreted and predicted to some extent from the equilibrium phase diagram. This study investigated the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3- 5 mass% Al2O3 system at 1240°C in air and the phase equilibria of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium (denoted by SFCA) and SFCA-I by XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). The following results were obtained: 1. The ferrite melt region with a high Fe2O3 concentration shifts to the lower Fe2O3 side than the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 system. 2. The compositional region of SFCA extends in the CaOꞏ3Fe2O3-4CaOꞏ3SiO2 direction than the silico-ferrite of calcium (denoted by SFC) composition region with a 0 mass% Al2O3. 3. SFCA-I is observed in the present system, which suggests that the increment in the Al2O3 concentration contributes to the stability of SFCA-I. These results imply that an increment in Al2O3 concentration in iron ore leads to a decrement in the volume fraction of the bonding phase and that the fraction of the SFCA phase increases, and those of 2CaOꞏSiO2 and slag phases decrease in the bonging phase. The SFCA-I phase is also precipitated from the slag with an Al2O3 concentration around 5 mass%.

Jun 19, 2024

The Bureau of Mines is establishing design criteria for effective roof support systems and is developing technology to improve mine planning and design. Geologic studies, surface and underground mine monitoring, and laboratory evaluations were conducted. The seven papers in this proceedings Information Circular present results of several investigations. Addressed are problems existing in both longwall and multiple-seam mines. Discussions include the effect of dewatering at a longwall mine site in the Pittsburgh coal seam and the effect of chain pillars on subsidence. Other results are measurement and characterization of longwall rock mass movement and an integrated design for stability in multiple-seam mining.

Jan 1, 1987

By E. Naesgaard, Brian E. Hall, A. Amini, Advanced Geosolutions, A. Azizian

"A 2 km section of the Evergreen Line Rapid Transit Project is supported on improved ground consisting of cement deep soil mix (CDSM) panels because of highly variable and challenging soil conditions, especially the potential for seismic liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. CDSM was used as an alternative approach in place of driven piles for reducing the seismic lateral spreading displacements. An additional significant aspect of obtaining owner acceptance for CDSM was demonstrating that both seismic and non-seismic performance would equal or exceed that of using driven piles. It was recognized that, to demonstrate adherence to the seismic performance requirements, seismic design should be based on dynamic analyses (using FLAC) to estimate likely displacements and stresses/strains in the CDSM panels. One focus of the analyses was investigating the potential for cracking of the CDSM panels and the resulting displacements. This was simulated using the Ubiquitous-Joint and UBCSAND constitutive models.INTRODUCTIONThe Evergreen Line Rapid Transit Project (ELRT) is an 11 km extension of the SkyTrain system through Burnaby, Coquitlam and Port Moody in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada (Figure 1). The ELRT project is being delivered through a Design/Build/Finance model by Evergreen Rapid Transit Construction (EGRT), an SNC-Lavalin Inc. company, to the Province of British Columbia (the Province).This paper discusses the ground improvement design for a 2 km section of the alignment through Port Moody, a historic city at the head of Burrard Inlet. The alignment is located in a right-of-way of restricted width with many pinch points close to residential and commercial properties, and directly adjacent to the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) mainline tracks. The ground slopes from south to north across the alignment towards Burrard Inlet at inclinations of up to about 6%. Design and construction of the Port Moody section was subcontracted to SNC-Lavalin Constructors (Western) Inc. (SLCW) and SNCLavalin/ Graham Construction Joint Venture (SGJV). Construction included single- and double-track slab guideways, pocket track (where up to four to six tracks were present), and Moody Centre Station."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. D. Rubright, Owen J. Hart

In the Bingham district over a span of more than 90 years, 43,947,104 tons of "non-porphyry" copper, lead, zinc, gold, and silver ore have been mined from a folded and faulted alternating series of Pennsylvanian and Permian limestones and sandstones and from some Tertiary intrusives. This ore came from six major mine areas located east, south, and west of the Bingham stock, site of Kennecott's porphyry copper deposit. The sediments were affected by varying degrees and types of metamorphism within 2000 feet or more of the Bingham stock. The intrusives consisting of the mineralized Bingham and the unmineralized Last Chance stocks and numerous dikes and sills of granite and monzonite were intruded into the asymmetrical northwest-trending and plunging Bingham syncline. Extrusives, although present, contain no ore. The bulk of the non-porphyry ore in the district was found above the Midas thrust. The primary ores are found in three major types of deposits: concordant bedding fissures, crosscutting fissures, and replacement deposits. These deposits consist of both copper and lead-zinc ore bodies that contain various amounts of gold and silver. These are in places roughly zoned both laterally and vertically and have been mined for up to 10,000 feet outward from the center of the Bingham stock and up to 5000 feet vertically below the surface. Secondary ore was of minor importance and was found in and under the oxidized zone at shallow depths. Genetically the Bingham stock, the ores, and related phenomena have had a common source.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. R. Ruark

Because of the importance of oil-shale reserves the Bureau or Mines resumed research investigations in this field beginning in 1944. The Bureau early decided to build a Large-scale demonstration plant to accomplish the dual purpose of obtaining design data and to produce crude shale oil for refining studies. Two 40-ton-Capacity batch N-T-U (Nevada-Texas-Utah) retorts were completed for this purpose in 1947. After a preliminary operation, the plant was used to investigate process variables of air rate, recycle gas rate, and shale particle size and crude. Correlations obtained from these variables are presented in this report. Researchers concluded that recycle gas was not necessary for efficient operation of the process. Short comings of the batch method of processing the oil shale are pointed out in the report. Several periods of prolonged production operations were carried out. During these periods, the retorts were operated to produce as much crude oil per day as possible. The lifetime operation of the N-T-U retorts was divides into three periods, namely, preliminary operation, process variable study, and production operation. During the preliminary operation, 187 runs were made with a total of 7,596 tons of raw shale used to produce 3,688 barrels of crude shale oil. During the process variable study, 179 runs were made with a consumption of 7,494 tons of raw shale and a production of 4,218 barrels of crude shale oil. The production operation consisted of 554 runs in which 22,457 tons of raw shale was used to produce 12,359 barrels of crude shale ail. The overall total for the lifetime operation of the retorts consisted of 920 runs with a total consumption of 37,547 tons of raw shale and a production if 20,265 barrels of crude shale oil.

Jan 1, 1956

By Timothy J. Rohrbacher

This report presents a U.S. Bureau of Mines study that incorporates coal mining factors, coal recovery factors, and economic factors into the definition of an economically recoverable coal resource. The relationship between these factors to the Energy Information Administration's estimate of U.S. coal resources-the "Demonstrated Reserve Base"-is discussed. The Boltsfork 7 1/2-minute quadrangle in eastern Kentucky was selected as the study area. Results indicate that of the original 280.2 M tons of resource in the quadrangle, only 99.8 M tons (35.6%) is recoverable at a mining cost of $25 per ton or less.

Jan 1, 1994

By R. L. Bolmer

Driving long development raises probably is one of the most hazardous and expensive operations in underground mining. The safe handling of men and materials becomes more difficult and more time consuming in the higher sections of the raise. The efficient ventilation of these sections often is a major problem. This information circular describes a unique method by which Resurrection Mining Co, safely and efficiently completed a 622-foot vertical raise at its Irene shaft near Leadville, Colo. The method used by the company involved driving a raw, 6-foot-diameter ventilation raise and emergency escapeway, using a work cage that was suspended on a hoisting rope extended down a small-diameter drill hole. Although the method was new and experimental, the raise was completed in record time. Overall costs were less than they would have been with conventional methods. The company's initial experience suggested improvements both in design and operating technique that should prove of value to others who contemplate using the cage method of raising

Jan 1, 1958

By R. A. Matuszak

Throughout the history of power excavating machines, engineers have continuously tried to shape the main drive speed-torque characteristics to provide an optimum performance from each main motion. Selection of prime mover for the various motions has been the subject of many engineering studies and most forms of energy conversion have been tried. A new form of electrical power conversion looms on the horizon' as the most optimum yet. Controlled frequency operation of a squirrel cage induction motor increases the reliability of the most reliable form of energy conversion (electrical) found thus far and at the same time improves the performance characteristics.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. H. Fulton

Summary Considerable test work has been done with the detachable type of carbide bit. In general, these bits improved drilling operations, but at a bit cost .greater than was compensated for by the reduction in man-hours of labour. Too few bits continued in service for the possible drilling life of the carbide inserts, and technical improvements or lowered first cost, preferably .both, are indicated ?in order that the bits can be generally acceptable as an economical drilling tool. In ?preliminary test work, the drill rods .with ?one insert of the chisel-bit type appear to be more trouble-free, to have a longer life, and to give a somewhat lower bit cost per foot drilled, than other types. INTRODUCTION The object of this paper is to outline briefly the 'methods used and the results obtained in test work with tungsten carbide bits used in combination with the smaller bore, lighter weight rock drills. As various articles have appeared in the past few years giving the historical background ?and early development of carbide ?bits, this information will not be repeated. Table I lists the equipment used in the test work. The stopers weigh about 95 pounds and the jackhammers with airleg from 97 to 110pounds. The smaller rock drills are stated to deliver about 2,200 blows per minute at 1 to 30 rotation and to require 85 to 95 cubic feet of air at around 100 pounds pressure.

Jan 1, 1950

By César Saénz

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los principales componentes de la gestión social de una empresa minera. Por lo tanto, se ha realizado una investigación cualitativa utilizando la metodología de estudio de caso, se creó un marco que muestra nueve bloques de gestión social basados en la literatura y se utilizaron varias fuentes de información. Los resultados muestran que el marco ofrece nueve bloques tales como propuesta de valor social, definición de la comunidad, canales sociales, relación con la comunidad, recursos sociales clave, actividades sociales clave, socios sociales clave, inversión social y beneficios sociales que se pueden utilizar para representan el nivel de capacidad de respuesta de la gestión social.

Sep 30, 2022