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By M. J. Sapko

The pressure and flame development of the methane-air-nitrogen system was investigated in the Bureau's l2-foot-diameter sphere to define buoyancy effects and to develop relationships for predicting venting requirements. Pressure rise (?P) is defined as a function of time (t) and nitrogen dilution and is shown to deviate noticeably from the cubic law (?P = kt3), depending upon the period of combustion and the mixture composition. Corresponding flame speed (Sf) and burning velocity (Su) data are given which show that Sf is time dependent and that Na dilution has a greater effect than air dilution in inhibiting the flame propagation. The Su data agree with "accepted" values and are unique in that they are based on much larger flames than those used in other investigations. Downward propagation limits are shown to depend mainly upon buoyant forces, which can affect the burning of even stoichiometric CH4-air systems. Theoretical expressions, based on the mixture burning velocity and expansion ratio, are given for predicting the venting requirements for ignitions of hydrocarbon-air-nitrogen mixtures in spherical or cubical enclosures.

Jan 1, 1976

By R. A. Friedel, J. L. Shultz, A. G. Sharkey

The purpose of this investigation was to study the primary materials associated with the coal structure . Mass spectrometric techniques can be useful in studying the chemical structure of coal and various high- molecularweight materials derived from coal . Investigations of pyrolysis products and extracts of coal , and also whole coal , showed : 1. Aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the vacuum pyrolysis of coal below 300 ° C possibly were sorbed material rather than decomposition products . 2 . 2 . Thirteen structural types having molecular weights from 78 to 400 were identified in pyridine extracts constituting one - quarter or more of the coal by weight . 3. Material extracted at room temperature with a methanol - benzene solvent and a vacuum pyrolysis condensate obtained at 450 ° C contain similar components . The extract and the condensate have approximately the same average molecular weights ( 200-300 ) . 4. Material extracted from coal at room temperature is altered even by mild thermal treatment . 5. Changes in various alkyl series occurring in thermally treated coal extracts can be followed quantitatively . 6. Similarities in the spectra of coal and graphite were indicated in an investigation using a mass spectrometer equipped with a spark source . Determinations on a coal - ash sample by this technique showed good agreement with data obtained by emission spectroscopy .

Jan 1, 1963

By H. L. Riley, B. W. Gandrud

"INTRODUCTION The Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, with the cooperation of the University of Alabama and coal producers, has made a series of washability studies to obtain technically and commercially important data regarding the productive coal beds of the State. Based on the system followed in these studies, this report consists principally of screen-sizing and float-and-sink data on the Clark and Gholson beds at Boothton, Ala. A previous washability study 4/ has been made on the Clark bed at Marvel, Ala.SAMPLING AT MINESThe coal from the Gholson and the Clark beds was sampled at the tipple which receives the output,the Boothten No. 3 and No. 4 mines. These two mines are on the Gholson and Clark beds, respectively, but the coal. from both mines is mixed on the tipple and washed in the same washery. The samples taken were minus 4-inch raw coal. The plus 4-inch raw coal is hand¬picked and not washed. AS the 4-inch screen had a capacity in excess of the output of the mines, it was stopped at the end of each mine-car trip. By Observing from which mine incline each trip was hoisted, a separate sample from each bed was cut from the discharge stream of an endless belt which conveys the through 4-inch raw coal to the bin ahead of the washer. The output from each bed was sampled uniformly over the period of a working shift. The two washability samples weighed approximately 3,000 pounds each."

Dec 1, 1947

[Appalachian Petroleum Section: Chairman: Robert H. Edele, 1st V.C.: Robert Vutech, 2nd V.C.: Robert Tullis, Sec.-Treas.: Frederick T. Solomon. Meets last Tuesday of each month in Charleston, W. Va. Balcones Section: Chairman: Dr. Frank W. Jessen, 1st V.C.: Gilbert M. Andreen, 2nd V.C.: Lloyd N. Johnson, Seo.-Treas.: W. C. Vercellino. Big Horn Basin Subsection: Chairman: B. E. Yester, 1st V.C.: Robert J. Woodhall, 2nd V.C.: Herbert A. Koch, Secretary: Dean Costello, Treasurer: Thomas W. DeLong. Meets 2nd Wednesday; alternating between Cody and Worland. Billings Petroleum Section: Chairman: George O. Ellis, 1st V. C.: Robert L. Spottswood, 2nd V. C.: Robert M. Watkins, Sec-Treas.: Joseph H. Bato. Meets 5:30 p.m., 3rd Tuesday at Billings Press Club.]

Jan 1, 1961

By Alessandra Vieira Guimarães

A liga de Níquel 718 é bastante requisitada para aplicações na indústria aeroespacial devido as suas excelentes propriedades. Endurecida por precipitação, a liga apresenta alta resistência mecânica sob condições extremas e ambientes severos, representando um avanço tecnológico significativo na produção de motores aeroespaciais. Os reparos realizados nos motores são feitos por diferentes processos, porém muitas vezes são realizados até que as especificações estruturais deixem de ser atendidas. Após os reparos, a liga é solubilizada em temperatura inferior a temperatura solvus da fase d, o que pode levar a precipitação crescente desta fase, podendo impactar nas propriedades da liga. O intuito do presente trabalho é avaliar o efeito de múltiplos ciclos de tratamentos térmicos de solubilização e envelhecimento na microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas da liga. Foi possível observar que os múltiplos ciclos induzem uma crescente formação de fase d, reduzindo a resistência mecânica da liga.

Oct 30, 2017

By Q. F. Wang, M. H. Lai, T. Q. Liu, G. G. Dong

Compared with the traditional pre-treatment process, biological oxidation process has many advantages including higher gold recovery, less cost, easier operation. The bio-oxidation reactor is the most important equipment for biological oxidation process. In this paper, the characteristics of biological oxidation are investigated, and the design principles are proposed based on laboratory tests. Both increasing the tank height and taking new inflation system can enhance higher dissolved oxygen. The new type of large-scale industrial bio-oxidation reactor is designed, which is 9.5 m in diameter and 10 m in height. The bio-oxidation reactor metallurgical performance has been tested by industrial-scale experiment. The slurry of flotation concentrate is divided into two parts to feed two bio-oxidation reactors. The feeding rates of two reactors are adjusted on the basis of getting the same content of S, Fe, As in overflow. The result shows that the feeding rate of the new type of 700 m3 bio-oxidation reactor is 3.72 m3 per hour, and the feed rate of the conventional 700 m3 bio-oxidation reactor was 3.23 m3 per hour. The processing capacity of the former is 15.2% higher than that of the later, which demonstrates the new type of bio-oxidation reactor has higher oxidation rate.

Jan 1, 2015

By Lays Augusta Leal Carvalho, Luiz Filipe Cardoso de Oliveira, Alex Milton Albergaria Campos, Paulo Santos Assis

O agronegócio movimenta a economia de muitos países, sendo que sua produção representa um terço do PIB mundial. Desde a colheita até o processamento de seus produtos, a atividade agrícola gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos que, muitas vezes, não tem uma alocação correta, o que acaba sendo um problema. Esses resíduos tem um grande potencial para substituir parcialmente combustíveis fósseis, como o carvão mineral. O carvão queimado nos altos-fornos é responsável por cerca de 60% das emissões de CO2 na indústria siderúrgica. No entanto, a atividade agrícola pode contribuir para a captura de CO2 na atmosfera à medida que este é absorvido durante a fotossíntese. Portanto, o uso de resíduos do agronegócio pode ser viável para ser usado na injeção de alto-forno, substituindo parte do carvão mineral. Alguns estudos mostraram que o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e a produção de carvão vegetal no Brasil, os resíduos do cultivo de milho nos Estados Unidos, bem como o uso de resíduos de Moringa oleifera na Índia, podem ser usados gerando economia e diminuindo a emissão de CO2. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as comparações química, física e térmica de alguns resíduos do agronegócio com potencial para serem utilizados como material pulverizado injetado no alto-forno, junto ao carvão mineral. Além disso, a viabilidade econômica e a possibilidade de reduzir as emissões de CO2 nesse processo são comentadas.

Oct 1, 2019

By Stael Lustosa Maciel

As impurezas associadas ao minério de ferro em determinadas porções das minas são elevadas, principalmente os teores de manganês. Assim, vislumbrando o entendimento do comportamento dos minerais portadores de manganês no processo de tratamento via separação magnética, foram coletadas amostras diárias que alimentam o concentrador magnético e que representam o mix das minas do Complexo minerador, nas etapas de alimentação, concentrado e rejeito, por um período de oito meses. Nessas amostras, foram determinadas as granulometrias, análises químicas por faixas e mineralogias. Em uma segunda etapa de trabalho, foram coletadas duas amostras da mina 1 e duas amostras da mina 2, representativas dos materiais impuros, para identificação das fases minerais majoritárias através de difratometria de raios X, pesquisa microestrutural e microanálise química dos portadores de manganês através de análises em MEV-EDS. Os resultados mostraram que o manganês possui duas formas de ocorrência: uma como mineral liberado e a outra como minerais componentes de partículas mistas. Nesta última forma de ocorrência, pode-se obter maior concentração do teor de manganês no produto da separação magnética e/ou perda do elemento ferro para o rejeito, pois as partículas mistas (hematita + manganês) não são atraídas pelo campo magnético.

Aug 17, 2017

By Michel Jébrak, Claude Bellehumeur

Abstract - Regional and orientation geochemical stream sediment surveys were carried out by the Quebec Department of Energy and Resources in southwestern Quebec, over a part of the Mont­ Laurier Terrane of the Grenville Province. The area contains some small stratiform zinc deposits. The response of Zn mineralization to geochemical surveys is weak; the known mineralization is not defined by anomalous samples and consistent patterns. This study uses a technique that increases the geochemical signature of Zn mineralization in filtering out geochemical background components related to lithologies and surficial conditions. The background variations were modelled using principal component analysis, and the filtering technique consists of the partial reconstruction of the data matrix from results of principal component analysis . The filtering procedure considerably enhances the Zn anomalies located in the catchment basins of Zn deposits, and defines some new anomalies in proximity to the marbles of the Mont-Laurier Terrane, the principal metallotect of Zn mineralization.

Jan 1, 1993

By Edelink Efrain Tinoco Falero

Na indústria siderúrgica integrada, geram-se vários tipos de coprodutos, dentre estes escoria granulada de alto forno, os pós de aciaria extraídos nos sistemas de despoeiramento a úmido e a seco do conversor LD e o pó de coletor de alto forno. Em relação aos pós, são principalmente portadores de unidades de ferro e carbono, podendo conter também zinco, o que os tornam alvos de estudos e inovações que buscam recuperar ou reciclar estes elementos. No presente estudo foram concebidos briquetes autorredutores usando os pós finos-F e grossos -G, oriundos de um sistema de despoeiramento a seco de aciaria LD, nas proporções percentuais, F – G, de 50-50 e 70-30, misturados com pó de coletor de alto forno. Utilizando como aglomerante o cimento ARI, foram avaliadas as resistências à compressão dos briquetes em diferentes tempos de cura e determinadas suas metalizações nas temperaturas de 1100°C e 1150°C, em tempos que se estenderam até 45 minutos. Adicionalmente, as capacidades dos briquetes de alterarem a temperatura do aço liquido quando adicionados ao banho, foram avaliadas utilizando-se o balanço térmico do sistema briquete-aço liquido, bem como considerados os potenciais de oxidação do processo e o estabelecimento de um sequenciamento termodinâmico para as reações. Os resultados mostraram que os aglomerados autorredutores possuem alta capacidade refrigerante quando adicionados ao aço liquido, o que os enquadra como possíveis materiais alternativos à sucata e pelotas no controle da temperatura do aço nos convertedores LD. Além disso, a alta cinética de metalização do Fe mostrou ser também viável o uso dos briquetes autorredutores na recuperação do metal contido nos resíduos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Yanxu Shen, Cheng Liu, Zhijie Chen, Hao Chen, Huimin Gao, Zijie Ren

Fluorite, a kind of critical non-metallic minerals, is the primary source of industrial fluorine. Sodium oleate (SO) is commonly used as the collector of fluorite ores. However, because of its some features (such as the low solubility, high solidifying point, and poor dispersion of SO) at low temperatures, it profoundly inhibits its collecting ability as well as the flotation performance. Herein, we have developed a low-temperature-resistant collector for the efficient flotation separation of fluorite from quartz. The advantages and disadvantages of the SO and sodium petroleum sulfonate (SPS) were analyzed by comparing the performance under different temperature conditions. The results of flotation tests suggest that SPS exhibited much better collecting performance than SO under low temperature. The flotation mechanism of the two collecting agents were further analyzed by contact angle measurements, zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and flotation kinetics. The results indicated that both collectors can selectively undergo electrostatic and chemical adsorption with fluorite, with no adsorption on quartz surface. The sulfonic acid group in SPS is a hydrophilic functional group, which has a relatively higher solubility in water. Therefore, the water solubility of SPS is better at low temperatures.

Sep 30, 2021

By Edson Ramos, Rony Choqueneira, Russel Lozada

El artículo refiere un trabajo de investigación que tuvo por objetivo analizar, mediante la electrocoagulación con un diseño de reactor de flujo continuo, la remoción de metales pesados (Pb, Cu y Zn) y turbidez presente en aguas del río Coata (Juliaca), destinadas para consumo y/o recreación. Se detallan las condiciones (2 celdas de flujo continuo conectadas por un canal de tubería), así como los procedimientos efectuados en esta experimentación, que ha obtenido buenos resultados (una eliminación superior al 50% en la primera celda y al 80%, en la segunda).

Oct 30, 2019

By S. H. Ash

The Pennsylvania anthracite-mining region is the only one in the world of major magnitude. As the deposits of anthracite in the United States are limited virt113.lly to Pennsylvania, the difficulties of this industry have been commonly considered a State rather than a national problem. However, there is also national interest in the conservation and wise utilization of all fuel resources and in the control of interstate waterways. The anthracite industry is confronted with the very se:;-ious :problem of accumu.lation of water in many of the mines. This problem must be solved soon if progressively higr-er mi~ing costs are to be avoided. The water proble~ cannot be solved by the operating compa,nies without State or Federal aid, or both, owing to the magnitude of the work requir~d, diversity of interests of the coal ana surfa.ce ovmerships, hazard to the whole mining community, and interests affec~ed outside the mining region. The cost of abati~ the ever-increasing_surface seepage to mine workings and of handling this seepage once it }3s occurred is beyond the economic resources of most ope~ating ma.'18.gements. The data in this paper giving the high lights of the water problem and indicating what appears to be a step in the right direction are based upon observations made during the past year that the industry desires and believes it is to the npublic interesttr to keep mine workings free of flood end surface waters.

May 1, 1941

By F. J. Perzak

The Bureau of Mines conducted a study to develop a standard fire test for 5-gal containers used for storing combustible fluids in underground coal mines. A standard test method was developed which evaluates the performance of the container in a 4-min tray fire. Bureau investigators used the standard test method to evaluate several types of closed 5-gal plastic and metal cans in outdoor tests. Each can tested contained 1 gal of nonfire-resistant (NFR) hydraulic oil. A container failed the test if it lost its contents in any of seven trials. Contents spilled either as a result of thermal rupture or melting. Fewer than 10 pct of the metal containers failed this criterion, but all the plastic containers failed. The metal container failures were usual-ly due to tipping over during pressure relief, which spilled the NFR oil. Replacing the NFR oil in the container with kerosene resulted in failure of more than 30 pct of the metal containers. The standard tests and preliminary tests showed that plastic containers are not equivalent to metal containers in their ability to contain combustibles such as lubricants and greases in a fire. For solvents and lubricants more volatile than NFR hydraulic oil, approved metal safety containers are recommended.

Jan 1, 1985

By Gary R. Adams

Coating thickness control is typically difficult with touch-up solders for galvanized steel, and corrosion properties and abrasion resistance are sometimes poor. This paper reports on progress in ILZRO-sponsored research to develop an improved touch-up solder. Encouraging results were achieved in torch soldering trials with zinc-tin based alloys. Mouldability and coating thickness control were achieved over a practical working temperature range in which the solders consisted of a viscous mixture of solid primary zinc phase particles in a liquid zinc-tin eutectic matrix The mouldability was dependent on the microstructure of the starting material, and optimum structures could be obtained through control of casting solidification rates and/or by the addition of small amounts of copper. Hardness and preliminary corrosion test results showed potentially good mechanical and corrosion behaviour. The absence of toxic materials ensures environmental friendliness. Comprehensive performance testing is continuing on selected experimental zinc-tin-copper touch-up solders.

Jan 1, 1992

By D. R. Derry

"IT WOULD TAKE a braver man than I to try to forecast the future of mining exploration far into Canada's second century. Even to look ahead ten or twenty-five years we must review the figures of the fairly recent past -and I have found this quite a time-consuming but interesting job -in order to find trends and project them into future years. The trends to which I will refer are: firstly, the annual expenditure on exploration and its relation to value of output; secondly, the discovery rate and its relation to production initiations; and thirdly, the methods by which discoveries have been, and will be, made. Exploration Expenditures Figures on the annual expenditure on mining exploration in Canada have been collected and published for some years by the Do-minion Bureau of Statistics. These have some unavoidable limitations; e.g., in the varying definition between one company and another of what comprises ""Exploration"" and in the difficulty of getting complete returns. However, although the actual figure for a given year may be subject to question, I believe that the relative figures from one year to another are reasonably reliable. There is also a lapse of time between the collection of data and publication -the last published figures are for the year 1963. In bringing the figures up to date to 1966 I have canvassed eight of the larger mining and exploration companies and obtained their figures for 1963 to 1966 inclusive, and then averaged these for each year and applied the progression to the 1963 figures."

Jan 1, 1968

By R. I. Cavanagh, A J. Last

THE USE of higher grade charges in blast furnaces in the form of sintered or pelletized concentrates has been increasing rapidly. The question of beneficiation of iron ores for this purpose is therefore receiving much attention as more deposits are developed. Many iron ores may respond well to magnetic roasting procedures followed by magnetic concentration, however, in most cases other more standard ore dressing methods are competitive and cheaper. For magnetic roasting as applied to iron ore beneficiation, the present question is "Can it be economically justified in situations where it appears to produce good results?" The following collection of information on the general status and operations of magnetic roasting methods may be helpful in considering this question. Magnetic Roasting Magnetic roasting involves the transformation of non-magnetic iron oxides, hydrated oxides and carbonates by means of heat and suitable

Jan 1, 1961

By A. L. Engel

In previous reports5/ of ore-testing studies, tests made by established methods on typical ores selected as representative of certain mining districts have been described in considerable detail. In addition to established test procedures, such as screen analysis, chemical analysis, microscopical examination of ores and products, sink-and- float separation, gravity concentration, flotation, ,and magnetic separation with or without roasting, it was sometimes necessary to apply other methods, such as leaching, in instances where physical separations were not feasible.

Jan 1, 1940

By Chas. E. van Baraeveld

"The information presented in this report is a by-product of studies concerning zinc, and is published in response to various inquiries for information as to the suitability of zinc for roofing. It parallels a previous report of the Bureau of Mines on slate roofing.Available Forms of Zinc RoofingZinc is available for roofing in three forms: 1. As sheet zinc which may be used advantageously on roofs with as flat a pitch as 1 in 4; laid with standing seam construction for small roofs and with batten construction for large roofs. 2. As corrugate sheets, in widths up to 40 inches and in lengths up to 8 and feet, available for siding and roofing in industrial buildings (with certain re¬strict ions) and or farm buildings (without restrictions). 3. In the form of shingles.Advantages of Zinc Roofing1. Zinc is a permeant roofing material; that is, when suited to the conditions, and properly applied to a roof designed with the right purlin spacing it will outlast the building and still have a salvage value equal to a least half the original material cost. It is applicable to a wide range of conditions, from the most expensive to the cheapest type of construction, and is not greatly above the cheaper materials in first cost. A permanent roof of simple outline need not cost over $15 to $25 per square (100 square feet), depending upon the method of construction required a corrugated sheet roof for industrial purposes or for farm use need not cost over $15 per square for ordinary conditions. 3. Corrugated zinc sheets have the distinct advantage of being available for re-use and re-construction if handled with ordinary care. 4. Zinc oxidizes to a certain point, building up a strong protective coating which in time effectually checks further oxidation; thus it does not oxidize to the point of destruction as steel does, 5. It is light and easily handled."

Nov 1, 1924

By S Gossmann, J Barlow, S Denner

"Unconventional gas resources, including coal seam gas (CSG) reservoirs, can be located above and below aquifers that provide groundwater for agricultural, industrial, urban and other uses. Development of these resources may, therefore, lead to potential impacts on groundwater supply.Management of reservoir/aquifer interconnections necessitates a program of focused data acquisition. For example, groundwater transfer from shallow aquifers to underlying CSG reservoirs may occur where CSG-containing units subcrop beneath shallow aquifers, possibly at significant distances from operating wells.Arrow Energy is undertaking studies of connectivity between aquifers including an investigation in collaboration with the Queensland Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment to evaluate connectivity between the Condamine Alluvium (CA) and CSG-containing Walloon Coal Measures (WCM).The Condamine Valley hosts highly productive agricultural land with groundwater resources heavily utilised for irrigation. Water demand outstrips available supply and groundwater has been subject to restrictions on further development since the early 1970s. Developments that could have an additional impact on groundwater resources in the CA are of major concern to local landholders. This paper describes: planned field investigations at two sites: 1. Stratheden, where pumping from the WCM will be undertaken 2. Daleglade, where pumping from the CA will occur how the data to be collected from field investigations will be used to refine predictions of flux between the CA and the WCM.CITATION:Denner, S, Gossmann, S and Barlow, J, 2013. Planned field investigation of connectivity between the Condamine Alluvium and Walloon Coal Measures, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013, pp 91-98 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 26, 2013