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By Y Tang, G Si

The analysis of rock fragment sizes plays a pivotal role in various stages of geotechnical and mining engineering. Traditional case-based methods often falter in addressing the variability in rock fragment images due to fluctuating geological conditions and imaging environments. To counter this challenge, AI-based models necessitate training on expansive and diverse data sets, encompassing a wide range of conditions and fragment types. However, the creation of such data sets is often hampered by financial and environmental constraints. This paper introduces a novel approach for rock fragment recognition, which leverages the power of AI for data augmentation, automated annotation and prediction. The methodology integrates three key components: Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks (StyleGAN) for data augmentation, the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for automated annotation, and the multiscale version of you only look once (YOLO-MS) real-time instance segmentation model. The proposed method begins by training a new StyleGAN model using the original data set. It then delves into exploring the latent vectors of different rock fragment images to generate specific ‘style representations’. These latent vectors form the foundational elements of each image in a high-dimensional space, encapsulating critical features such as size, shape, texture, and colour variations. The next step involves conducting quality checks on the generated images to ensure their realism and suitability as training data. Subsequently, the augmented image set is annotated using modified SAM module, followed by training the YOLO-MS real-time instance segmentation model. The performance of this model, trained on the augmented data set, is compared with a model trained on the original data set, particularly in terms of generalisation abilities in new scenarios. The results exhibit a significant enhancement in accuracy, robustness, and generalisability of the model trained on the augmented data set, underscoring the potential of StyleGAN as a powerful tool for data augmentation in geotechnical engineering image analysis.

Sep 1, 2024

International tenders for contract mining opportunities require the Contractor to make an assessment of risk for an operation with a life span of up to twenty-five years usually based on data made available by the Client. This paper seeks to address how the Contractor assesses the data and quantifies the risks associated with the project. The areas of risk are common to most projects, but in the--Lontractor's case, risk assessment is carried out on the Client's data base and within a compressed time frame of usually less than six months. Incorporation of that risk assessment into the contract documentation is also discussed. Practical examples are given in a number of areas.

Jan 1, 1986

My purpose here today is to introduce an element of democracy into this seminar. In my experience, the mines of Australia can be divided into two categories; those that pay and those that don't. As far as I can ascertain, every other paper being delivered at this seminar concerns mines which come into the first category, or at any rate are close enough to it for the promoters to be able to afford an expert's valuation.

Jan 1, 1989

By MattelmSki M

Outokumpu Harjavalta Metals Oy has been producing nickel since 1962, based on conventional flash smelting technology followed by electrowinning of nickel. In the 1980s, a research project was initiated to develop a converterless direct smelting process to produce matte for further refining in the then existing refinery. The process was tested on a pilot plant scale at Outokumpu's research centre in Pori and was found to be viable. The process was named the Direct Outokumpu Nickel Smelting Process or the DON Process. At the turn of the 1990s, Outokumpu studied various options to develop its nickel business and the Harjavalta operations. As a result of this work, the DON Process was further developed to produce two mattes: low iron matte in the flash furnace to be leached in the existing leaching circuit and high iron matte in the electric furnace to be leached in the new leaching circuit. In Harjavalta's case, it was essential and important that the process could use the existing flash furnace and electric furnace without converters.

Jan 1, 1996

The Hodgkinson goldfield contains over 50 separate lodes which have produced 9.7 tonnes of gold from ore averaging 37 g/t. The gold-quartz.lodes are spatially separate from tin and base metal mineralisation, associated with Permo-Carboniferous granitoids in the province. Host rocks consist of sub-greenschist metamorphic grade shale, conglomerate, sandstone, spilite, chert and melange. Oreshoots average 100 x 30 x I m in Size and are contained in cross-cutting quartz. filled with steep-dipping shear zones. Mineralisation in the quartz. consists of gold with minor arsenopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sphalerite with rare calcite. Scheelite and stibnite are aSSOCIated locally but are not necessary proximal or coeval. Alteration is restricted to centimetre-scale phyllic selvedges adjacent to the veins and veinlets.Most of the lodes and vems occur within six main 1.5 x 0.25 km mineralised areas whIch may indIcate separate areas of fluid flow and precipitation. Ore controls differ m melange- and sandstone-hosted lodes but several features are common to all the oreshOOlS. Most of the lodes occur within zones of duauon that are caused by splaymg, refraction through carbonaceous shale-sandstone contacts, or by rolls and changes in strike and dip.Lithologic contacts may act as areas of permeability and chemistry contrast which focus fluid and precipitation. Tensional veins are common between parallel shear zones and curved spur veins occur both in the hangingwall and footwall of the main fissure. Intersections and contacts may have enhanced local fluid flow in many of the areas.

Jan 1, 1991

A laminar-flow furnace was used to study the combustion of four flotation concentrates (chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sphalerite) in air at temperatures up to 1400¦C. A special- Iv developed two-colour pyrometer was used to measure the temperature of individual chalco- pvrite and pyrite particles as they underwent combustion. Chalcopyrite and pyrite ignited with very high rates of reaction at air tempera- tures above 480 and 600¦C respectively, forming molten products. Galena and sphalerite required temperatures in excess of 700 and 1200¦ respect- ively to attain equivalent rates of reaction. The high rates of reaction for galena and spha- lerite were caused by vaporization. Temperature measurements for chalcopyrite and pyrite are reported here, together with vaporization measurements for chalcopyrite, galena, and Sphalerito

Jan 1, 1980

By S Planeta

The use of explosives in underground mining has its drawbacks, particularly in the case of thin or narrow vein type deposits. Due to that, there is a need to develop more discriminative and safe rock-breaking technologies. Mechanical rock splitting seems to be one of the most promising avenues in this respect. This paper describes briefly principles and features of radial-axial splitters. It reviews a feasibility study done to evaluate a potential of this technology in selective mining. It was intended to compare productivity and cost of ædrill-splitÆ mining with conventional cut-and-fill method. Hypotheses and assumptions adopted, methodology used and the obtained results are presented and discussed. The study has confirmed an interesting potential of radial-axial splitters in mining thin and narrow vein deposits. In conclusion, it is stressed however, that it will take more R&D work to corroborate the results obtained. Some suggestions concerning future research in this field are also given.

Jan 1, 2003

Alcoa of Australia's Western Australian bauxite mining operations in the Darling Ranges, south east of Perth, present major challenges in the control of air blast. The close proximity of rural communities and the face profile make the traditional methods of air blast control difficult. An extensive blast noise monitoring programme has been established. The develop- ment of a computerised blast noise prediction model and the establishment of a radiosonde weather balloon facility have reduced blast induced complaints by a factor of ten. The meteorological factors affecting blast noise transmission are discussed and examples are given of adverse weather condit- ions for the south west region of Western Australia.

Jan 1, 1982

Australia contains a variety of iron ores, differing in grade, chemistry, size distribution and genesis. While a proportion of this ore is used world-wide as blast furnace lump, much of the material mined is high grade fines, requiring agglomeration (usually sintering) before blast furnace reduction. Sintering studies initially concentrated on the production of ferrous material of high iron content, coarse size and sufficient cold strength. In recent years research involving pilot plant sintering, precise test procedures and mineralogical analyses has focussed on the additional sinter properties of hot strength and reducibility. Aspects of mineralogical studies applied to iron ore sintering are described.

Jan 1, 1989

Gravity concentration of tin at Renison Limited uses tables and spirals to treat the various coarser fractions produced from sulphide flotation tailing. An acceptable final tailing cannot be made from one pass over the tables and spirals and therefore the tailing from these separators is reground and combined with the sulphide flotation tailing as the feed to the classification section. The gravity section became increasingly overloaded in the years preceding 1976 due to efforts to maximize tin recovery to the gravity concentrate. In April, 1976, two 2DSV Reichert cone concentrators in series were installed to treat the table and spiral tail- ing stream, prior to regrind, to scavenge a small tonnage of hard, coarse low tin grade material for rejection to final tailing. Gravity section loadings were decreased markedly, allowing operator attention to be directed more to table performance than to spillage collection. An increase in mill throughput of approximately 15% was possible following the commissioning of the Reichert cones. The cones are currently operated to make the minimum tonnage of tailing consistent with reasonable- gravity section loadings.

Jan 1, 1978

By Player R. L

Measurements of the rate of PbO reduction from high lead metallurgical slags were made under laboratory conditions using graphite, a CO-50%CO2 gas mixture and metallic iron as reductants. The results show a transition in rate-controlling step at low PbO contents (i.e. 6 wt.% PbO). At medium to high PbO contents in the slag, the reduction rate was found to be strongly affected by the slag chemistry, temperature and reductant type. The effect of stirring and hence mass transfer in the slag phase on the reduction rate of PbO was found to be insignificant at medium-high PbO contents. Attention is drawn to the importance of chemically controlled reaction rates at the slag-gas interface. Parallels between these results and test work on a 5 tph scale have been briefly drawn.

Jan 1, 1989

Radioisotope X-ray and neutron techniques of analysis can be used for the determination of a wide range of elements in minerals. The most important applications of these techniques to the mineral industry are for on-stream analysis of slurries and solids, and for geological assay. The radioisotope X-ray techniques are the more developed ones and two installations for on-stream analysis are in routine use in mineral processing plants in Australia. Neutron techniques are being developed, and should prove valuable for geological assay of large numbers of mineral samples, for borehole logging, and for specific on-stream analysis when the cost of the equipment is warranted.

Jan 1, 1969

**Add abstract here**

Jun 1, 2010

The geology and mineral deposits of the West Pilbara Goldfield are described and comparison is made with the Pilbara Goldfield,, In the West Pilbai'a Goldfield two adjacent environments are represented by a predominantly clastic succession and a predominantly volcanic succession. These two successions are lateral equivalents and lithologically they are similar to the classical successions at Warrdiwdbna and Mosquito Creek. How- ever, no evidence of a significant erosional break has been found. It is suggested that the Archaean rocks of: the Pilbara Block represent a single geosynclinal cycle, which culminated in orogenesis, within which-local disconformities have been developed in various places: and that the sub-Mosquito; Creek unconformity at Eastern Creek may be the most widespread of these disconformities, Widespread evidence of'preconsolidation movement, aid the intrusion of igneous rock into. unconsolidated sediment, suggest that tectonism and igneous activity began at a very early stage, This was localised along lines of fracture in an unidentified basement.,.Moveme.nt was primarily vertical and persisted into the older Proterozoic, The sediments were enriched in metal by vulcanicity, chemical sedimentation, and possibly detrit`1' contribution. Diagenesis and metamorphism caused the remobòliyation of the metallic constituents of igneous and sedimentary, rocks which were then localised-in loci of dislocation-formed both before and after consolidation.,.. . . , . .

Jan 1, 1964

The coastline is. an incomparable stretch of sea coast known as Ninety Mile Beach. Two gas pipelines and two oil pipelines carrying hydrocarbons from thb'Bass Strait fields to the markets of Australia cross this beach. They cannot be seen as they are laid in trenching stretch- ing many miles out to sea and the beach was restored to its natural state. Even where the dunes were disturbed, suitable grass was sown thus consolidating the sand and preventing erosion. Ninety Mile Beach is but one of the many key.wildlife and recreational areas that our operations must be concerned with. Others include Westernport and Corner Inlet, but the one discussed in this paper in particular is the platform area of the Bass Strait itself. Never was the old adage "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" more meaningful than in offshore oil production. All are well aware of some of the events of the past several years that resulted in large and costly oil spills. Far less is known, seen or publicised about the measures and developments that are undertaken to ensure that such events do not occur. We also have well developed plans for response in the event of an emergency situation, which can be initiated with great rapidity. Our responsibility is to ensure that with the best of engineering technology and operating procedures, spills do not occur.

Jan 1, 1971

By Forster I, Thilo A, Dean AK

A prototype production tool capable of operation in the hole sizes (

Jan 1, 1988

The Prince Lyell Mine has been the major production source at Mount Lyell since under-ground mining commenced in 1972.Three lifts of stopes have been mined to date, with the fourth, the 40 Series lift, to commence production this year. As the mine has progressed deeper, the ore haulage system has evolved to accommodate the mine's economic circumstances while maximizing efficiency.In the first, or 10 Series lift of stopes, ore was removed from drawpoints by L.H.D. units and tipped directly into rakes of 7 tonne rail cars. The original concept for deeper stoping lifts entailed L.H.D.'s tipping into long ore passes, rail haulage, underground crushing and hoisting to surface via the No. 1 Shaft. The suspension of the No. 1 Shaft project in 1976, due to economic difficulties, lead to the intro-duction of diesel truck haulage of ore, initially via the internal Prince Lyell Decline and now to surface via the Main Decline.

Jan 1, 1985

Sublevel open stoping was introduced at Rosebery in 1972; most of the stoping prior to this was horizontal cut and fill. Sublevel open stoping presently accounts for 65% of the Rosebery underground production of 560 000 tonnes per year. This primary stoping technique leaves 50% of the ore in the crown and transverse pillars. The methods used in pillar recovery to date are reviewed and comments made on the success of these operations.

Jan 1, 1982

This paper presents an overview of the strategy adopted to bring the Ballymoney opencut lignite deposit to an advanced stage of mine design and confidence. Certain aspects of the project differentiate it from the normal Australian experience. These include the thick overlying glacial drift, the proximity to established infrastructure and the wide fluctua- tions in annual lignite demand. The incorporation of these factors in the mine plan are discussed. The deposit area is located near the town of Ballymoney, in Northern Ireland. In July 1986, after winning an internationally competitive tender, Meekatharra Minerals Ltd commenced an exploration programme designed to delineate reserves to supply a 450 MW power station. In less than eighteen months, a complete evaluation was undertaken and a price submitted in December 1987 to the relevant authorities for the supply of lignite. Subsequently, UK government consultants and significant inter- national banks have endorsed the findings. The mining study commenced with the evaluation of various develop- ment strategies, followed by selection of the most viable mining method and equipment. The equipment selected will mine four million tonnes of lignite and eleven million cubic metres of waste each year. In year 15, the waste removal requirement increases to almost seventeen million cubic metres. This results in an average strip ratio over the mine life of three cubic metres of waste per tonne of lignite. The quality of the product delivered to the run of mine conveyor transfer point, based on maximum resource recovery, will include heat content of 8813 kJ/kg (3789 Btu/Ib), ash content of 28% and moisture content of 40%.

Jan 1, 1989

The present geology of the northwest quadrant of the Circum-Pacific is the product of the interact-ions between plates or paleo-plates which have oc-curred since the earliest part of the earth's hist-ory. Almost every possible geologic structures are observable there; stable continents, collision belts, and subduction arcs as well as extensional basins. This suggests that almost all the possible tectonic processes occurred through geologic time and the present overall structure of the Quadrant is no more than a time section of the long lasting tectonic history which the region experienced.

Jan 1, 1990