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E. S. MOORE (author's reply to discussion*).-I have read with much interest Dr. W. F. Smeeth's criticism' of my article on the air blasts in the Kolar Gold Field, India. However, before answering the questions he asked, I should like to suggest that possibly the phrase "difference of opinion" might be substituted for the word "misapprehension" when applied to my statement that the matrix of the conglomerate resembles a hornblende schist. This conglomerate is certainly regarded as a metamorphosed sediment. Dr. Evans, who has had wide experience with metamorphic rocks, has regarded this as a clastic rather than an autoclastic rock and mentions it as a probable glacial deposit2 and similar to the Lower Huronian conglomerate of North America. I was greatly impressed by the similarity between this rock and the bands of Huronian conglomerate in the United States and Canada where metamorphism has rendered the matrix of the rock schistose. It was scarcely intended that the word basal, as used in my text, should be extended to the Kolar field, although possibly it may be equally applicable there. The word is so frequently used on this continent for the Lower Huronian conglomerate, which in many places is the basal formation of the predominantly sedimentary Proterozoic group, overlying the more largely igneous Archeozoic rocks, that it was inadvertently used without special stratigraphic significance for the Kolar area. In reply to Dr. Smeeth's question as to how the conglomerate indicates a syncline, it would seem that if there is present in a closely folded area a band of sediment that is younger than the surrounding rocks, it must be in a syncline in those rocks. As to an apparent contradiction in the statement on page 693 regarding the compressive stress, it does not seem that such contradiction exists; I think every one will take the same meaning as Dr. Smeeth has taken, which is exactly what was intended.

Jan 12, 1918

Discussion of the paper Of ROBERT H. BEDFORD and WILLIAM HAGUE, presented at the Salt Lake meeting, August, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 92, August, 1914, pp. 1807 to 1816. W. L. SAUNDERS, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *) . -Messrs. Bedford and Hague have given us a very interesting and practical paper. No better excuse for such a paper could be desired than the statement made that the expense of drilling. in this mine is one-third of the cost of delivering the ore at the mill. This statement. should be written in red letters, because it applies to a great many mines besides the one referred to and because it is generally true that in a mining plant, as also in papers read before the Institute, more attention by fat is given to the metallurgical side of mining than to the excavation of the ore, and no study of the excavation work is properly made that does not involve a careful inquiry into the merits of the rock drill used. Next in importance to the selection of a good rock drill, in a case where the actual drilling cost is one-third the cost of delivering the ore, is that. the drill should be maintained in order and kept up to its highest efficiency. The best rock chill may run down in efficiency through accidents, wear, or other conditions which are sometimes beyond supervision or control. The machine is usually in the hands of men who know how to get workout of it, not men who know how it works. The best drill runners are not machinists,. but miners. They could not tell you how the valve operates or the principle of the rotation, but they know how to get the work done. A testing machine, particularly the type described in this paper, may he of the greatest value in maintaining a uniform state of efficiency.

Jan 11, 1914

Cyril w. Knight, Toronto, Ont., Canada (communication to the Secretary*).—Mr. Hore's paper presents an interesting summary of our knowledge of this important mineral field ; and is therefore acceptable as giving information which our Transactions did not already contain, although it presents little or nothing not made known by other writers before 1906, when Mr. Hore began work in the field as a student assistant. Contributions of this kind, however, should be made completely valuable by such references to previous work as will enable the reader to follow to their original sources the theories or conelusions stated by the author. It is quite natural, and even excusable, that a new observer should find novelty in his on observations—especially if he is not acquainted with the work of predecessors in the same field. Moreover, the independent repetition of an observation or conclusion has a distinct value as a confirmation, though it may have none as a discovery. But the publication of it, without reference to its predecessors, may place the author in an unfavorable light as either ignorant of the history of his subject, or willing to claim credit to which he is not entitled. Of the latter fault, I do not accuse Mr. Hore ; but I cannot wholly acquit him of the former. Without disparaging his intelligent work, I must point out that his paper, as it stands, might easily give the impression that he claims originality for many statements which are by no means new, and that he emphasizes unduly his own publications. Thus, his remark (p. 481) "I have described the silver-fields in a general way in my paper " (not yet published), should have been accompanied with reference to some of the numerous papers, already published, which describe these fields. Again, on p. 486, he refers to four papers of his own on the Porcupine gold-area, but neither in the text nor in the appended

Jan 1, 1912

By A. D. Hughes

C. W. MERRILL*—Mr. Hughes' paper not only is very well presented but is most timely in that it covers a subject of vital interest to the United States. Tin is one of the strategic metals which has not been found here in appreciable quantities. The total United States tin output since the first recorded production over 100 years ago would not supply current consumption for a fortnight. On the consumption side, tin is extremely important in national defense because of its use in tin plate which, in the form of tin cans, makes it possible to feed properly the armies that the United States recruits from its civilian population in emergencies. Moreover, the internal combustion engines so important in powering tanks, planes, and other war machines, require large quantities of tin alloys for bearings and for soldering. These considerations, along with the fact that Malaya, historically, has been the leading source of tin to the United States, make the kind of information that Mr. Hughes has presented so ably. a matter of vital interest. Your Chairman, Mr. Romanowitz, in his introduction, referred to the fact that I had been a member of the United States delegations to the three meetings of the International Tin Study Group. Some cominents on the Group's objectives and deliberations may be of interest. When it appeared that the International Tin Committee, the prewar producer's cartel, might soon revive its operations and extend its control agreement beyond the expiration date of Dec. 31, 1946, the United States Government became interested in some kind of an international trade organization concerned with tin which would give the consumers' interest equal representation with the producers' interests. An international meeting was called in London in October 1946 to consider this problem. I did not attend that meeting hut the result of the meeting was the organization of the International 'Tin Study Group which

Jan 1, 1950

On Dec. 8, 1916, at a meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the John Fritz Medal was presented to Professor Elihu, Thomson, "for his achievements in electrical invention, in electrical engineering, in industrial development and,in scientific research." Professor Albert Sauveur presided. John J. Carty, chairman of the Presentation Committee of the Board of Award, made a short address-on the history and significance of the medal. He was followed by E. W. Rice, Jr., president of the General Electric Co., who spoke at length of the achievements of Dr. Thomson, whom he called "one of the world's most prolific and industrious inventors and scientists." Among other things, he said: "In the, field of electrical inventions alone, Professor Thomson has been awarded something over 550 United States patents, and in other fields; notably mechanical work, about 150 patent.,. he has made contributions to the world's scientific, and technical literature, in several hundred articles describing not only his own dis-coveries and inventions but making remarkably interesting contributions to scientific speculation and thought. "A skilled workman, he is always able himself to do the work which he asks others to perform. "His inventions are the result of such profound and accurate knowledge,. and developed with such skill, that they almost invariably work on the first, trial in accordance with expectation." Dr. Richard C. Maclaurin, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spoke of the personality of the man as well as of his accomplishments, as follows: "He has not only clone great things himself, but has shown ,in intense desire to help all who are struggling earnestly with scientific problems. He has proved an inspiration to an ever-widening circle of engineers and others who have entrusted him with their secrets and sought his help in overcoming their difficulties. They have done this knowing. that they had only to ask in order to get the full benefit of his

Jan 2, 1917

By Franklin R. Carpenter, W. P. Headden

TWO notes have already appeared in the Transactions concerning the columbite or tantalite of the Black Hills tin-mines. In vol. xiii., page 232, Prof. Schaeffer speaks of the mineral as tantalite, and concludes by saying that its separation from the tinstone "is a matter which will, I believe, prove puzzling to the wisest metallurgist." He also observes that he is unable to find by analysis in his specimens the least trace of columbic acid. Prof. W. P. Blake, in the same volume, at page 696, says: " Even if it [tantalite or columbite] were present to a considerable amount, it would not injure the tin in smelting. It does not alloy with tin, but carries a small percentage of tin, which would probably be liberated in smelting." He calls the mineral columbite from the fact that a great number of specificgravity tests invariably indicated that it should be so classed. We have made chemical tests as well as specific-gravity tests upon many samples from many different parts of the Hills. Our analyses have always shown the presence of columbic acid, and the specificgravity tests have always indicated columbite, as we have elsewhere shown.* As Prof. Blake has already observed, it is not found in such close association with the tin as to prevent separation by a rough handsorting, but it is usually present with the stream-tin. As Prof. Schaeffer says, it cannot be separated by ordinary concentration; and while, as declared by Prof. Blake, its columbic acid may not unite with the tin in any form, yet its iron and manganese oxides may be reduced, and thus lower the quality of the tin produced, as is also the case when the smelting charge contains wolfram. To determine the effect of columbite in the ordinary potassium cyanide assay, there were assayed at the Dakota School of Mines four samples containing different proportions of columbite. The results, published in the report of the school for 1888, seemed to indi-

Jan 1, 1889

By George S. Rice

THE A.I.M.E. Ground Movement and Subsidence Committee, pro- posed in 1920, held its first technical meeting in February 1923, under the able chairmanship of Mr. H. G. Moulton. The following list of papers and discussions, indicating the scope of the problems and relation to various conditions and method of mining, were given at that meeting by the distinguished mining engineers: J. Parke Channing, on Subsidence at Miami, Arizona; Howard N. Eavenson, on Mining an Upper Bituminous Seam after a Lower Seam Has Been Extracted; J. J. Rutledge, on Subsidence in Two Oklahoma Coal Mines; Benjamin F. Tillson, on Caving Cracks at the Franklin Mine, New Jersey; Dr. F. W. McNair, on the Dome Theory; William Kelly, on disadvantageous effects in Mining and Back-filling Working Upward a Steep-Pitching Iron-ore Bed; Eli T. Conner, on the good results of Back-Filling by Hydraulic Means in Preventing Destructive Subsidence in the Anthracite District; Thomas H. Claggett, on the merit of Systematic Pillar Drawing in Preventing Cracks in an Upper Seam; Henry H. Otto, successful results in the anthracite district in Mining Lower Seams before Upper Seams; Douglas Bunting, on Leading Factors Incident to Successful Mining of an Overlying Seam; Edwin Ludlow, on there being "less damage to buildings when there was complete removal of coal with complete packing than when room and pillar is used without extracting the pillars"; Edward O'Toole on "bumps" in eastern Kentucky mines, which he thought were the result of geologic stresses: H. A. Buehler, on Upheaval of Surface in an Illinois Case in Advance of the Face; and R. Dawson Hall, on The Mechanics of Subsidence from Mining. The author of this paper discussed various kinds of problems of ground movement and subsidence in both metal mining and coal mining; the production of great landslides by workings near an outcrop, as at Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada; and general

Jan 1, 1939

By Frances Hurd, Clark

Iv 1897, Roberts-Austen(l)$ found an arrest in the thermal curves of alloys of 60 per cent. copper and 40 per cent. zinc. This break occurred from 450° to 470° C. Shepherd, (2) working in 1904, was unable to detect any change in the direction of the thermal curve. In 1911, Carpenter and Edwards(3) confirmed the work of Roberts-Austen and called this a eutectoid transformation of beta to alpha plus gamma. Hudson') in 1914, showed that the beta constituent could be produced synthetically at temperatures below the transformation point. He believed the change in the beta was polymorphic in nature rather than a eutectoid. The work of Matsuda(32) in 1922 demonstrated this break by thermal analysis, microscopic investigations, dilatation, electrical resistance measurements, and a thermoelectric study. He believed the transformation to be continuous from 300° to 480° C., and comparable to the A 2 transformation in iron. Later, in 1924, Andrew and Hay, with electrical resistance measurements, confirmed Matsuda's work. Imai(28) showed the transformation to be progressive and therefore a function of the temperature rather than the time. He stated that it was neither a eutectoid nor an allotropic change of phase. Atomistically expressed, it was a change, not of atomic configuration, but of atomic energy of some kind; and again it was compared to the A 2 transformation in iron. Imai believed that his analyses by X-rays led to the same conclusion. In order to study this change, at 470'C., in homogeneous 60:40 brass, Homerberg and Williams «0> and Homerberg and Shaw(41) quenched their material in iced brine to obtain the beta solid solution and reheated at various temperatures. At 200° C., a change in the microstructure and physical properties occurred. A fine-grained structure, which they termed alpha and which had the appearance of a sorbitic steel, appeared, with an increase in the tensile strength to 82,750 lb. per sq. in., and a Brinell ball hardness of 240 with 3000 kg. load. At 470° C., the alpha

Jan 1, 1927

By Oscar M. Wicken

The mineral magnesite (MgCO3) if pure would consist of 47.7 pct MgO and 52.3 pct CO2. It is one of the calcite group of rhombohedral carbonates which includes calcite (CaCO3), siderite (FeCO3), rhodocrosite (MnCO3), and smithsonite (ZnCO3) among others. The members of this group enter into a wide range of substitutional solid solutions, whose range is still imperfectly known.* MgCO3 and FeCO3 appear to form a complete series of which breunnerite (ferroan magnesite) is a well known variety. Because of the considerable difference in size of the Ca and Mg ions, there is only a limited range in substitution in the MgCO3-CaCO3 series. (Dolomite, not strictly a member of the calcite group, may be regarded as an ordered structure developed when Ca: Mg is approximately 1:1.) The practical consequence of these relationships is that the lime carbonates (calcite and dolomite) are commonly present in magnesite deposits chiefly as mechanical mixtures. Magnesite may be either crystalline or "amorphous" (cryptocrystalline). The crystalline form has a hardness of 3.5 to 4.0. The color may range from white to black through shades of yellow, blue, red or gray. It is rarely found pure but generally contains variable amounts of iron, lime, and silicate minerals. Color cannot be used as an index of purity except under specific local conditions in a single quarry. In a given quarry an experienced man may be able roughly to grade magnesite by intuitively assessing such features as crystallinity and color. Crystalline magnesite occurs in larger deposits, but the cryptocrystalline variety is more common. The latter is fine-grained and compact and shows no cleavage; often it is descriptively called "bone magnesite." The fracture is usually conchoidal, and hardness is 3.5 to 5.0. It is normally white, but sometimes it is light yellow to orange or buff because of included impurities. In addition to lime and iron, which may be present in small amounts, silica may be present as inclusions of serpentine, quartz, chalcedony, or other minerals. In general, commercial deposits of "amorphous" magnesite have lesser amounts of accessory minerals than does crystalline magnesite. The specific gravity of "amorphous" magnesite is 2.90 to 3.0. Pure, crystalline magnesite has a specific gravity of 3.02, but iron carbonate, commonly present, raises the specific gravity to somewhat higher values. Magnesite dissociates, when sufficiently heated, into magnesia (MgO) and carbon dioxide. Either simultaneously or upon further heating the magnesia develops a crystalline structure identical with that of the natural mineral, periclase, which occurs sparingly in nature but not normally in workable deposits. Brucite is another magnesium mineral capable of being directly reduced to magnesia by heat alone. Brucite (Mg(OH)2) has been mined for the production of various grades of magnesia. It theoretically contains 69.1 pct MgO and 30.9 pct H2O. It may be white, but is generally blue or green with a gray cast. It has a translucent appearance. The mineral is soft (hardness, 2.5), and has a specific gravity of about 2.4. Nomenclature of Products The word "magnesite" literally refers to the natural mineral, but common usage has applied it plus a prefatory word to two other

Jan 1, 1960

Prof. G. W. MAYNARD, New York City (communication to the Secretary): Prof. Christy, in his admirable paper on "The Growth of American Mining Schools," has overlooked the work done by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in its department of mining and metallurgy. This oversight is naturally due to the fact that the department was, for lack of money, discontinued in 1871. It was organized by the writer in 1867, starting with ten students, who had already completed the first two years of the civil engineering course in the Institute. The course covered two years, specifically devoted to mining, metallurgy and assaying, which, in connection with the two years' drill in the civil engineering department made a four years' course. During the four years of the existence of the department, thirty-five students took the course, of whom twentyfive graduated; and of this number eight have been members of the Institute of Mining Engineers, and the majority of them have occupied high positions in the profession. The equipment of the department was, at that time, second only to that of the Columbia School of Mines. As Prof. Christy has cited other institutions which are not distinctively mining schools, but in which the ruining course was subordinate to other courses, it seems to me that the work in this line carried out by the oldest engineering school in the country may very properly be referred to. In addition to the regular mining course, a special course in assaying was given; and many young men were here prepared for positions in the mines and metallurgical works of the west. PROF. George F. Swain, Boston, Mass.: I have listened with great interest to Prof. Christy's valuable paper, but there is one conclusion at which he arrives that appears to me entirely unjustifiable, and to which I desire to take exception. Prof. Christy finds that of the total wage-earners in the United States in 1880,10.41 per cent. were employed in " trade and transport;" 20.24 per cent. in " manufactures and mechanics," and 1.83

Jan 1, 1894

H. W. MussEn, Collingwood, Ontario, Can. (communication to the Secretary*):—Doubtless all engineers who have paid more than a casual visit to Russia have come into contact with that formidable document, the " smieta," or estimate of the Russian manager. It is an institution which seems to be inseparable from Russian mining-methods. As Mr. Shockley points out, the year's costs a agree very closely" with the figures of the smieta made at the beginning of the year. In cases which have come under my notice, I have been satisfied that there had been a good deal of " rigging" of accounts to this end. The sum spent by the manager was carefully kept down to the total of the estimate, because it was well known that no more money would be forthcoming, and when this is done it is not a difficult matter to see that the right amounts come under the right heads in the final accounts. I do not say that this is always the case, but I have come across notable instances. Looking at it from the Russian owner's point of view, I think that the balance of the argument is usually in favor of the smieta as limiting " impulsive indiscretion" on the part of managers. The Russian Mining Code of to-day leaves much to be desired, but this is thoroughly appreciated by the official world there, and great changes are spoken of for the future. In many, if not in most, cases the laws are interpreted liberally, and a great deal is left to the discretion of the district mining engineer or inspector, with whom it is necessary to keep in close touch. As Mr. Shockley points out, the officials of a mine, who are always Russians, are held personally responsible for accidents resulting to employees, quite independently of any compensation which may be made to the sufferer. This seems startling enough, but I have always found that a penalty is imposed only

Jan 1, 1909

By L. Bombardieri, H. F. Mills

IRON KING mine, producing gold-silver-lead-zinc ore, is 10 miles east of Prescott, Ariz. At present the 1806 level is being developed. The echelon pattern of ore deposit continues at depth but is less pronounced, and the orebody is now more or less continuous over 2600 ft of strike length. with widths 5 ft to as high as 26 ft where overlapping of lenses occurs in one section of the mine. Better continuity of ore at depth has encouraged systematic mining and improved plant facilities to offset higher operating costs. With favorable persistence of ore at depth. the three-compartment No. 6 hoisting shaft appeared inadequate to handle increased tonnage from greater depths, and in 1952, a four-compartment steel and concrete shaft was started. This is now at a depth of 1906 ft, and shaft pockets and loading cartridges are being installed on the 1806 level. Ore from the new shaft, hoisted in 51/2 -ton Jeto bottom dump skips, is dumped into a 500-ton shaft bin, from which it is fed to a 16x30-in. gyratory crusher and conveyed 415 ft through an undersurface concrete gallery to the secondary crusher and conveying system supplying the 900-ton mill. Lead, zinc, and pyrite concentrates are floated, and the flotation tailings are cyanided after desliming. Waste from the new shaft is dumped into a 250-ton surge bin, fed from this bin to a 24-in. conveyor, and discharged into the glory hole above the block cave. The new shaft is served by a double-drum 400-hp hoist used for ore and waste; the No. 6 shaft conveys men and material To secure a cheap source of waste fill for stoping operations, a block cave area was undercut In the hanging wall near the north end of the mine above the 600 level. Waste from the block cave is drawn from any of three large drawpoints on the 600 level, and a series of hanging wall transfer raises with controls and bypasses on each level provide a fast low-cost material for fill. The block cave is worked vertically through to surface in the form of a steep-sided hole 350x250 ft and several hundred feet deep, the sides of which cave and provide fill material without any blasting. Fill is a mixture of caliche-cemented surface gravel and small particles of hanging wall schist. Level Development: An orebody 300 times as long as it is wide requires a lot of development work. Former practice consisted of driving a haulage drift about 30 ft from the ore in an andesitic footwall, a drift on the ore, and crosscuts from the haulage drift at 100-ft intervals. Crosscuts are about 90 ft long. At present, only the odd numbered levels are so developed, and on the even numbered levels only the haulage drift and crosscuts are driven. Little or no timber is used for this development. This change resulted in 20 pct reduction of development costs and 50 pet reduction of square set stoping required for removal of floor pillars. Elimination of ore drifts on alternate levels leaves

Jan 1, 1957

TWENTY-FOUR of the 28 local sections and the two divisions of the Institute were represented at the meeting. Three sections failed to appoint delegates and two of those appointed failed to attend the delegates' meeting proper. Four sessions were held, two on Monday and two shorter adjourned ses-sions on Tuesday and Wednesday. Even at the end many things remained to be said and, in view of the amount of time the delegates lost from technical ses-sions the feeling was general that next year it would be advisable to hold their meeting the day before or day after the general meeting. Every part of the country was represented from Boston to Los Angeles and Seattle to Washington. All phases of Institute work and policy were taken up in the most informal way and the delegates will carry back to the sections, as they brought to headquarters, many ideas that will prove useful and stimulating. The time was divided between reports by the delegates on section activities and reports by officers of the In-stitute and of the various joint activities on the work at headquarters : A. D. Flinn told of the work of Engi-neering Foundation; W. V. Brown discussed the Em-ployment Service; J. A. Sohon explained what the Library is doing; T. T. Read told how the sections could help MINING AND METALLURGY ; H. Foster Bain discussed Institute affairs in general and asked and answered questions. An interesting new feature of the meeting was the appearance by request of Directors Turner and Smith of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and U. S. Geological Survey to answer inquiries as to the needs and work of their Bureaus. So much attention had been paid this year by the western sections to the diminished funds made available at Washington for research on mining problems that many questions came up. The accom-panying figures epitomize the answers.

Jan 3, 1928

By O. B. Hopkins

Activity in the oil industry in Peru during 1930 was confined almost entirely to the three old producing fields in the northern coastal area. In the eastern part of Peru, in the valleys of the Maranon, Ueayali and Huallaga rivers, additional geologic work was carried on, but no drilling was undertaken. The Peruvian Government granted a concession on June 27, 1930, to W. R. Davis and associates for the building of a railroad from the west coast at Bayovar to Yurimaguas on the Huallaga River. This concession contemplates the construction of 800 to 900 km. of railroad across the Andes and carries with it a grant to the concessionaire of 12,500,000 acres of land with oil and mineral rights. A similar concession was granted in 1926 but after several extensions was rescinded in July, 1929, on the grounds that the concessionaire had failed to begin work on the railroad within the time limits of the contract and its extensions. The production in barrels from the three coastal fields of Peru has been as follows: 1929 1930 International Petroleum Co.......................... 10,821,117 9,766,922 Lobitos Oilfields, Ltd................................ 2,508,091 2,613,511 Zorritos........................................... 75,000a 78,000a 13,404,208 12,459,060 a Estimated. No definite figures available. Although not large, the Peruvian production has been steady during the past years. The reduction of approximately 8 per cent. in 1930 as compared with 1929 is the result of the world's overproduction and the attempt on the part of the International to restrict the output to conform with the available market. International Petroleum Company International Petroleum Co. owns the oldest producing property in Peru. The first well was drilled there in 1872. The cumulative production from the property from 1900 to 1930 inclusive has been over 92,000,-000 bbl. from an area of 15,000 acres. The recovery per acre has varied

Jan 1, 1931

By H. R. Aldrich

THIS paper presents some of the results obtained during the field season of 1919 while mapping, in detail, the stratigraphy of the Gogebic Range in Wisconsin. The detailed stratigraphic section for the range was first published, in 1919, by W. 0. Hotchkiss,1 State Geologist of Wisconsin. The idea of the continuity of the definite succession thus established was the result of underground work in the productive part of .the range in Michigan and Wisconsin, where most of the required data also were obtained. The bulk of the range in Wisconsin is heavily covered by drift; in fact, there is but one satisfactorily exposed section across the entire formation; few partial sections, and only scanty outcrops of any size. Evidently mapping of the detailed members of the formation could only be established at a few points; and if from these small areas the unexposed portions were to be mapped by projection, the only apparent method for projection was straight-line interpolation modified or supported by data from the scanty outcrops and from test workings. It was found that by tracing a magnetic line, the position of which in the formation may be determined from test pits and outcrops, the projection of that member through the drift-covered areas can be accomplished. The magnetic line serves as a datum horizon within the formation to which reference may be made in correlating outcrops and ledge matter thrown from test workings. The foot wall is easily located also, and from the two datum horizons thus available and the known proportional thickness of the several members in the type sections, outcrops and artificially exposed ledges can be correlated by lithological characteristics. As a result, the tracing-of magnetic lines became the basis of our work on the stratigraphy and we were able to carry the mapping of detailed members throughout the length of the range. It was found that the magnetic horizon at the base of the Tyler slate was most easily followed

Jan 8, 1920

By Thomas Downing

WHEN examining a coal property it is customary for the engineer to take channel samples at several coal faces. In doing so the extraneous matter, or partings, which can be removed by hand, or mechanically, with the facilities at hand, or proposed, is rejected. Where there is doubt concerning a stratum it is usually rejected from the main sample but part is taken for separate analysis. The samples are forwarded to a chemist for proximate analyses and determination of British thermal units, and, sometimes, ash fusion. Consideration is given all available commercial analyses but frequently the owner presents only the favorable ones. From the results thus obtained a general evaluation is made, monies are loaned or expended, markets are determined, and realization is estimated. In many instances, such grades are not substantiated and it is time we looked deeper for a basis which will prove more practical. Institute committees are working hard on analytic and use classifications and much valuable information has already been assembled and distributed. However, no single grade can be applied to any particular bed or region. Much study has been given the Pittsburgh No. 8 seam, yet that bed is subject to material differences in a single section; i. e., some strata of a face may differ from others in structure and analysis, particularly in sulfur content. From some localities it yields a good carbonization fuel, while in others it is chemically unfit for such use. Traveling south to the Logan, W. Va., field we find the Cedar Grove (Island Creek) seam a hard, gray splint coal. In the same field, and not far distant, the same bed changes, both structurally and chemically, and consists of excellent gas coal. In Illinois the moisture content of a bed may vary greatly in different localities. We have seen mines in which part of the coal is excellent for special purpose use but is spoiled by the product from another part of the same mine.

Jan 1, 1931

By William Firmstone

On the 19th December, 1833, a patent was granted to F. W. Geisenheimer, for smelting iron ore with anthracite. In his claim he says: " Sixthly, though I cannot, and do not, claim an exclusive right of the use of heated air, for any kind of fuel, nevertheless I believe to have a right to claim the use of heated air, applied upon, and in connection with, the said principle and manner discovered by me, to smelt iron ore in blast-furnaces with anthracite coal, by applying a blast of air in such quantity, velocity, and density, or under such pressure, as the compactness, or density, and the continuity of the anthracite requires, as above amply and fully described and illustrated." Dr. Geisenheimer made experiments in smelting iron ore with anthracite at the Valley Furnace, near Pottsville, but he failed to carry out to good practical results the principles enunciated in his patent. In the .Joozcrnal of the Franklin Institute for February, 1838, a communication was published that was made by Mr. George Crane, of the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, South Wales, to the British Association, in September, 1837. On the smelting of iron with anthracite coal, Mr. Crane states therein, that he began the use of anthracite with hot-blast on the 7th February, 1837, in a cupola blastfurnace, 41 feet high, and 10 feet across the boshes ; product, 34 to 36 tons a week. Mr. Crane goes on to say, "It may not be uninteresting to be informed in what matter the idea first occurred to me of applying a heated blast to anthracite coal. One evening, after I had placed a piece of it upon my parlor fire (which had before been made up with bituminous coal), arid had allowed it to arrive at a red heat, upon applying as fierce a blast to this piece of coal as I could raise from a pair of bellows, I noticed a black spot or mark

ZAY JEFFRIES, who has been awarded the Douglas medal, established in 1922 by a group of the friends of the late James Douglas for distin-guished achievement in non-ferrous metallurgy, is one of the most notable graduates of the South Dakota School of Mines where he took his B. S. degree in 1910. The following year he was manager of the Ideal Mining Co., at Custer, and in 1911 he became instructor in metallurgy at the Case School of Applied Science, Cleve-land, where he remained until 1917, and in 1918 he took his D. Sc. degree at Harvard. During all this period he was engaged in experi-mental and consulting work for the Electric Railway Improvement Co., t h e Cleveland Steel Tool Co., the W. S. Tyler Co., the Lincoln Electric Co., the Aluminum Castings Co., and the Cleveland wire di-vision of the General Elec-tric Co. He is now en-gaged in general consulting work, especially for the Aluminum Co. of America, the General Electric Co., and the National Tube Co. He has contributed to the Transactions papers on the determination of grain size in metals (with A. H. Kline and E. B. Zimmer) LIV, 594; grain growth phenomena in metals, LVI, 571; the tungsten-molyb-denum equilibrium diagram and system of crystalliza-tion, LVI, 600; grain size inheritance in iron and carbon steel, LVIII, - 669; effect of temperature, de-formation and grain size on the mechanical properties of metals, LX, 474; metallography of tungsten, LX, 588; physical changes in iron and steel below the thermal critical range, LXIII, and LXVII, 56; and the trend in the science of metals, LXX, 303. In addition to participating freely in the discussion of other papers before the Institute he has found time to contribute notable papers to the Institute of Metals (Great Brit-ain), the principal technical journals, and to write a book on "The Science of Metals" in collaboration with R. S. Archer.

Jan 2, 1927

By J. D. A. Morrow

THIS discussion relates to the distribution of coal under the direction of the U. S. Fuel Administration beginning Apr. 1, 1918. At that time a definite method of ' controlling and directing distribution was put into effect. Prior thereto, although some of the machinery utilized was in operation, especially in the few weeks immediately preceding Apr. 1, distribution had not been effectively and comprehensively organized. The writer was called to the Fuel. Administration by Dr. Garfield about the. first of February, 1918, to assume general direction of the distribution of coal for the Fuel Administration, to develop the general plans, and to obtain practical men to assist in this work and in carrying through the program finally devised. A study of the situation and conferences with the Fuel Administrator and leading men in the business made it plain that it would- he necessary to begin at the bottom, measure the undertaking, develop plans to meet the need thus shown, and build an organization to effect the distribution required. This work had to be done under war pressure in the midst of a bad coal shortage. The successful performance of such a task is always primarily a matter of putting competent men in the right places and giving, them the power and opportunity to function properly together. In the Distribution Division of the U. S. Fuel Administration, the men who were chiefly responsible for whipping plans into practical form and then for carrying out these plans were A. W. Calloway, of Baltimore, President of the Davis Coal & Coke Co., who served as the Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; S. Lovell Yerkes, of Birmingham, Alabama, Secretary of the Grider Coal Sales Agency, who assumed general charge of distribution while the new plans and organization were being perfected and then became the Assistant Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; Warren S. Blauvelt, of Detroit, who was Director of Coke Distribution; A. S. Learoyd of New York, Director of Anthracite Distribution, in connection with the Anthracite Committee, consisting of Joseph

Jan 3, 1919

Cooperation will be the keynote of the meeting of the Institute that will be held in New York on February 17 to 20. Arrangements are being made for two joint sessions with the Canadian Mining Institute, on the same day, which therefore will be known as Canadian Mining Institute Day. On the afternoon of Wednesday, February 19, there will be a joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Besides, we will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council, four of which will be presented at the National Research Council Session. In March, at the next meeting, of the Canadian Mining Institute, there will be an American Institute of Mining Engineers Day. The plan is to have the same subjects discussed at both meetings, but by different speakers. One speaker on each subject will represent the Canadian Mining Institute, and one speaker the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The Canadians and the Americans who will speak in Canada are expected to attend the discussion in New York. In addition the discussion at the New York meeting will be sent to Canada in printed form, so that the Canadian discussion will be a continuation of the former. At the joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, there will -be presented six very important papers on the subject of Electric Welding, one by the Chairman of the Electric Welding Research Committee of the National Research Council, another by the Chairman of the Metallurgical Sub-committee of that same Committee, and a third by Comfort A. Adams, President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Chairman of the Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. We will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council. These papers are results of recent investigations and represent the last word in their respective subjects. The excursion on Thursday, February 20, will be to Newark Bay to visit the Federal Shipyard where the first, electric-welded ship is being built. Philip W. Henry is chairman of the excursion committee of arrangements.

Jan 1, 1919