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Arizona F. P. MATHEWSON, Chairman F. W. MACLENNAN, First Vice-chairman _CLYDE F. WEED, Second Vice-chairman F. D. GARDNER, Secretary-Treasurer Box 4097, University Station, Tucson, Ariz. ARTHUR CROWFOOT G. H. DOWELL HENRY F. FASTER R. D. LEISK Boston Meets first Monday each month, October to May, inclusive FREDERICK K. MORRIS, Chairman DANIEL CUSHING, Vice-chairman F. LEROY FOSTER, Secretary-Treasurer Rooms 6-202, Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. WILLIAM H. COBURN RUSSELL 01550K

Jan 1, 1934

By Edgar C. Moxham

THE paper of Mr. W. H. Adams, read at the Cleveland Meeting, June, 1891 (Trans., xx., 196), on "The First Iron Blast-Furnaces in America," establishes the interesting fact that the earliest operations on this continent in the manufacture of pig-iron were based upon a deposit which, after many years of neglect, has now become again the object of active exploitation. In addition to the remarks of Messrs. Pechin and Raymond in discussions of the paper above cited,

Jan 1, 1893

[President and Director *JOSEPH L. GILLSON, '62 Wilmington, Del. Past President and Director *HOWARD C. PYLE, '61, Los Angeles, Calif. President-elect and Director *R. R. McNAUGHTON,'63, Trail, B.C., Canada Vice-Presidents and Directors *JOHN CHIPMAN,'62, Cambridge, Mass. *JOHN P. HAMMOND,'61, Tulsa, Oklahoma *WALTER R. HIBBARD, JR.,'61, Schenectady, N.Y. *BASIL P. KANTZER, '61, Los Angeles, Calif. *S. D. MICHAELSON,'61, Salt Lake City, Utah *J. W. WOOMER, '62, Pittsburgh, Pa.]

Jan 1, 1961

By R. B. Full

DURING the summer of 1949, the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources met at Lake Success. As summed up by one writer, the purpose was: "That everyone will try to learn how to feed more people from an acre of land." That objective is a stimulus to the phosphate rock industry as well as other industries. Phosphate rock was mined first in the Canadian province of Quebec where it was found as an apatite in pockets. In 1863, mining began near the Rideau Canal, first in open trenches and quarries until shafts were sunk. These operations were difficult since hard rock had to be drilled and blasted. Steam was the source of power. The phosphate rock was hand-selected and recovery ranged from 6 to 10 pct, averaging 70 pct to 85 pct bpl (bone phosphate of lime). Costs, f.O.b. Montreal, were $14 a ton, and selling prices averaged $17 a ton. In 1885, about 29,-000 tons were sold on this basis, but by 1892 the output fell to 8000 tons at an average price of $15 a ton at Montreal. South Carolina Deposits Phosphate rock was first discovered in South Carolina in 1837, but a mining company was not formed until 1867. It was immediately successful, and the industry continued to develop and ship an increased tonnage of land and river rock, shipments increasing from approximately 20,000 tons in 1868 to 537,000 tons in 1890, when the shipments began to decrease. In 1892 only 350,000 tons were shipped. In this field there were two types of deposits: land rock and river rock. More land rock tonnage was mined until about 1887 when river rock production began to equal it. The land rock was mined adjacent to and in the river marshes by pick, shovel, and wheelbarrow. Each worker dug daily a space 6 ft wide, 15 ft long and 6 ft deep, which was overburden, and then loaded about 3 cu yd of phosphate rock into wheelbarrows. His helper would wheel the barrows to small steam railroads up to 250 ft distant. Water was kept from the pits by steam pumps connected to railway cars. The phosphate rock was loaded into railroad cars, hauled and dumped into a log washer to which water was added, and run over trommel screens to eliminate the clay and loose sand. Steam shovels for loading were introduced about 1891. River rock was mined by floating dipper dredges and at low tide was loaded into barges by laborers using oyster tongs, the large lumps being hand-loaded. Barges and bateaus were unloaded by wheelbarrows which were wheeled to the same type of land rock washers. The washer product was piled with stacked pine cordwood in alternate layers and fired for drying. Usually this was done under sheds along the river bank. The dried rock then was transferred to ships, usually three or four-masted schooners. Cost of production of both land and river rock, including $1 a ton royalty paid to the state for state-owned property, was approximately $4.25 a ton averaging 60 pct bpl. The selling price was approximately $7 a ton f.O.b. In 1886 the courts handed down a decision permitting anyone to mine, and many additional companies were organized immediately. As a result, the selling price was lowered to a profit margin of 50Ø or less per ton. The South Carolina mines were eventually shut down when a more profitable source of phosphate rock was discovered in Florida. Florida Deposits Phosphate rock was discovered in Florida in 1882, and in 1883 a small quarry was opened near Hawthorne. In 1886 phosphate rock of good grade was discovered on Peace River, and the Arcadia Phosphate Co. was formed. In 1888 the company began shipments amounting to 3000 tons that year. During the latter part of 1888, hard-rock phosphate was discovered near Dunnellon. Exploration extended rapidly, and deposits of hard-rock phosphate were mined over a wide area so that shortly after 1900

Jan 1, 1952

[PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR * R. R. McNAUGHTON, '63, Trail, B. C., Canada PAST-PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR * JOSEPH L. GILLSON, '62, Wilmington, Delaware PRESIDENT-ELECT AND DIRECTOR * LLOYD E. ELKINS, '64, Tulsa, Oklahoma VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS * JOHN S. BELL, '62, Houston, Texas * A. B. CUMMINS, '62, Bound Brook, New Jersey * WAYNE E. GLENN, '62, Houston, Texas * C. C. LONG, '62, Monaca, Pennsylvania * J. S. SMART, JR., '63, New York, New York * J. W. WOOMER, '62, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]

Jan 1, 1961

W. M. Courtis, Detroit, Mich. (communication to the Secretary) : Having made a rapid examination of the deposits described in this paper, I am not inclined to generalize confidently concerning its geological relations. But, since an analysis furnished by me has been included in the paper, it may be of further use to give the results of other samples and analyses. I give, therefore, a table of analyses by different parties, showing the average from surface-specimens:

Jan 1, 1901

President-Mrs Andrew E Beer, Richardson Ave, Sea Cliff, L I, N Y First Vice-President-Mrs Lyman H Hart, 6-F Essex House, Garth Woods Apts, Scarsdale, N Y Second Vice-President-Mrs John R C Mann, 90 Edgemont Road, Scarsdale, N Y Third Vice-President-Mrs Edward P Chapman, Jr, 2632 Vista Larga Dr N E, Albuquerque, N M Fourth Vice-President-Mrs R A Cattell, 7717 14th St, N W Washington 12, D C

Jan 1, 1959

R. W. Raymond, New York City: From a study of Mr. Johnson's paper, I conclude that his apparatus is simple in construction and operation, and imitates in a revolving machine the movements of hand-shoveling. It does what a man would do in removing sand from the waste-water with a perforated shovel. I am sorry to say that I fear the present condition of the brown-ore mining industry in the East, as long as

Jan 1, 1899

By J. Richard Kyle

On page 1617, the author's box was incorrect. It should have read: J. R. Kyle, member SME, is an assistant professor of geology. Dept. of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin. Austin, TX. On page 1616, the italic line 22, beginning "Murray, R.C. ... " should have been deleted. On the same page, the first two lines (27 and 28) referring to Norris, A.W., 1965 . . . should have been deleted. Column 2 should have preceded column 1.

Jan 1, 1981

J. W. RICHARDS*(South Bethlehem; Pa.).-The brass industry would find it very profitable to subsidize researches on the purely scientific determination of the thermophysical properties of the brasses. The data we need most in connection with the brasses are the vapor tension of the zinc from the brasses at different temperatures, the heat of combination of zinc With copper to form different kinds of brasses, and the latent heat of fusion of these brasses at the melting temperature.

Jan 1, 1919

[University of Alaska College, Alaska Mining Society MAURICE BUTLER, President EARL FOSSE, Secretary RAYMOND J. BARBER, Faculty Sponsor R. H. OGBURN, Counselor University of California Berkeley, California Mining Association THEODORE OLSEN, President ARTHUR K BOURRET, Secretary FRANK H. PROBERT, Faculty Sponsor GRANVILLE S. BORDEN, Counselor D. C. JACKLING, Associate Counselor Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The Metals Society EDWARD J. BOYLE, President W. T. LANKFORD, JR., Secretary M. GENSAMER, Faculty Sponsor EDGAR C. BAIN, Counselor]

Jan 1, 1940

By R. W. Raymond

After the publication of the Atlanta paper of Mr. Robert W. Hunt on " Specifications for Steel Rails of Heavy Sections Manufactured West of the Alleghenies,"* I received from Mr. B. F. Fackenthal, Jr., the following comments: "I note that, in giving the chemical composition of rails, Mr. Hunt does not consider the question of copper. Yet we all know very well that its presence is more or less injurious, as it tends to red-shortness. Bessemer pig-iron carrying

Jan 1, 1897

By R. E. Hudrlik, G. W. Preckshot

The diffusion coefficients of silver from solid silver in molten lead were measured to within ± 0.8 pet in a columnar type diffusion cell ower, the temperature range of 326° to 530°C. Fick's law describes the process up to 530°C where the laminar mechanism appareltly breaks down. These is negligible resistance at the interface as shown by mathematical analyses. The diffusion coefficients are found concentration independent. IT would seem that diffusion in liquid metals would be free of such effects as molecular structure, dissociation. polarization. and compound formation. This view was taken by Gorman and preckshot in their study of diffusion of copper from solid copper into molten lead. They reported diffusion coefficients which were independent of the concentration over the range of 478° to 750°C. They found that the Stokes-Einstein equation with constant radius of the diffusing specie represented the diffusion data better than Eyring's rate theory equation and Sheibel's correlation. The radius of diffusion was found to be that of the doubly charged copper. There appeared to be no resistance across the solid-liquid boundary. In the present work the diffusion coefficients for silver in liquid lead were measured over a range of temperatures of 350° to 505°C. The solubility of silver in lead over the range of 303° to 630°C was also obtained. These results are compared with calculated or correlated values or with data in the literature. EXPERIMENTAL Procedure—The experimental equipment techniques and procedures were those reported in detail by Gorman and preckshot9 and will not be repeated here. Measured values of WT, Co, A. L were obtained for various diffusion times and the diffusion coefficient was computed for the case of no resistance at the interface9, 11 by: WT/CoAL = 1- 8/p2 n=1 1/(2n - 1)2 exp[-(2n - 1)2p2 Dt/4L2] [1] or where there was resistance at the interface by: WT = 1- ?n=1 2h2/ap2L [sxp [-Dan2t]/[(h2 + an2) L + h] The roots an are those of the transcendental equation3 tan (an L) = Iz/cun. The diffusion coefficient is that defined by Hartley and Crank.7 The total silver in the lead cylinder and equilibrium slug was determined by a cupellation technique' with proper correction for losses. Analysis of known samples showed that this method is surprisingly accurate. The amount of silver in the lead adhering to the silver cylinder was obtained in the same fashion as shown by Gorman and preckshot.9 The small errors involved in this determination are not critical since the silver in this adhering lead layer is only 3 to 15 pet of the total diffused. Materials—Electrolytic silver containing 99.9+ pet Ag obtained from General Refineries of Minneapolis, Minn. was used for all but runs 7 and 8. For the balance of the runs this silver was reduced with hydrogen at 1100°C and its oxygen content was found to be about 0.017 pet. For the runs. 7 and 8, phosphorous-reduced silver of the same purity was obtained from Handy and Harman Co. of Chicago, Ill. The densities of the phosphorus-reduced silver and the hydrogen-reduced electrolytic silver were 10.484 and 10.487 g per cm3, respectively. These values agree with those reported for pure silver. Silver which was reduced at 900 C had an average density of 9.998 g per cm3, indicating porosity. This silver was used for a number of runs which were not tabulated in Table I. These are indicated by crosses on Fig. 2. The 99.999 pet Pb was obtained from the National Lead Co. Research Laboratory of Brooklyn, New York. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The diffusion and solubility results are reported in Table I for eleven runs using either phosphorus-reduced electrolytic silver or hydrogen-reduced silver at 1100° C. The solubility data shown in Fig. 1 show the excellent agreement with that reported by Heycock and Neville.8 The data of Friedrichs5 apparently are in error. The experimental solubility data of this work are reported to 0.3 pet. The experimental diffusion coefficients computed from Eq. [1] are reported within 1.2 pet of the mean and are plotted in Fig. 2. These are expressed within +0.8 pet of the experimental values over the entire temperature range by: D= 8.26 x 10 -5 e-1925/RT . [3] There appears to be little difference due to the

Jan 1, 1961

By E. Ackerman, L. Y. Tu, S. C. Sun

The use of ultrasonics in forming emulsions is not new. As early as 1927 Wood and Loomis' reported preparation of emulsions with ultrasonics. In 1935 Rschevkin and Ostrawskyz described the use of great ultrasonic power in producing fine emulsions of various oils and paraffin in water. Recently Oyama and Tanakahmployed ultra-emulsification to increase the effectiveness of sodium ethyl xanthate in flotation of chalcopyrite and galena. An emulsion is a two-phase system consisting of two incompletely miscible liquids, the one being dispersed as finite droplets in the other. The dispersed liquid is known as the internal or discontinuous phase, and the surrounding liquid is termed the external or continuous phase. There are two types of emulsions; one is oil-in-water (O/W) and the other water-in-oil (W/O). The word oil refers to the liquid other than water. Circumstances exist in which the emulsion type is not clearly defined, and the internal and external phases both contain portions of the opposite phase. This is said to be a dual emulsion. Among the many hypotheses', 6v proposed for the formation of emulsions, the Bancroft's adsorbed film or double interfacial tension theory is widely accepted. Bancroft ""educed that in the process of emulsification the interfacial tension between oil and water is lowered by the formation of an emulsifying film, which contains the adsorbed molecules and/or ions from the emulsifying agent and the two liquids.

Jul 1, 1955

Albert Sauveur writes, on Apr. 16, 1918, while the German offensive was at its height, as follows: "In spite of the German guns and air raids we are all in good health and spirits and shall leave Paris only as a last extremity. Our unlimited confidence in Foch, however, makes us believe that it will not be necessary. I trust that everything is well with you at the Institute." Harold Whittingham entered the active service with the heavy artillery in England at the beginning of the war and has been fighting in France since February, 1915. He now holds the rank of Major. On Dec. 17, 1917, after being wounded, he was taken prisoner by the Germans, and, so far as is known, is still in a prison camp in Germany. Charles W. Wright, who is a Captain in charge of the work of the American Red Cross in Sardinia, Italy, writes that the service there is giving aid to about 80,000 soldiers' families and is upholding the good repute of America in that place. W. S. Holloway in 1914 joined the Sportsmans' Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers as a private, but is now a Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, Mining Corps. He received the Military Cross while mining at the Front in France. A. L. Queneau writes the following interesting account of his experience of the war. Several letters from Mr. Queneau have been published

Jan 6, 1918

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters `during the period Aug. 10, 1918 to Sept. 10, 1918. Amil A. Anderson, Hill City, S. D. A. A. Holland. H. G. S: Anderson, Hurley, N. Al. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Louis A. Barton, Capt., Engineers, U. S. A. Herbert G. Officer, Washington, D. C. K. Baumgarten, lst Lieut., U. S. R. A. B. Parsons. Charles W. Boise, Belgian Congo. Robert R. Pollock, San Francisco, Cal. Henry C. Carlisle, The Pas, Manitoba. Frank A. Smith, Edgewood, Md. J. Ross Corbin, Boyertown, Pa. Edward C. Thompson, Kennett, Cal. S. Le Fevre, Forest Glen, N. V. Malcolm M. Thompson, Morsemere, N. J. Harold P. Ford, Cleveland, 0. Lester C. Uren, Berkeley, Cal. William L. Hogg, Waynesboro, Va. Harold W. Aldrich has been appointed assistant general superintendent of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. at Inspiration, Ariz. Capt. Percy E. Barbour, formerly with the New York State Troopers, has been granted a leave of absence from the Department for the period of the war, by the Governor, and has been appointed Captain in the Engineer Corps, U. S. A. He served on the Mexican border in the New York State National Guard. A. C. Barke, formerly with the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Exploration Co., has accepted a position with the United States Fuel Co. at' Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 10, 1918

The fifth convention of the National Foreign Trade Council was held in Cincinnati, Apr. 18, 19 and 20. More than one thousand accepted delegates were registered, the American Institute of Mining Engineers being represented by W. L. Saunders and W. N. Thayer. The convention was called to order Thursday morning, Apr. 18, in the convention hall of the Hotel Gibson; by the Chairman, Mr. James .A. Farrel, president of the U. S. Steel Corporation, and was in continuous session for two clays, several group sessions being held simultaneously. The convention adjourned Saturday morning after receiving the report of the central committee. The dominant themes of the convention were: First, "Win the War" and second, "Establish Foreign Trade on a. Firmer Basis." The discussions included textiles, lumber, chemicals, automobiles, finance, and agriculture, and also those things in which mining engineers are particularly interested, metals, oil, and coal. The report of the central committee, which was adopted, recommended the stimulation' of production of all materials required for war purposes; the subordination of all trade that will not impose new and heavy penalties on our adversaries; the maintenance of such foreign trade as will support national credit and supply materials required for military and naval purposes; the continued interchange so far as possible of merchandise and products between the United States and. Latin-America, Asia and Oceania; the immediate increase of tonnage in the north Atlantic; the cheerful and whole-hearted cooperation of importers

Jan 6, 1918

Members whose deaths were reported from Apr 7, 1923, to Apr 5, 1924 Elected Died 1918 ADKINSON, HENRY M 1923 1900 AGNEW, WILLIAM C 1923 1894 ASHLEY, H H 1923 1897 AUSTIN, KENNETH 1924 1903 AYERS, EMMA L C 1923 1913 BAECHTOLD, CHARLES A 1924 1900 BAIN, HUGH A 1924 1919 BASHORE, E GORGAS 1923 1920 BATTELLE, GORDON 1923 1923 BAYLES, GERARD L 1924 1881 BROCK, CHARLES 1923 1903 BROOKE, HENRY 1923 1876 BROWN, HARVEY H 1923 1904 BROWN, THOMAS E 1923 1919 BUCK, DANIEL M 1924 1906 CHALMERS, THOMAS S 1924 1881 CLEMES, JOHN H 1923 1896 COLLINS, HENRY F 1924 1871 COURTIS, WILLIAM M 1923 1915 CRESSON, B F, JR 1923 1921 CROWE, WALDO P 1923 1920 DARNELL, J ORA 1923 1911 DAVIS, HENRY G 1924 1918 DAVIS, ROBERT S 1923 1916 DEANE, WILLARD A 1924 1901 DEMPSTER, WILLIAM 1924 1911 DEVEREUX, W B, JR 1923 1895 DICKENSON, F M 1924 1904 DRUM, FRANK G 1924 1875 DUDLEY, P H 1924 1916 EATON, ARTHUR 1923 1919 EATON,SHERMAN 1924 1911 GRIFFITH, WILLIAM 1924 1919 HILSDALE, PAUL 1923 1922 HODGES, I F 1923 1916 HOFIUS, MAX, T 1924 1914 HUGHES, HOWARD R 1924 1919 HUMMEL, CARL B 1923 1874 HUNT, ROBERT W 1923 1921 JONES, ERNEST EVANS 1923 1917 JOSLIN, CHARLES T 1923 1918 KASJENS, JACOB G 1923 1899 KIRKEGAARD, PETER 1924 1920 KLAUS, HARRY C 1923 1892 KNOERTZER, HENRI1924

Jan 1, 1923

The One Hundred Eighteenth Meeting of the. Institute was held at the Milwaukee Auditorium, on Tuesday,. Oct. 8, to Thursday, Oct. 10, inclusive, 1918, under the joint auspices of the Committee on Iron and Steel (Chairman, Prof. J. W. Richards), and the Institute of Metals Division (Chairman, William M. Corse), and simultaneously with sessions of the American Foundrymen's Association and of the. American Malleable Castings Association. It was preeminently a war meeting. It was attended by 104 members of the Institute. The social features, so far as the members of this Institute were concerned, were slight, but generous and appropriate entertainment was offered to the ladies, consisting of automobile sight-seeing trips, reception, concert and dance on Tuesday evening, a theatre party Wednesday evening, and -a banquet in-the Auditorium Thursday evening, at which the speakers were Charles M. Schwab, Director General of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, Major A. Radclyffe Dugmore, and W. H. Blood, Jr., Assistant to the President of the American International Shipbuilding Corporation. A joint session was held on Tuesday morning, at which an address of welcome was delivered by Hon. Emanuel L. Phillipp, Governor of Wisconsin, with a response by Benjamin D. Fuller, President of the American Foundrymen's Association, and the following addresses: Activities of the Army Ordnance Department, Especially as Applied to Foundry Matters. By C. S. Koch, Cannon Section, Production Division, Ordnance Department. Washington. D. C.

Jan 11, 1918

February 18th, 1873. THE Institute assembled in the Hall of the Boston Natural History Society on Tuesday evening. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, of the Boston Institute of Technology, after a brief address of welcome to the Institute, read an introductory paper on the Geognostical History of the Metals. President Raymond responded to the welcome of Dr. Hunt. The following names were then presented to the Institute, with the recommendation of the Council, for election Adams, J. M., - Silver City, Idaho. Daggett, Ellsworth, - Salt Lake City, Utah. Geist, Alfred W., - Boston, Mass. Hays, Dr. S. Dana, - Boston, Mass. Heinrich, Oswald J., - Midlothian, Va. Johnson, J., - Braidwood, Ill. Leckie, Robert G., - Actonvale, Canada. Lyman, Edward, - Troy, N. Y. Maltby, William, - Braidwood, Ill. Nichols, Lyman, Jr., - Boston, Mass. Ordway, Prof. J. M., - Boston, Mass. Rand, Theodore D., - Philadelphia, Pa. Richards, Prof. Robert H., - Boston, Mass. Rockwell, Prof. Alfred P., - Boston, Mass. Roepper, Charles W., - Bethlehem, Pa. Schulz, A. von, - Central City, Colorado. Singer, William F., - Pittsburgh, Pa. Spillsbury, E. G., - New York. Wells, Calvin, - Pittsburgh, Pa. The session concluded with the reading and discussion of a paper, by Henry Engelmann, On the Mines and Ores of the Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah. The second session was held on Wednesday morning, when the following papers were presented; On the Midlothian Coal Mines, by Oswald J. Heinrich. On the Probable Existence of Microscopic Diamonds in California, by Prof. Benjamin Silliman.

Jan 1, 1873