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By Lewis M. Haupt

Discussion of the paper of Mr. Granger, presented at the New Haven meeting, February, 1909, and published in Bulletin No. 25, January, 1909, pp. 1 to 37. LEWIS M. HAUPT, Philadelphia, Pa. (communication to the 'Secretary*) :-This subject is of great interest to me, and I am noting progress and conditions as a test of my own judgment in advocating what I believed to be the nearer, cheaper and better route at Nicaraugua. I have as yet learned nothing to change my views, or modify the convictions which led me to retire from the Commission; but that is not the issue to-day. Our government is committed to the Panama route, and is bound to " make good." There are many points presented by Mr. Granger which seem to me worthy of very serious consideration. But when all is said there remains the risk of seismic convulsions, to which either form of canal is subject; and I fail to see that the risk would be reduced by making the cut deeper, with greater surcharge of lateral pressure upon the side walls. A severe earthquake in the rainy season would doubtless close either type of canal. One of the arguments in favor of the Panama route most insisted on, was that Nature had provided good natural harbors at its termini. Recalling this, it has interested me to note that the cost of creating the necessary harbors is estimated at $27,000,000. Mr. Granger refers to this, and quotes the Board's report to the effect that, on the Atlantic side, it will require 5 miles of jetties to " make an excellent harbor out of a wretched one." The vulnerable part of Mr. Granger's paper seems to me to lie in the admission that the plant required is still in the embryonic stage, and that at least one machine should be built and tested " to demonstrate that the theoretical strains and forces work out in practice exactly as expected." This, how-

Jul 1, 1909

By L. W. Pommier, F. B. Brien, A. K. Bhasin

In the field of mineral processing, although many operations are applied to suspensions of ore particles in fluids, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge relative to the flow resistance encountered by immersed bodies moving through solid-liquid suspensions. Previously proposed equations, based on the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) model for non-Newtonian fluids, are exam ined in the turbulent flow region relative to a number of pertinent variables and their effects on the movement of immersed bodies. As more knowledge is acquired in regard to the effects of suspension variables on the rheological properties, useful relationships may be proposed to allow predictions of conditions to achieve optimum results for engineering purposes. In the field of minerals processing, many operations are applied to suspensions of ore particles in fluids. The differential movement of solids of various sizes and densities in suspensions is of utmost importance to gravity concentration, wet classification, flotation, hydrometallurgy, and pipeline transport of solids. The subject is also of importance to other branches of engineering; for example, those involved with soil mechanics, ceramic slips, and oil-well drilling fluids. There is a lack of fundamental knowledge relative to the flow resistance encountered by immersed bodies moving through solid-liquid suspensions. The problems encountered in the direct application of the well-known Stokes and Newton's Laws to non-Newtonian systems have been examined in a previous paper.' Equations were proposed based on the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) model for non-Newtonian fluids. This present paper examines these equations in the turbulent flow region relative to a number of pertinent variables and their effects on the movement of immersed bodies. It is thought that, as more knowledge is acquired as to the effects of suspension variables on the rheological properties, useful relationships may be proposed to allow prediction of conditions to achieve optimum results for engineering purposes. The purpose of this paper is to make an initial assessment of the nature and magnitude of pertinent suspension variables. In order to avoid too voluminous a document, the examination of kinetics and mechanisms will be omitted at this time. THEORY A Newtonian fluid is defined as a fluid in which the stress is proportional to the rate of strain, 2 i.e.: H = viscosity; see Table I. for list of symbols The following equations are conventionally used to assess the motion of spherical particles moving under laminar and turbulent flow conditions through Newtonian fluids: When these relationships are applied in practice to suspensions, the liquid density is substituted by a composite suspension density, and viscosity is usually taken as that of the suspending liquid or an approximated "apparent viscosity." However, suspensions are non-Newtonian in character3 and thus, more than one viscosity parameter is required to describe their behavior. A number of models have been proposed for non-Newtonian fluids;2,4 among these the simplest is the Ostwaldde Waele or power-law model for incompressible fluids which for one dimensional flow may be reduced to:

Jan 1, 1970

By C. O. Lee, Z. W. Bartlett, R. H. Feierabend

The Grand Isle sulfur mine is located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately seven miles off the coast of Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, La. The deposit is on acreage covered by oil, gas, and mineral leases originally issued in favor of Humble Oil & Refining Co. by the State of Louisiana which were continued, maintained, and redesignated by the U.S. Department of the Interior after passage of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. The sulfur deposit was discovered in 1949 when Humble Oil & Refining Co. penetrated more than 200 ft of sulfur-bearing limestone in a zone between 1813 and 2075 ft below sea level. In 1954, Humble drilled ten more sulfur prospect holes, eight of which encountered sulfur ore. On September 19, 1956, Freeport Sulphur Co. acquired from Humble Oil & Refining Co, the sulfur rights underlying the tracts, and the actual design of the installation began the same month. The first structural contract was awarded in December 1957 and offshore erection began in June 1958. The initial phase of construction has been completed and production by the Frasch process commenced in April 1960. The estimated total cost of the project is $30 million, of which $8 million is the extra cost incurred by the necessity of offshore operations. More than $22 million was expended before production was started. GEOLOGY OF DEPOSIT Grand Isle is the third largest sulfur deposit in the U.S. The orebody embraces several hundred acres, but its outer limits are yet to be defined to the northeast, east, and south. Most Gulf Coast sulfur deposits occur in a caprock mantle of calcite (referred to as limestone), anhydrite, and occasionally gypsum, which covers the apex of an intrusive mass of salt. Commercial quantities of sulfur are usually confined to the calcite or limestone member. Most often such limestone is completely enclosed by dense anhydrite below and impervious sediments above, which effectively form a closed reservoir. The depth of the Grand Isle orebody ranges from 1800 ft to 2500 ft below sea level. Within the present boundary, the sulfur-bearing limestone varies in thickness from 220 ft to 425 ft, while the sulfur content varies an average of about 15 pct in the leanest hole to an average of about 30 pct in the richest. Rock containing less than 5 pct sulfur is not classed as ore, and holes assaying less than 20,-000 long tons per acre of sulfur in place are not considered commercial offshore. The sulfur enrich-

Jan 1, 1961

By H. S. Price, J. C. Cavendish, R. S. Varga

A numerical formulation of bigh-order accuracy, based on variational methods, is proposed for the solution of multidimensional diffusion-convection-type equations. Accurate solutions are obtained without the difficulties that standard finite difference approximations present. In addition, tests show that accurate solutions of a one-dimensional problem can be obtained in the neighborhood of a sharp front without the need for a large number of calculations for the entire region of interest. Results using these variational methods are compared with several standard finite difference approximations and with a technique based on the method of characteristics. The variational methods are shown to yield higher accuracies in less computer time. Finally, it is indicated how one can use these attractive features of the variational methods for solving miscible displacement problems in two dimensions. INTRODUCTION The problem of finding suitable numerical approximations for equations describing the transport of heat or mass by diffusion and convection simultaneously has been of interest for some time. Equations of this type, which will be called diffusionconvection equations, arise in describing many diverse physical processes. Of particular interest here is the equation describing the process by which one miscible liquid displaces another liquid in a one-dimensional porous medium. The behavior of such a system is described by the following parabolic partial differential equation:

Jan 1, 1969

By H. E. Elliott, R. S. Busk, A. T. Peters

One of the problems of the fabricator of metals and alloys is the propensity of some composition rarnges toward abnoermal grain growth during certain stages of fabrication. In this respect magnesium alloys are no exception among alloys. Fortunately, convenient foundry control methods have been developed by which the abnormal grain growth possible in certain magnesium-alloy castings can be suppressed. An unusual characteristic of magnesium alloys, however, is that castings of some composition ranges are subject to local grain growth during heat-treatment without the necessity of intentional mechanical stressing of the part prior to heat-treatment. This effect occurs only under certain critical casting conditions, and only in certain alloys of greater than about 8.5 per cent aluminum content, such as C alloy (Mg, 9 per cent A1, 2 Per cent Zn, 0.2 Per cent Mn) and G alloy (Mg, 10 per cent Al, 0.2 per cent Mn). The first observation of this phenomenon in cast magnesium alloys occasioned much surprise, since it is not observed in other meta1s- Jeffries and Archer1 have stated that "the grain size of cast metals, provided they have not been plastically deformed, cannot be changed by heating below the melting point." The study of the conditions leading to abnormal grain growth in cast magnesium alloys, and of the mechanism of this phenomenon, has led to some very interesting observations. Perhaps the most significant of these was the observation that stresses originating from cooling contraction in magnesium-alloy castings are the only stresses necessary, under certain conditions, to cause local recrystallization and subsequent grain growth in the casting during heat-treatment. Before recent developments, this phenomenon of abnormal local grain growth Was a definite problem in the production foundry on C alloy sand castings. Illustrated (Fig. I) is a picture of a casting scrapped because of this defect. A mottled effect is produced in coarse-grained areas by suitable etching solutions. The properties of metal in the affected area are much impaired by such grain coarsening. Ultimate tensile strengths of half the normal value have been measured in metal of this nature. In this paper are described the techniques that have been developed by The DOW Chemical Co. for studying, and in large measure solving, this production problem. Also discussed are studies of the mechanism by which excessive grain coarsening occurs, and the fundamental conditions that produce this effect. The abnormal grain growth discussed in this paper will be referred to as "germinasium since this term has been definedl as any process leading to an abnormally coarse grain size. This paper deals only with abnormal local grain growth that may occur during the solution heat-treatment of certain magnesium-alloy castings, as dis-

Jan 1, 1945

By James Barr

Geology and Mineralogy1 TENNESSEE phosphates are commercially divided into three varieties: Brown, blue and white. The first two only are now of commercial importance. The white phosphates of Perry county are not being mined at present owing to their pockety occurrence. The white phosphate is Fig. I.-DEPOSITS OF 75 PER CENT. BROWN PLATE ROCK UNDERLAIN BY SAND. the highest grade of the three varieties, running often more than 90 per cent. tricalcium phosphate. The brown rock is found in three varieties, grading from the dense almost vitreous gray rock, 76 to 82 per cent. tricalcium phosphate, down

Jan 9, 1914

By J. Douglas, W. T. Ford, G. E. Henderson, I. F. Roebuck

An implicit numerical method is presented for simulating the differential and algebraic relations governing one-dimensional three-phase flow in porous media. The method is based upon compositional representation of the hydrocarbon system. Variable physical properties and water-oil capillary forces are included in the formulation; however, the effect of gravity is ignored. The effects of changing composition and mass transfer are considered through the use of known phase behavior concepts and correlations. The differential and algebraic equations and the numeric approximations to these equations are presented, and the computing algorithm is discussed in detail. This method is used to simulate a single-phase, two hydrocarbon-component gas displacement laboratory experiment. The method is also applied in simulating a solution gas drive and a gas injection problem using a reservoir oil represented as a nine-component mixture. For comparative purposes, the latter two problems also are examined with a one-dimensional volumetric model. The results of the simulation of the laboratory experiment demonstrate the relevance of this method to problems wherein the effects of mass transfer significantly enter the displacement process. The comparison of the results of the volumetric and compositional methods applied to a reservoir system illustrates not only the advantages and benefits derived from examining the hydrocarbon system composition, but also the necessity of this approach in application to a general reservoir problem. INTRODUCTION The advent of large memory, high-speed digital computers enabled reservoir engineers and mathematicians to pool their knowledge in the development of sophisticated techniques for the prediction of oil and gas reservoir performance. These techniques have progressed from volumetric and trend analysis calculations to the development of "mathematical models", or reservoir simulators. These latter models, in general, utilize finite difference approximations to the rather complex partial differential equations that mathematically describe the physics and thermodynamics of fluid flow in porous media. Many forms of this "model" type are available today, and much of the recent literature has been devoted to either improving known methods or developing new techniques for use in these prediction methods. The more advanced techniques in use at this time consist of the solution of differential and algebraic relations that describe a reservoir geometry in one, two or three dimensions and that incorporate reservoir hydrocarbon and water fluid systems that obey specified physical laws, having properties that might easily be measured in the laboratory. This type of model utilizes formation volume factors and other volumetric data, expressed directly as functions of pressure, to represent the reservoir fluid system. Experience gained with this type of simulator, commonly known as a "beta-factor model", has indicated that the approach has many outstanding defects, most of them due to the assumption that those properties measured in the laboratory completely describe the behavior of the fluid system throughout the life of the project under study. The effects of varying hydrocarbon composition and mass transfer between the phases of this hydrocarbon system must, by definition, be ignored. These defects, which may often be ignored in

Jan 1, 1970

By Earle E. Schumacher, Alexander G. Souden

IN the field of physical metallurgy it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the recent develop¬ments since the diversity of investigations is so great and the literature so voluminous. The purpose of this review is to present the more important advances in the nonferrous field during the past few years, the topics discussed being classified broadly as fundamental and practical. The former includes those studies that have done most toward developing the basic science of metals and alloys, and the latter includes technical developments and applications. With the rapid growth of the metal

Jan 1, 1938

CAPTAIN JOHN H. BALLAMY John H. Ballamy, Captain on the Regimental Staff of the 103d Engineers, was killed near Fismes, on August 9, 1918. Captain Ballamy was born at Plymouth, Pa., in 1886 and graduated from the High School of that town in 1903. In the following year he began work as a coal miner, and at the same time began the study of mining engineering in the evening and any other spare time. He continued this diligent and energetic practice for many years. For sixteen years he continued in the employment of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company's coal mining department, first as a practical miner, next as rodman on the survey corps, of which he soon became chief, then draftsman and mining engineer in the company's office. In January, 1916, he was promoted to the position of district engineer in charge of mining engineering work. He became a member of this Institute in September, 1917. CAPTAIN JOHN H BALLAMY. Captain Ballamy's military experience began at the same time as his engineering practice. He was a charter member of Company A, Engineers, N. G. P., which was organized ten years ago. He saw service on the Mexican border as First Lieutenant of this Company, and remained in that position until November, 1916. In July, 1917, he was again called into service and was sent to Camp Hancock, Ga., with the 103d Regiment of Engineers. Before joining this regiment he attended a school for officers at Fort Sill, Okla., where he received special training in field fortifications. In December, 1917, he was commissioned Topographical Captain on the Regimental Staff, and in April, 1918, preceded his regiment by about six weeks to France, where he again attended an officers' training school. He rejoined his regiment on July 15, near Chateau Thierry and was killed near Fismes on August 9, 1918.

Jan 11, 1918

Jan 1, 1963

Coal Division Industrial Minerals Division Minerals Beneficiation Division Mining, Geology and Geophysics Division Established as a Society February 26, 1957 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES J W Woomer, President A B Cummins, President-elect S D Michaelson, Past President C E Lawall, Eastern Regional Vice-President D W Scott, Central Regional Vice-President 3 D Forrester, Western Regional Vice-President R B Ladoo, Treasurer John Cameron Fox, Secretary

Jan 1, 1959

By Charles Hart

In this paper it is the author's intention to show the extent and character of foreign ores now known to be available; these deposits may be in active production or held in reserve until economic conditions may make them active. He hopes to show the relation existing between these ores and the American supply, and which of the former are now producing or will in turn come into production when our better ores have been exhausted. This phase of this discussion must of necessity include some data as to the present rate of consumption and a study of the changes we may expect here and abroad in the general steel trade and its sources of supply in raw materials. It is obvious that the occurrence of coal, ore and limestone in relation to one another and the proximity of a market are the elements in control of this feature of the problem. If the foregoing situation is favorable, all the other questions may be solved, for it is clear that with proper basic conditions finance, labor and operations will fall in line. We present a short outline of the present methods of carrying on the foreign iron ore trade, believing that it is of general interest in comparison with our own highly specialized methods, and that with the exhaustion of our better ores we will be compelled to seek a part of our supply abroad. A partial list of iron ores, with incomplete analyses (Table I), is added, to give a better understanding of the general situation and explain to some extent the reason for things being as they are in the iron and steel trade of the world and to help in bringing this paper to an informing conclusion. The question of the world supply of iron ores has been a subject for study on the part of geologists and engineers for many years, and found its best results in the Eleventh International Geological Congress, appropriately held at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1910. The proceedings are published in two volumes and are undoubtedly the best records available on this subject at the date of publication. It should be borne in mind, however, that much has happened in the 20 years since these figures were assembled. There is just as much known ore at present as at that time, minus the quantity consumed, plus newly discovered reserves. The World War had great effect upon this situation; during that time explorations were greatly reduced and the settlements after the

Jan 1, 1929

By J. D. Rice, S. C. Pitzer, C. E. Thomas

Interpretation of pressure build-up data obtained in the conventional manner has often been difficult because of the deviation from theoretical behavior. Major causes of this deviation have been attributed to damage and afterflow, and to fluid redistribution in the wellbore which, in extreme cases, can result in a pressure hump in the early portion of the build-up curve. Theoretical investigations show that bottom-hole pressure is definitely influenced by phase redistribution in the tubing column during surface shut-in tests, and that the magnitude of the effect is sensitive to the producing gas-oil ratio and stabilized rate of flow in the well. For field experiments a wire-line tubing packer, which can be run in the tubing against a stabilized flow rate, was developed for bottom-hole shut-in tests. By use of this bottom-hole .shut-in method, pressure humps previously observed in surface shut-in tests were completely eliminated and the effects of afterflow minimized. Analog and digital computer studies have been made to obtain theoretical curves for comparison with field curves, and remarkable agreement between the results of bottom-hole shut-in tests and theoretical curves has been obtained. INTRODUCTION Pressure build-up data from shut-in wells have been used by the petroleum industry to determine the permeability of the formation, to estimate wellbore damage, to evaluate the static reservoir pressure and to speculate reservoir volume. Calculation of these factors is based on methods of analysis developed for theoretical systems whose build-up curves have a charac- teristic shape when the wells are shut-in at the sand faCe.1,2,3,5,8,10 However, field curves obtained by conventional surface shut-in methods do not always exhibit this characteristic. Such factors as stratification, rock heterogeneities and irregular reservoir geometry can cause the character of a build-up curve to deviate from that predicted by theory for a simple system. In addition, all field build-up data are affected by the methods utilized in obtaining the measurements. Conventional surface shut-in techniques allow two effects to occur which contribute directly to the manner in which pressure builds up at the sand face. The first, afterflow, has been recognized for some time and methods are available for estimating the magnitude of its effect and for correcting its influence.' The second, phase segregation in the tubing column after shut-in, has been reported only recently and appears to exert a considerable influence on the character of field build-up curves.!' In extreme cases, phase segregation can produce "pressure humps" in the early portion of the build-up curve. Such curves have been considered anomalous and have defied analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the effect of phase segregation in the tubing string during build-up and to present a bottom-hole shut-in technique for obtaining field build-up data which minimizes the influence of afterflow and eliminates phase segregation effects. It will be shown that reliable reservoir information can be calculated from build-up measurements obtained using this method, even though conventional surface shut-in tests on the same wells yield anomalous data. DISCUSSION OF PHASE REDISTRIBUTION EFFECTS Some of the effects of phase redistribution on pressure build-up curves have been described previously by Matthews and Stegemeier" who have presented evidence that phase segregation is responsible for the pres-

By A. N. Holden, W. E. Seymour

DURING the last several years, the U-Zr system has been studied at many laboratories as one of the research programs sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission. The equilibria in part of this system have been difficult to determine, although the phase diagram from 0 to 60 atomic pct Zr has been established with reasonable certainty. Existing diagrams of the system vary appreciably beyond 60 atomic pct Zr, particularly with regard to the existence of an intermediate phase. Most existing diagrams show a transformation or reaction horizontal near 600°C. In 1955, a collection of uranium phase diagrams' was prepared at the Battelle Memorial Institute and the U-Zr diagram in that collection contained a questionable region in the vicinity of 60 to 80 atomic pct Zr. Summer-Smith" has published a phase diagram of the system that shows no intermediate phase. Summer-Smith did his work with powders and found only the uranium and zirconium eutectoid mixture from X-ray patterns of material annealed below 600°C. Mueller3 at Argonne National Laboratory did similar work with filings, and he found that initially there was a pattern of an intermediate phase, but on long-time annealing

Jan 1, 1957

Jan 1, 1967

By N. R. Morrow, C. C. Harris

The experimental points which describe capillary pressure curves are determined at apparent equilibria which are observed after bydrodynamic flow has ceased. For most systems, the time required to obtain equalization of pressure throughout the discontinuous part of a phase is prohibitive. To permit experimental points to be described as equilibria, a model of capillary behavior is proposed where mass transfer is restricted to bulk fluid flow. Model capillary pressure curves follow if the path described by such points is independent of the rate at which the saturation was changed to attain a capillary pressure point. Aemodified suction potential technique is used to study cyclic relationships between capillary pressure and moisture content for a porous mass. The time taken to complete an experiment was greatly reduced by using small samples. INTRODUCTION Capillary retention of liquid by porous materials has been investigated in the fields of hydrology,l soil science,2 oil reservoir engineering,3 chemical engineering," soil mechanics,5 textiles: paper making: and building materials In studies of the immiscible displacement of one fluid by another within a porous bed, drainage columnsl and suction potential techniques2 have been used to obtain relationships between pressure deficiency and saturation (Fig. 1). Except where there is no hysteresis of contact angle and the solid is of simple geometry, such as a tube of uniform cross section, there is hysteresis in the relationship between capillary pressure and saturation.2 The relationship which has received most attention is displacement of fluid from an initially saturated bed (Fig. 1, Curve R2), the final condition being an irreducible minimum fluid saturation Swr. Imbibition (Fig. 1, Curve A), further desaturation (Fig. 1, Curve R), and intermediate scanning curves have been studied to a lesser but increasing extent.2 ,3,9-12 This paper first considers the nature of the experimental points tracing the capillary pressure curves with respect to the modes and rates of mass transfer which are operative during the course of measurement. There are clear indications that the experimental points which describe these curves are obtained at apparent equilibria which are observed when viscous fluid flow has ceased; and any further changes in the fluid distribution are the result of much slower mass transfer processes, such as diffusion. Unless stated otherwise, this discussion applies to a stable packing of equal, smooth, hydrophilic spheres supported by a suction plate5 with water as the wetting phase and air as the nonwetting phase. The discussion can also be applied, in many

Jan 1, 1966

CONTENTS PAGE ANDERSON, ARVID E., and CAMERON, FRANK K.-Recovery of Copper by Leaching, Ohio Copper Co. of Utah. Discussed by Thomas B. Brighton, H. C. Goodrich, Arvid E. Anderson, Thos. P. Billings, Frank K. Cameron 2 BEESON, J. J.-Mining Districts and Their Relation to Structural Geology. Discussed by Charles Keyes, Chas. A. Porter 4 DOBBEL, CHAS. A.-Deep-hole Prospecting at the Chief Consolidated Mines. Discussed by G. W. Crane 10 CRANE, G. W.-Notes on the Geology of East Tintic. Discussed by G. W. Crane, H. E. Havernor, N. O. Lawton 11 SACKETT, B. L., BARDWELL, CARLOS, JACOBSON, SIMON, and JENSEN, N. H. Lead Smelting in Utah. Discussed by D. W. Jessup, B. L. Sackett, E. H. Laws 13 BARDWELL, E. S., and MILLER, Roy H.-Pulverized Coal as Fuel for Copper Refining Furnaces. Discussed by L. D. Anderson, E. S. Bardwell, C. P. Crawford 15 WIGTON, G. H.-The Chief Consolidated Volatilization Process and Mill. Discussed by Thomas Varley, S. G. Olmstead, V. O. Lawton, O. C. Ralston.... 16 JESSUP, D. W.-Evolution in the Preparation of Ores for Lead Blast Furnaces. Discussed by W. Spencer Reid, D. W. Jessup, Carlos Bardwell 19 ALLEN, H. P., and MADGE, WM. C.-Chloridizing Mill of the Standard Reduction Co. Discussed by Thomas Varley, H. R. Hanley, H. P. Allen, George H. Dern 20 TUCKER, E. L., and HEAD, R. E.-Effect of Cyanogen Compounds on Floatability of Pure Sulfide Minerals. Discussed by Blarney Stevens 24 Mix, B. E., and BARKER, L. M.-Method of Unloading Ores and Coarse-crushing Practice at Magna Plant of Utah Copper Co. Discussed by W. C. Madge,B. E. Mix 25 KEIGLEY, C. T.-The New Byproduct Coke Plant of the Columbia Steel Corporation. Discussed by W. M. Grant, C. T. Keigley, A. C. Feilder 25 JACKSON, P. W.-Blast Furnace Plant of the Columbia Steel Corporation. Discussed by W. R. Phibbs, H. M. Henton 26 OLDRIGHT, G. L., KEYES, H. E., and WARTMAN, F. S.-Production of Ferric Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid from Roaster Gas. Discussed by G. D. Van Arsdale William E. Greenawalt, G. L. Oldright 27 MAZANY, M. S.-Braden Copper Company Caletones Smelter. Discussed by A. B. Young, G. L. Oldright 36 HARRINGTON, D.-Safety Methods in Utah Coal Mines. Discussed by Edward K. Judd, Otto Herres, Benedict Shubart, A. C. Watts, D. Harrington 36

Jan 12, 1925

By Jack G. Gill, Richard A. Dick

Blasting safety is a subject that cannot be overemphasized. Two years ago, a study was published describing g a series of fatal blasting accidents which took the lives of ten metal and nonmetal miners during the period of May 1973 to August 1974.1 Each accident was described, and the direct causes were delineated. In each instance, specific MESA safety regulations were violated. Four of the victims were killed by drilling into explosives; two were killed by lingering too long in the vicinity of fuse rounds; two fatalities resulted from improper guarding of shots; one blaster did not retreat far enough to avoid the blast concussion; and another used an improper tester for checking an electric blasting cap. All of these fatalities could have been avoided by adhering to the MESA blasting regulations contained in 30 CFR Part 55 (Health and Safety Standards-Metal and Nonmetallic Open-Pit Mines), Part 56 (Health and Safety Standards-Sand, Gravel and Crushed Stone Operations), and Part 57 (Health and Safety Standards-Metal and Nonmetallic Underground Mines).

Jan 11, 1977

By C. G. Cheriton

The Bathurst mining district is located near the town of Bathurst on the north shore of the province of New Brunswick in eastern Canada. This region is the northeasterly extension of the Appalachian mountain system. The area is heavily forested and covered with a fairly uniform layer of glacial gravels and boulder clay. The relief is low, increasing to a few hundred feet in the north west and several hundred feet in the extreme southwest. Thus, rock outcrops are scarce and occur mostly along streams and ridges. These factors made conventional prospecting difficult and resulted in the district becoming an excellent place for the application of regional geological studies, air photo techniques, airborne and gound geophysical methods and soil sampling. Late in 1952, The Brunswick Mining and Smelting Company discovered a very large base metal sulphide body presently known as their No. 6 orebody. Early in 1953, another and even larger sulphide body was discovered and is known as the No. 12 ore body. Mining exploration was very active thoughout 1953 and in 1954, The American Metal Company discovered the orebodies which have been developed into The Heath Steele 'Mines. The location of these deposits is shown on figure one. In the latter part of 1954, The Anaconda Company became interested in the district and decided to make a geological study of this new and promising base rrietal area. The following paper presents the story of the application of modern geological and geophysical techniques, leading to the discovery of a large sul-nhidp liodv. The Bathurst district is generally underlain by the Tetagouche group of Middle Ordovician rocks.

Jan 1, 1961

By Harold Price

ONE year ago, that is in January, 1923, there had not been constructed a single oil-storage tank of 55,000-bbl. or more capacity with a completely electric welded roof and bottom. Today, there are at least fifty 80,000-bbl. storage tanks completed, or nearing completion, on which both the roofs and the bottoms are electric welded. It is the purpose of this paper to describe, in a general way, the construction of these FIG. 1.-ELECTRIC-WELDED SEAMS AND RIVETS OF BOTTOM IN 55,000-BBL. TANK AT EL DORADO, KANS., SHOWING ALSO PATCH PLATE WELDED TO BOTTOM. welded roofs and bottoms, and to give their advantages over riveted construction. All of the following data and conclusions were obtained from observations made during the welding of tanks by the Welding Engineering Co. at Texas City, Tex., and Tonkawa and Burbank, Okla. As far as can be determined, the first electric welding on large tankage was completed in May, 1922. At that time the Empire Companies of Bartlesville, Okla., discovered a badly leaking bottom in a 55,000-bbl. tank at El Dorado, Kans. They had considered concreting this bottom, but because of the much smaller cost, decided to try electric welding; so a- contract was given the Welding Engineering Co. of Bartlesville, Okla. In this instance, no new sheets were added, the bottom being repaired by electric welding of all seams and rivets, Fig. 1. In some places where the original rivets were missing, the holes were filled by welding; patch plates were also added at certain badly worn spots. This tank has since been in service over a year and half, but no other

Jan 6, 1924