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New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman EDGAR RICHARD, Vice-Chairman D M LIDDELL Secretary, 7 Wall St.. New York. N. Y. C. A. BORN, Treasurer JOHN V. N. DORR LEWIS W. FRANCIS Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. R. L. AGASSIZ, Chairman JAMES G. CARLETON. Vice-Chairman E. E. BUGBEE Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. W. E. C. EUSTIS G. A. PACKARD Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON S. SHEDD

Jan 12, 1917

By C. A. Fisher

THE discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 marked the birth of an industry of paramount importance. Spreading from - Oil Creek, this remarkable industry may be said to have embraced the earth in a little more than half a century. Those who made the discovery little realized its deep significance or far reaching influence on our national life. For over sixty years, during which time this nation has created and developed the oil industry to a high state of efficiency and' carried its activities to all parts of the world, we have' at all times been the leaders in the production of crude oil and in the development of its technology. During the unprecedented growth and expanse of the oil industry there has been an increasing dependency of our basic industries on, petroleum, until at present it has become essential to our national existence. To meet the ever increasing demand for petroleum and its products, we have explored, at one time or another, for their oil possibilities, practically all parts of the sedimentary rock area in the United States. Furthermore, detailed surface and, in many places, subsurface studies have been made of all the promising regions; over 640,000 jewells have 'been drilled for. oil since the beginning of the industry; $12,000,000,000 have been spent in this work; seventeen major fields exceeding 100,000 bbl. daily production and more than a thousand minor pools have been opened up, and 8,000,000,000 bbl. 'of oil have been produced, or an amount nearly equal to the estimated future reserves of the United States made in 1921.

Jan 1, 1925

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of February, 1914: Members ASANO, KOSAKU, Vice-Mgr..: Ashio Copper Mine, Shimozuke, Japan. BIRD, FRANK H., Constr. Engr E. 417 Sixteenth Ave., Spokane, Wash. COLES, HENRY 0., Chem Copper Queen. Cons. Min. Co., Bisbee, Ariz. COLLEY, HYLTON H., Met Copper Queen Cons. Min. Co., Douglas, Ariz. DALEY, MITCHELL J., Mill Supt Utah Apex Min. Co., Box 753, Bingham Canyon, Utah. FISHER, GEORGE EDWARD, Director, 3d Vice-Pres., Grasselli Chemical Co. 1551 East 115th St., Cleveland, Co. FRASER, EVERETT L., Mill Supt Tightner Mines Co., Alleghany, Cal. FRASER, WILLIAM L., Min. Engr North Star Mines, Grass Valley, Cal. FROLLI, ALBERT W. Min. Engr 216 North Main St., Salinas, Cal. GEARHART, FRANK B., Chief of Smelter Dept., N. J. Zinc Co., 405 Columbia Ave.. Palmerton, Pa.

Jan 3, 1914

By H. D. Wilde

DURING 1934 conditions in the production division of the petroleum industry were reasonably satisfactory but nevertheless a decided feeling of insecurity existed largely because of the uncertainty of controlling production to consumptive demand. Over-production, especially in the East Texas field, threatened a general collapse of crude prices but in spite of this, posted prices were high. Stimulated by the prevailing posted prices, wildcatting activities were wide-spread. Although a number of small discoveries were made, particularly in the Gulf Coast belt and Oklahoma, no fields of major importance, unless it was the Fitts pool in Southern Oklahoma, were brought in. Meanwhile, the Petroleum Division of the A.I.M.E. continued its activities. It sponsored the collection of production and geological data on both foreign and domestic fields. The data on all but a few producing districts in the world were published in the "Petroleum Development and Technology" volume of the "Transactions" and comprise one of the most complete tabula¬tions of this sort ever published. Work of this kind is being continued.

Jan 1, 1935

AIME 1953 DIRECTORY SUPPLEMENT OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTION; COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Linwood Thiessen, Chairman H. D. Vaughan, Vice-Chairman John H. Melvin, Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE L. E. Thelin, Connecticut J. B. Cunningham, Arizona W. L. Penick, San Francisco G. L. Yates, Kansas DELEGATES Adirondack - C. DeWitt Smith '54 Alaska - Robert 11. Chapman, ?54 Arizona J. B. Cunningham, '53 Black Hills - Sidney M. Runke, '54 Boston -R'. Schuhmann, Jr. ?54 Carlsbad Potash - W. P. Wilson, '54 Central Appalachian - Charles T. Holland, '54 Chicago - H. A. White, '54 Cleveland - Milton Tilley, '54 Colorado - J. Paul Harrison '54 Columbia - Harold Kirkemo, '54 Connecticut - Lewis E. Thelin, ?53 Dallas - Kenneth F. Anderson, '54 Delta - Roy S. Sullins '54 Detroit - F. P. Bens, '53 East Texas - Joseph A. Morris, '54 El Paso Metals - E. M. Thomas, '54 Florida - W. O. McClintock '54 Fort Worth - Ray Elner, '51 Gulf Coast - H. E. Treichler, '53 Kansas - G. L. Yates, '53 Lehigh Valley - H. R. Gault '54 Lima, Peru - R. P. Koenig, ?54 Lou-Ark - A. H. Crawford. '53 Mexico - W. G. Kane, '54 Mid-Continent - J. H. Beesley, '53 Minnesota - J. R. Stuart, '54 Montana - F. W. Strandberg, '53 Nevada - Albert Silver,'53 New York - P. Malozemoff, '54 North Pacific - A. H. Mellish, '54 North Texas - K. F. Anderson, '54 Chio Valley - J. H. Melvin, ?53 Oklahoma City - Charles Miller, '53 Oregon - T. C. Matthews, '54 Penn. Anthracite - D. C. Helms, '54

Jan 1, 1953

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who. called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1917 to Jan. 10, , 1918: A. A. Arluck, Camp Merritt, N. J. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. C. L. Bruns, Santiago de Cuba. William F. Jahn, New York, N. Y. Henry C. Carr, New York, N. Y. C. H. James, Tucson, Ariz. L. J. Charles, Santa Fe, N. M. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. W. A. Deane, Waxhaw, N. C. Joseph T. Kupferstein, Shreveport, Pa. P. St. John Dixon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Richard Lamb, New York, N. Y. M. C. Drake, Marquette, Mich. Walter R. Malm, San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Draper, Petrograd, Russia. W. H. Nash, Buffalo, N. Y. Paul W. Gaebelein, Boise, Idaho. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Guy C. Riddell, Port Pirie, South Australia. C. A. Grabill, El Paso, Tex. Williams A. Simkins, San Francisco, Cal. William H. Hampton, New York, N. Y. Henry B. Smith, Northampton, Mass. R. M. Henderson, Brackenridge, Colo. H. E. Smith, Chicago, Ill. Geo. B. Holderer, Northpines, Ont., H: C. Spaulding, Washington, D. C. Canada. Y. Wakabayashi, Tokyo, Japan. H. H. Howry, Camp Upton. N. Y. A. P. Watt, Mine La Motte, Mo. L. Douglas Anderson", superintendent of the Midvale, Utah, smeltery of the United States Smelting Co., has been appointed manager of smelteries for the company at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

By AIME AIME

IN ORDER to carry on its work most effectively, the Committee on Industrial Organization (now known as the Committee on Industrial Relations) consists, of .a number of sub-committees, each composed of a chairman and members who are especially fitted to carry out the work designated by its title. With only one or two exceptions, all of these committees made reports at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February of this year, abstracts of which follow.

Jan 1, 1920

By E. J. Roberts

The theory is developed that the tons ground through a given mesh per day in a wet ball mill is proportional to the percent plus that mesh in contact with the balls and the net power applied to the balls at this point. A grindability test is described. DURING the course of a study of the fundamentals of classification in 1937, the need for a more basic understanding of the action of a ball mill became acute. Unless one knows how classification affects grinding, one cannot hope to effectively improve on classification. The methods of evaluating grinding efficiency that depend on surface developed were studied but soon discarded for two reasons: 1. There was no apparent method which could be generally used to give a reliable figure for the actual new surface developed as a result of grinding. Subsequent papers have not changed this conclusion. 2. The practical evaluation of grinding in the main ore dressing applications was in terms of the percentage retained on a screen which passes 90 to 99 pct of the material and not in terms of surface area. The Probability Theory With the background of our experience in the field of closed-circuit grinding, together with the papers of Lennox,1 Gow,2 Gaudin,8 Fahrenwald,4 Coghill, and others, the approach of the theoretical physicist was then tried. The thought was somewhat as follows: When one grinds in a ball mill, a given expenditure of power leads either to a certain number of point to point blows per hp-hr or to a certain distance of line contact per hp-hr, depending on whether the action of the balls is considered to be cascading or rolling. It is also assumed that the balls actually come together on each blow or during the roll. Then a volume of slurry will be covered per minute which is some function of the size of the particle being considered (see fig. 1). All particles coarser than this size will be reduced through this size. This volume of slurry contains a certain weight of ore, depending on the percent solids and the density of the solids. If we fix the percent solids and the density of the solids and let w be this certain weight of ore in the volume covered, then, in mathematical terms, what we have just postulated is, w —— 8 hp (a) dt If W is the total weight of ore present in the mill, then we can write. W w/8 hp (b) W dt and if C is the cumulative percent plus the size chosen at the start of the time interval dt, w w c/dt W 8 hp x c (c) wc But wc/100 is the weight plus the size chosen which at 100 wc the close of time dt is finer than that size, and W is the decrease in the percent plus of the whole mass of ore or —dC. Then, —W dC/dt 8 hp x C. (d) In other words, the mesh tons ground through a given size per unit of time is proportional to the hp and the percent plus the mesh. A crude analogy would be to picture a 1-ft-wide steam roller going down the road at 1 ft per sec. If we place one egg on the road per square foot, one egg will be smashed per second. If we place a dozen eggs per square foot, a dozen eggs will be crushed per second. Similarly, if all the particles in w are plus the mesh, i.e., C=100, we should have a maximum rate of reduction. If only 10 pct of them are plus the mesh (C=10), we would have only one tenth the maximum rate; if only 1 pct are plus the mesh, the balls have a hard time finding anything to work on. This is where the term "probability theory" comes from. The chances of the balls crushing a particle through a given mesh depends directly on the concentration of particles coarser than this mesh in the general pulp in the mill. Giving W the units of tons and dividing equation (d) through by W, we obtain -dC hp ----- = k---— C [1] dt ton where k is a constant for any one size of particle, density of solid and moisture content of pulp. Eq 1 is the rate equation for a first order reaction and says that the rate of decrease of the percent plus a given mesh with time is directly proportional to the hp per ton applied to the body of ore and to the percent plus the mesh in the ore mass as a whole. Since it is a differential equation, it only

Jan 1, 1951

By E. J. Roberts

The theory is developed that the tons ground through a given mesh per day in a wet ball mill is proportional to the percent plus that mesh in contact with the balls and the net power applied to the balls at this point. A grindability test is described. DURING the course of a study of the fundamentals of classification in 1937, the need for a more basic understanding of the action of a ball mill became acute. Unless one knows how classification affects grinding, one cannot hope to effectively improve on classification. The methods of evaluating grinding efficiency that depend on surface developed were studied but soon discarded for two reasons: 1. There was no apparent method which could be generally used to give a reliable figure for the actual new surface developed as a result of grinding. Subsequent papers have not changed this conclusion. 2. The practical evaluation of grinding in the main ore dressing applications was in terms of the percentage retained on a screen which passes 90 to 99 pct of the material and not in terms of surface area. The Probability Theory With the background of our experience in the field of closed-circuit grinding, together with the papers of Lennox,1 Gow,2 Gaudin,8 Fahrenwald,4 Coghill, and others, the approach of the theoretical physicist was then tried. The thought was somewhat as follows: When one grinds in a ball mill, a given expenditure of power leads either to a certain number of point to point blows per hp-hr or to a certain distance of line contact per hp-hr, depending on whether the action of the balls is considered to be cascading or rolling. It is also assumed that the balls actually come together on each blow or during the roll. Then a volume of slurry will be covered per minute which is some function of the size of the particle being considered (see fig. 1). All particles coarser than this size will be reduced through this size. This volume of slurry contains a certain weight of ore, depending on the percent solids and the density of the solids. If we fix the percent solids and the density of the solids and let w be this certain weight of ore in the volume covered, then, in mathematical terms, what we have just postulated is, w —— 8 hp (a) dt If W is the total weight of ore present in the mill, then we can write. W w/8 hp (b) W dt and if C is the cumulative percent plus the size chosen at the start of the time interval dt, w w c/dt W 8 hp x c (c) wc But wc/100 is the weight plus the size chosen which at 100 wc the close of time dt is finer than that size, and W is the decrease in the percent plus of the whole mass of ore or —dC. Then, —W dC/dt 8 hp x C. (d) In other words, the mesh tons ground through a given size per unit of time is proportional to the hp and the percent plus the mesh. A crude analogy would be to picture a 1-ft-wide steam roller going down the road at 1 ft per sec. If we place one egg on the road per square foot, one egg will be smashed per second. If we place a dozen eggs per square foot, a dozen eggs will be crushed per second. Similarly, if all the particles in w are plus the mesh, i.e., C=100, we should have a maximum rate of reduction. If only 10 pct of them are plus the mesh (C=10), we would have only one tenth the maximum rate; if only 1 pct are plus the mesh, the balls have a hard time finding anything to work on. This is where the term "probability theory" comes from. The chances of the balls crushing a particle through a given mesh depends directly on the concentration of particles coarser than this mesh in the general pulp in the mill. Giving W the units of tons and dividing equation (d) through by W, we obtain -dC hp ----- = k---— C [1] dt ton where k is a constant for any one size of particle, density of solid and moisture content of pulp. Eq 1 is the rate equation for a first order reaction and says that the rate of decrease of the percent plus a given mesh with time is directly proportional to the hp per ton applied to the body of ore and to the percent plus the mesh in the ore mass as a whole. Since it is a differential equation, it only

Jan 1, 1951

By Michael G. Schill, Mark C. Fischer

Since its introduction several years ago in the United States, the high pressure belt filter press has proven to be a highly cost-effective dewatering device in a number of mining and industrial applications. To evaluate the process and economic factors associated with the dewatering of coal refuse, a comprehensive program of laboratory and on-site pilot studies has been conducted. This paper will summarize findings of this study and discuss advantages of the belt filter press over conventional dewatering methods. The conventional means of dewatering thickened coal refuse involves the use of vacuum disc filters or centrifuges. Due to the high amount of energy used to dewater refuse with these devices it was a logical course of action to apply belt filter press technology to this application, since a belt filter press will require less than 3.7 kW (connected).

Jan 1, 1982

By Joseph E Pogue

Over a period of years the writer has presented a number of studies1 on various aspects of proration, in a progressive attempt to analyze critically and constructively the economic complexities of this interesting institution, which in a decade has revolutionized the economics of oil production in the United States. In the course of the investigations leading to these papers, the changing nature of proration and the principles underlying its evolution have gradually become clear, so that it is now possible to depart from the analytical method and to construct a synthesis of the steps that, if furthered by the industry, should carry proration past the economic hazards that still surround it to the goal of maximizing the value of the petroleum resource to the industry and the public alike. Nature of Proration Proration literally means the allocation of demand among competing producers on a pro rata basis, but the term now carries a much broader significance for it is employed to describe the entire process by which the production of crude oil in the United States is regulated. There is naturally much confusion of thought on the subject, for proration is an evolving system of control based upon principles of conservation and equity and embracing a body of practices that are tending to adjust themselves to the needs of the situation but are subjected to varying and divergent influences in the process. As it is now constituted, proration is a planned production measure designed to prevent waste, insure ratable takings, and balance supply and demand. The procedure is administered by State regulatory bodies through use of the police power of the States under authority of State conservation laws; the practice is supported by a considerable degree of voluntary conformance on the part of operators; and the Federal Government has accorded its cooperation by providing advisory quotas, circumscribing imports, checking movements of hot

Jan 1, 1939

By Joseph E. Pogue

Over a period of years the writer has presented a number of studies1 on various aspects of proration, in a progressive attempt to analyze critically and constructively the economic complexities of this interesting institution, which in a decade has revolutionized the economics of oil production in the United States. In the course of the investigations leading to these papers, the changing nature of proration and the principles underlying its evolution have gradually become clear, so that it is now possible to depart from the analytical method and to construct a synthesis of the steps that, if furthered by the industry, should carry proration past the economic hazards that still surround it to the goal of maximizing the value of the petroleum resource to the industry and the public alike. Nature of Proration Proration literally means the allocation of demand among competing producers on a pro rata basis, but the term now carries a much broader significance for it is employed to describe the entire process by which the production of crude oil in the United States is regulated. There is naturally much confusion of thought on the subject, for proration is an evolving system of control based upon principles of conservation and equity and embracing a body of practices that are tending to adjust themselves to the needs of the situation but are subjected to varying and divergent influences in the process. As it is now constituted, proration is a planned production measure designed to prevent waste, insure ratable takings, and balance supply and demand. The procedure is administered by State regulatory bodies through use of the police power of the States under authority of State conservation laws; the practice is supported by a considerable degree of voluntary conformance on the part of operators; and the Federal Government has accorded its cooperation by providing advisory quotas, circumscribing imports, checking movements of hot

Jan 1, 1939

By H. F. Winham

The history, development, subsurface geology, production, economics and estimated reserves are discussed in this paper. The Magnolia structure is an anticline with a known maximum structural relief at 372 ft., and the areal extent of the producing acreage is 4494 acres. Production is obtained from the Smack-over oölitic lime and 116 successful wells have been drilled. The field, which was developed on 40-acre spacing, has been under strict control. It is believed to be producing with a strong water drive, To date it has produced more than eighteen million barrels and the estimate of ultimate recovery is 220 million barrels. Early History The Magnolia field is in colurnbia County, Arkansas, T. 17 s., R. 19 and 20 W. Various geologists had long been interested in this general area, and as early as 1921, John F. Magale was able to define a surface structure. The first wildcat, one of the first in Columbia County, was drilled in 1923 by Mid-States Oil Co., in sec. 10, T. 17 S., R. 20 W. This well was about 11/2 miles northwest of the Kerlyn oil Company's discovery well and was based on surface geological work done by Jewel and Dobie. Subsequently, several shallow wells that were not carried below the Upper Cretaceous beds were drilled in the immediate area of the discovery well, but none of them contained any commercial showings of oil Or gas. In the latter part of 1935, Elam and Magale (or Southwood) Garrett NO. I was located in sec. 13, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., 3/4 mile east of the discovery well. It was drilled to a total depth of 4018 ft. in the lowermost Glen Rose beds but failed to obtain any showings of oil or gas. Interest had been stimulated in this general area, however, by the discovery of several oil fields, mainly Glen Rose oil production in the Rodessa field in Louisiana in 1935, Smackover lime productioil in Snow Hill in May 1936, production from the Cotton Valley formation in Schuler in 1937, and Smackover lime production from the Buckner field in November 1937. With this background and subsequent seismic work, which was carried on partly because the old shallow wells drilled in the township had shown evidence of closure in the Upper Cretaceous beds, the discovery well, Kerlyn Oil Company's Barnett No. I, Sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., was originally projected to a total depth of 6300 ft., to test the equivalents of the Morgan sands of the Cotton Valley series, then producing at Schuler. The well was carried to a depth of 6325 It. and tested the objective beds without finding commercial production. In the meantime, however, one well had found production in the Jones sand and another in the Smaclrover lime at Schuler. Kerlyn immediately made arrangements to deepen the Barnett well to the Smackover lime. The top of the Smackover lime was encountered at 7618 ft. and the well

Jan 1, 1943

By H. F. Winham

The history, development, subsurface geology, production, economics and estimated reserves are discussed in this paper. The Magnolia structure is an anticline with a known maximum structural relief at 372 ft., and the areal extent of the producing acreage is 4494 acres. Production is obtained from the Smack-over oölitic lime and 116 successful wells have been drilled. The field, which was developed on 40-acre spacing, has been under strict control. It is believed to be producing with a strong water drive, To date it has produced more than eighteen million barrels and the estimate of ultimate recovery is 220 million barrels. Early History The Magnolia field is in colurnbia County, Arkansas, T. 17 s., R. 19 and 20 W. Various geologists had long been interested in this general area, and as early as 1921, John F. Magale was able to define a surface structure. The first wildcat, one of the first in Columbia County, was drilled in 1923 by Mid-States Oil Co., in sec. 10, T. 17 S., R. 20 W. This well was about 11/2 miles northwest of the Kerlyn oil Company's discovery well and was based on surface geological work done by Jewel and Dobie. Subsequently, several shallow wells that were not carried below the Upper Cretaceous beds were drilled in the immediate area of the discovery well, but none of them contained any commercial showings of oil Or gas. In the latter part of 1935, Elam and Magale (or Southwood) Garrett NO. I was located in sec. 13, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., 3/4 mile east of the discovery well. It was drilled to a total depth of 4018 ft. in the lowermost Glen Rose beds but failed to obtain any showings of oil or gas. Interest had been stimulated in this general area, however, by the discovery of several oil fields, mainly Glen Rose oil production in the Rodessa field in Louisiana in 1935, Smackover lime productioil in Snow Hill in May 1936, production from the Cotton Valley formation in Schuler in 1937, and Smackover lime production from the Buckner field in November 1937. With this background and subsequent seismic work, which was carried on partly because the old shallow wells drilled in the township had shown evidence of closure in the Upper Cretaceous beds, the discovery well, Kerlyn Oil Company's Barnett No. I, Sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., was originally projected to a total depth of 6300 ft., to test the equivalents of the Morgan sands of the Cotton Valley series, then producing at Schuler. The well was carried to a depth of 6325 It. and tested the objective beds without finding commercial production. In the meantime, however, one well had found production in the Jones sand and another in the Smaclrover lime at Schuler. Kerlyn immediately made arrangements to deepen the Barnett well to the Smackover lime. The top of the Smackover lime was encountered at 7618 ft. and the well

Jan 1, 1943

By Peter R. Morris, Alan J. Heckler

THREE angles are required to specify the orientation of a crystallite with respect to a physical reference frame. The distribution of crystallite orientations in a polycrystal is thus a function of three angular variables. The most widely used experimental techniques for studying orientation in polycrystals lead directly to the pole figure representation, i.e., the distribution of the poles of certain crystallographic planes in terms of two angular variables. In recent years1-5 methods have been developed which permit determination of the (three-angle) crystallite orientation distribution from several (two-angle) pole figure distributions. In this work Roe's method has been applied to the study of orientation in hcp materials. The method is illustrated for commercial purity titanium sheet (Ti-70) which was cold rolled (65 pct reduction), annealed at 1450°F for 3 min, and air cooled. The grain shape was observed to be equiaxed after this treatment. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL, CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY In Roe's method the crystallite orientation distribution, w(?,?,F), is expanded in a series of generalized spherical harmonics 11(?,?,F) = E E E W^Zirmtye-tote-in* [l] 1=o ,,,=-I ,,=-I where { = cos 8. The set of Euler angles employed here is illustrated in Fig. 1. The axis for each rotation is denoted by a double arrowhead. The positive sense of each rotation is that of a right-handed screw advancing in the direction of the double arrowhead. The X, Y, and Z directions correspond to the rolling direction, cross direction, and normal direction, respectively. In the initial orientation (10.O), (12.O), and (00 . 1) planes are perpendicular to the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. The IC/ rotation about the Z axis is carried out first by rotating X into X', Y into Y', and leaving 2 unchanged, i.e., Z' = Z. The 8 rotation about the Y' axis is carried out second by rotating X' into X", 2' into Z", and leaving Y' unchanged, i.e., Y" = Y'. The I$ rotation about the Z" axis is carried out last by rotating X" into X"', Y into Y"', and leaving 2" unchanged, i.e., 2"' = 2". Any specified orientation of the X'", Y'", and Z'" crystal-fixed axis system relative to the X. Y, and Z physical axes (rolling direction, transverse direction, and sheet normal direction, respectively) can be obtained by appropriate IC/, 8, and (F rotations. The Zl,, of Eq. [l] are the Jacobi polynomials, augmented by the square root of the weight function. The Zl,, are symmetric in m,n, i.e., Zl,,= Zlnm. For orthotropic physical symmetry and hexagonal crystallographic symmetry, the coefficients, W!,,, of the series are all real, W!mn = Wzfi, = Wlm~ = Wlfi~, 1 and m are even and n is restricted to 6k, where k = ...,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, .-.. The determination of the Wlmn from pole figure data has been previously described.'~~ The Zl,, may be written in multiple angle form

Jan 1, 1970

By Walter R. Hibbard, Harold Margolin

DURING preliminary tests on the aging of a Cu-plus 5 pct Ag alloy,' a specimen which had been overaged 24 hr at 550°C was annealed in a nitrogen-hydrogen atmosphere first for 2 hr and then for an additional 28 hr at 600°C. After each anneal the specimen was cooled to room temperature in about ½ hr and X-ray photograms were made. The first film, Fig. la, revealed two sets of copper-base lines, one intense and corresponding to the parameter at 550°C, the other fainter and shifted away from the beam, corresponding to the larger parameter at 600°C (see arrows). The 30-hr film, Fig. lb, revealed the same two sets of copper-base lines with a reversal of intensity. In neither case do the copper lines form a broad band which would be indicative of a range of compositions. This phenomenon is thus a "discontinuous" type of solution. A similar phenomenon was observed in a Ag-rich Cu-Ag alloy.' Finlay and Hibbard9 have suggested that directional rather than random solution of precipitate occurs in some alloys. Conceivably, for Cu-Ag alloys, the matrix-transition-precipitate precipitation sequence is reversible for the re-solution of the precipitate caused by rapidly raising the annealing temperature of an overaged specimen. A copper-base transition structure supersaturated with solute might be formed around the precipitate as it dissolves, thus obviating the necessity for a gradually changing solute composition of the matrix. The solute atoms then might be transferred rapidly and locally from the transition to the matrix phase in the proper amount and at the proper location to obtain directly the new ex- panded solid solution. The theory implies a minimum of diEusion of solute in the matrix (i.e., no significant range of matrix composition) and possibly suggests that the composition of the transition structure will vary with the conditions of re-solution. A transition copper phase found in aged Cu-Ag alloys1 might fulfill this function. Evidence regarding this suggestion could be obtained in Cu-Ag alloys by overaging a specimen until no trace of the expanded copper lattice is present and then subjecting the specimen to a retrogression treatment. Re-appearance of the transition copper phase would confirm the theory. Additional details could be secured by varying both aging and retrogression temperatures. References 'H. Margolin and W. R. Hibbard, Jr.: Effect of Ternary Additions on the Age Hardening of a Copper-Silver Alloy. Trans. AIME (1951) 191, p. 174; Journal of Metals (Feb. 1951) TP 3002E. 2 W. Ageew, M. Hansen, and G. Sachs: Decomposition and Changes in Properties of Super-saturated Silver-Copper Alloys. Ztsch. Physik (1930) 66, p. 350. 3W. L. Finlay and W. R. Hibbard, Jr.: Some Effects of Applied Stresses on Precipitation Phenomena. Trans. AIME (1949) 180, p. 255; Metals Technology (Sept.

Jan 1, 1952

Executive HOWARD N EAVENSON, Chairman FREDERICK M. BECKET EDGAR RICKARD ERLE V. DAVELER WILLIAM WRAITH Finance HENRY KRUMB Chairman PAUL D. MERICA J V W REYNDERS H G MOULTON, Consultant Admissions JOHN M LOVEJOY, Chairman GEORGE D BARRON - DONALD M LIDDELL ELI T CONNER - WILLIAM W LYNCH

Jan 1, 1935

Extractive Metallurgy Division Institute of Metals Division Iron and Steel Division OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES John Chipman, President W R Hibbard, Jr, Past President C C Long, Vice-President T D Jones, Treasurer R W Shearman, Secretary AIME, 29 West 39th Street New York 18, N Y

Jan 1, 1959

At the annual meeting of Southern California Section, held on May 28, the following officers were elected: Chairman, W. F. Staunton, vice-chairman, L. C. Mott, secretary-treasurer, A. B. Carpenter; executive committee, J. W. Neill, C. Colcock Jones, Mead Goodloe. ALVIN B. CARPENTER, Secretary-Treasurer.

Jan 8, 1919

Institute of Metals Division PAUL D MERICA, Chairman ZAY JEFFRIES, Vice-chairman W M CORSE. Secretary General Committee ROBERT J ANDERSON H C JENNISON L W SPRING WILLIAM K FRANK DAVID LEVINGER R L SUHL J R FREEMAN, JR. PAUL McKINNEY R F WOOD STANISLAUS SKOWRONSKI

Jan 1, 1923