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By J. D. Bateman

At Giant Yellowknife, where high grade gold-bearing orebodies are highly irregular in shape, geology has been applied extensively to the mining of ore. The classical functions of the mine geologist in the fields of exploration and mine development have been extended to guide ore extraction, ensuring "clean" mining and effectively reducing waste dilution.

Jan 12, 1951

By M. M. Fine

THE results of a research and development lab- oratory and pilot-plant mineral-dressing investigation by the Bureau of Mines of the complex copper-lead-cobalt-nickel ores of southeast Missouri are reported in this paper. This investigation, in cooperation with the National Lead Co., showed that separate concentrates of lead, copper, and cobalt-nickel could be made by fine grinding and flotation. An industrial plant built subsequently by the St. Louis Smelting and Refining Div. near Fredericktown, Madison County, Mo., produced such concentrates during the war years. Present commercial production at the mill is limited to lead and copper concentrates, but research to permit economic utilization of the cobalt and nickel values is continuing.

Jan 7, 1951

By George M. Schwartz, Ian L. Reid

The Soudan mine in the Vermilion district of northeastern Minnesota is the oldest iron mine in the state. It has shipped ore every year since 1884 and still contributes a yearly quota of high grade lump ore. No comprehensive report on the Vermilion iron-bearing district has appeared since Clements' monograph,' but Gruner' discussed the possible origin of the ores in 1926, 1930, and 1932, and recently Reid and Hustad have added data on mining and geology." For many years geologists of the Oliver Iron Mining Div., U. S. Steel Corp., have kept up to date a series of plans and vertical sections of the Soudan mine. In connection with mine operation considerable diamond drilling has been done, and this, together with the mine openings, has permitted a reasonably accurate picture of the structure of the orebodies and wall rocks.

Jan 3, 1955

By Harry Huntington Miller

In spite of its recognized irregularities, the cyanide-assay for copper has always been popular among volumetric methods, being easy and rapid, and reasonably accurate when the solution tested contains nothing but pure copper and ammonium salts. In order to secure this condition, however, especially in operati~ig on low-grade ores, tailings and slags of complex composition, it is the practice to precipitate the copper from the ore-solution,—usually by means of metallic zinc or aluminum. The copper thus precipitated in the metallic form must be dissolved again; and the separa tion is never, in practice, complete, since an appreciable amount of the copper remains behind in the first solution, and the second solution always contains some of the other metals of the gangue; so that the result is at best but partially satisfactory. On the other hand, if this course is not pursued, but (as is

Jan 1, 1902

By R. Neilson M. E. Clark

(with map on plate I.) THE coal-beds of Canyon City are situated six miles below the town, upon the Arkansas River. At this point the Rocky Mountains have thrown out from their main ridge two spurs. The one to the north, containing Pike's Peak and Cheyenne Mountain, is known as part of the "Rim Range;" the one to the west and south is known as the `1 Green¬horn Range." Against these syenitic mountains, the later rocks are piled and uplifted; at right angles to the direction of this main uplift is the axis of a lesser plication. On the north, west, and south, the pitch is steep, gradually flattening as it approaches the centre of the basin and rising again to the east at a pitch of about 5°, thus forming a perfect basin, the centre of which is only three miles east of the base of the Greenhorn Range.

Jan 1, 1873

Although the Suggestions to Institute Authors, as revised and amplified over the years to meet changing conditions and experience, have had as their primary objective the guidance of the author who is preparing a paper for record in the TRANSACTIONS, there are in this current version many excellent suggestions for the preparation of any material for publication by the Institute In this connection it should be emphasized that in a sense, and to a degree determined by the editors, the Institute has in its journals "a place for everything," especially a place for the article of practical nature that is of immediate but not necessarily permanent interest Such articles may be referred by the Institute Technical Publications Committee to the editors or submitted directly to them , [Papers (TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and TECHNICAL NOTES) authorized for the TRANSACTIONS are, with the discussion, gathered together at the end of the calendar year and with a table of contents and index, bound, according to Branch classification, as volumes of the TRANSACTIONS

Jan 1, 1952

By C. F. de Mendonca, T. Kater, R. P. de Souza

Since 1976, Cia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) has carried out tests to develop a type of pellet made with an organic binder. Peridur is one binder that showed it could be used in industrial plants. Extensive tests were run in CVRD's pilot plant. The results are presented in this paper. The decision was made to carry out an industrial production of 50 ht (55,000 st) of pellets. The results are shown in this paper. No detrimental effects of the Peridur were observed in either the process or in product quality.

Jan 1, 1985

By C. M. Wayman, S. R. Rauze

It was recently reported' that the initial transformation in (100) iron whiskers grown in the bcc condition can be nucleated on heating in regions of the whisker which are not necessarily the hottest. Although this behavior was observed1 several times, its sporadic nature precluded any documentation other than occasional visual observations during hot-stage optical-microscope heating experiments. The purpose of this communication is to report how, in one instance, the a-y transformation in such a (100) iron whisker was initiated in a region which was clearly at a lower temperature than an adjacent region which did not transform at all.

Jan 1, 1967

We would like to thank Mr. Mandolesi for his informative paper on rails from strand cast steel. The chemical and structural properties of the strand cast steel were of particular interest to us. We would like to supplement his excellent report with some of Inland's findings from our Caster with submerged nozzles and strands reduced in line from 7" x 7" to 5-5/8" square cross section. Inland has conducted extensive segregation studies on AISI 1049 steel - Fine Grain 0.50% carbon and 0.75% manganese. Based on approximately 80 heats, our normal segregation pattern results in analyses of .49% carbon in the center, and 0.50% carbon at the midway and edge position. The sulfur analysis averages .025% in the center, .027% midway, and .026% at the edge. Note the slight negative segregation between the center and midway position. This steel, being lower carbon and probably cast nearer the liquidus, resulted in less segregation than the 0.80% carbon rail steel.

Jan 1, 1972

By F. H. McDowell

About a year ago Dr. Raymond, as engineer of Messrs. Cooper, Hewitt & Co., together with Mr. Rothwell, was considering the removal of the ore-floors and pillars from the Peters Mine at Ringwood, N. J., where the limit of profitable working by the old method of mining had been very nearly reached. Mr. Ferdinand Ruttmann was engaged to make the survey which forms the basis of the accompanying diagrams. At first it was thought that some method of mining and filling might be introduced with advantage; but after a careful study of the operations at the Tilly Foster it was decided to adopt the system of stripping.

Jan 1, 1890

By E. T. Cox

The Albion phosphate-district embraces a territory about 4 miles wide and 6 miles long, in a northerly and southerly direction, situated in Levy county, Florida. The Florida Central and Peninsular railroad, running from Fernandina, a shipping port on the Atlantic, to Cedar Keys, on the Gulf of Mexico, passes through the center of the district. The post-office and railroad station is in the town of Albion. The physical features of the district present a series of white aqd whitish-gray sand-hills and ridges, rising about 130 feet above tide-water. The sand lies in a loose body, like that seen on the ocean beaches. In places the hills have the appearance of sand-dunes, such as are seen along the Platte river, in Nebraska. Beneath the sand are found the phosphate-deposits, which are partially exposed in places, but, for the most part, lie buried to a depth of 15 feet and more. In this district the phosphate is designated as " hard rock,"

Jan 1, 1896

By Edward Nichols

These deposits, which are found in James County, Tennessee, differ both in their mode of occurrence and in their chemical constitution from any other ores belonging to the same geological horizon which are known to the writer. Taylor's Ridge, or White Oak Mountain, is a long monoclinal ridge, which starts from a point near the Tennessee River in Meigs County, and, following a southwwt .course, extends unbrokenly into Cherokee County, Alabama, where it finally disappears. It is made up of strata of the Upper Silurian rocks, which dip to the southeast. To the eastward of this ridge, which is generally several hundred feet high, are a series of low foothills or knobs, composed of Clinton shales carrying seams of fossiliferous hematites. In the neighborhoud of the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad, where it crosses the ridges, considerable ore has been milred from these seams during the pst ten years. Most of the workings have been superficial, and the ores mined, with one exception,,carry a silicious and nod-calcareous gangue, and contain from fifty to sixty per ceut. of iron.

Jan 1, 1882

By Charles Catlett

The rapid development of the Portland-cement industry implies that the country is being very carefully searched for material suitable for its manufacture. Such material can be found at a great many places; but deposits thoroughly satisfactory in chemical composition, and at the same time meeting all the other requirements connected with the economic production and profitable marketing of the product, are exceedingly few, if I may judge from the investigations which I have had to make in a number of States. The raw mixture which by its clinkering and grinding forms Portland cement contains approximately 75 per cent. of carbonate of lime. This is found in nature as limestone or marl. The natural rock commonly carries either more than the required percentage of carbonate of lime (in which case it has to be reduced by suitable admixture of clayey ingredients) or less—in which case purer lime carbonate has to be added. The controlling ingredient, therefore, is carbonate of lime, or limestone of the right composition.

Jan 1, 1908

By James R. Garvey

Coal reserves of the United States are enormous. Considered on the basis of proven reserves, and compared with reserves of other fuels, coal constitutes 88% of the proven recoverable energy resources of the nation. That includes oil, natural gas, oil shale and uranium used in burner reactors. Considered on the basis of "ultimate recoverable reserves", that is, those resources which can be extracted with improved technology and at somewhat higher costs and including those resources of all fuels not yet found but believed to be waiting discovery, coal still accounts for 75 % of the national total. In the U.S. hydrocarbon economy about 76% of the total energy needs are supplied by petroleum and natural gas and about 20% by coal. Domestic resources of oil and gas are running dangerously low, and assuming a continued hydrocarbon economy, the 20% supplied by coal may increase dramatically. Nearly a quarter of the petroleum consumed in the U.S. is imported. Natural gas is in shorter supply than petroleum and the problems of its importation seem at least as difficult as those of oil.

Jan 6, 1972

By J. B. Scuffham, G. A. Rowden

The use of ammonia as a leaching agent has been well-documented but only recently have its advantages been fully exploited on a commercial basis. When compared with conventional sulfuric acid leaching processes, the major advantage of ammoniacal systems is their ability to reject iron and many acid consuming gangue materials. Although metallic copper, nickel, zinc, etc. are dissolved rapidly in ammoniacal liquors at ambient temperature in the presence of air the sulfide ores of these metals are more resistant to this treatment. Sherritt Gordon Mines in Canada treats sulfide concentrates at its Fort Saskatchewan plant under pressure with ammoniacal am- monium sulfate solution to solubilize the non-ferrous metal values. Typical leach operating conditions are 80-95°C and 115- 128 psig. Although the metals present in the ammonical solution could be recovered via solvent extraction techniques, Sherritt Gordon Mines currently operates a pressure reduction process using hydrogen to yield metal powders directly from the ammoniacal solution. The basic Sherritt Gordon technology has been applied world wide for the treatment of nickel/cobalt concentrates.

Jan 12, 1973

By George W. Mansfield

My plan in this paper is, first, to prove three general points, and then to take up the specific applications of the electric motor to nining work. The three poinb are: 1. The electric system is the simplest method known for transmitting and distributing any amount of energy from one locality to another, irrespective of the intervening distance. 2. The electric system with its applications is not in its infancy.

Jan 1, 1888

By T. Sterry Hunt

SINCE: the date of my previous paper on this subject, presented at the Cincinnati Meeting, February, 1881, and published in our Transactions, vol. xii., p. 459, I have had occasion to revisit the Canadian apatite region, and to collect further data concerning its geognosy, which I hope to describe at a future time. At present, I shall put on record a few brief observations concerning the more recent operations in apatite-mining in the Lievre district, to the north of the Ottawa River, where the mines are as yet confined to a small area in the townships of Buckingham, Portland, Templeton, and Darry; the earlier workings having been along the Rideau Canal, to the south of the Ottawa. The large mining operations lately undertaken in the Lièvre district show that the crystalline phosphate of lime or apatite belongs to lodes of great size, which traverse the ancient gneiss of the region. These lodes include a granitoid feldspathic rock, and a pyroxene rock, with large masses of quartz, of carbonate of lime, of pyrites, and of apatite. All of these often show a banded structure, riot unlike that of the gneiss, to which they- are evidently posterior, arid of which they

Jan 1, 1886

By R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garfias

The production of petroleum in Mexico during 1933 totaled 33,430,-000 bbl., or 625,000 bbl. more than in the previous year. This is the first time since the peak in 1921 that the declining trend of output has been reversed. Drilling activity in the proven areas of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Northern fields increased substantially during the year. The completion of two producers in the Poza Rica area south of Tuxpam and a shallow gas well in the Camargo district near the American border were the outstanding features of development. Late in September the Northern fields and the oil port of Tampico were swept by a hurricane followed by floods which caused loss of life and heavy damage to the City of Tampico and to transportation, tank farms and refineries. For three weeks, owing to the silting of the Tampico Bar and destruction of terminal facilities, no oil could be shipped for export. About half the wells of the Northern fields were closed for a period of 30 days. The prompt and effective steps taken by General Macias, chief of military operations, prevented the spread of epidemics and any serious aftermath of the catastrophe.

Jan 1, 1934

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetsel, J. W. Ristori

World consumption of petroleum and related fuels for civil purposes in 1939 was close to 2,024,000,000 bbl., or approximately 110,000,000 bbl. more than in 1938, the United States accounting for 96,000,000 bbl. of the increased amount. With the annexation of Czechoslovakia and part of Poland, civil consurnption in Germany during 1939, notwithstanding sevre rationing in the last four months of the year, was 54,000,000 bbl., or only 1,600,000 bbl. less than in 1938, and domestic production of pctroleum and related fuels was some 34,000,000 bbl. short of civil consumption. The mounting petroleum requirements of the military forces of greater Germany are, of course, not included in these figures of civil consumption. To supply this deficiency Germany now must rely almost exclusively on the Rumanian fields, which in 1939 produced about 35,000,000 bbl in ewes, of the Rumanian civil consumption. However, these fields arc supplying and have supplied for years the oil requirements of the neighboring

Jan 1, 1940

By Knut Conradsen

In the study 208 heavy mineral concentrates (pan samples) from Jameson Land, East Greenland, are considered. Each concentrate has been analysed (by spectroscopy) for the content of (approx.) 25 elements. Furthermore the exact sampling position and the geological characteristics of the environment have been registered. In the study is shown how different multivariate methods combined with geological knowledge of the area can be used in the interpretation and classification of the data. Special emphasis is put on the problem of finding reliable expressions for the background level of the element concentrations in the area. This is done by means of severel discrimination procedures. The other main subject is a demonstration of the applicability of isoscore maps - originating from factor analyses - in the evaluation of the co-variability of the data, and thus give another way of classifying the individual samples according to the content of different elements.

Jan 1, 1977