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By R. W. Raymond

The death of John Frederic Blandy, which occurred September 17, 1903, at Prescott, Arizona, terminated the earthly activity of one of the most active and able of the American mining engineers of the last generation. Mr. Blandy was born, April 24, 1833, at Newark, Delaware. His father was an Englishman, who had been in business in the island of Madeira, and had come thence to settle in the United States. At the age of eighteen, he was attached to the engineering field-corps of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad; but, after a year of this service, he went to Germany, where he spent three years, entering in 1852 the Mining Academy at Freiberg, Saxony. Graduates of that institution need not be told that, at the period referred to, it held unique prominence in its special field, not only by reason of the great investigators and instructors, such as Cotta, Breithaupt, Weisbach, Plattner and Gaetschmann, who belonged to its faculty and brilliantly blended theory and practice in its work, but also because rival institutions were few. It cannot be fairly said that Freiberg has fallen below its ancient standard of excellence. Its chairs of instruction are still occupied by eminent men, worthy successors of the illustrious teachers who preceded them. But a host of technical academies, especially in this country, munificently equipped and efficiently conducted, have come into existence during the last half-century; and no one institution can ever hereafter claim the pre-eminence which the Freiberg Mining Academy once enjoyed. In those days, American mining engineers returning with satisfactory credentials from that school were sure of immediate employment.

Jan 1, 1904

By Jonathan S. Jackson, Bruce P. Ream

Leach water management is one of the few areas in dump leaching subject to operator control. As such, it is of considerable importance. Theoretical considerations indicate that high leach solution application rates are inefficient in washing solubilized copper from dumps. The high rates cause unnecessary dilution of copper values, raising unit recovery costs. Use of excessive amounts of leach solution also cools dumps, resulting in reduced leaching rates. This paper reviews leach solution application methods and details the results of field tests run to determine the benefits and feasibility of low versus high application rate techniques of applying water to dump surfaces.

Jan 1, 1980

Geological and Natural History Survey of Wisconsin, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis - E. F Bean, State Geologist. A complete list of publications of this Survey will be sent upon request Only a portion of the Bulletins and Maps fall within the scope of this directory, and most of them are available They are: Bulletin 4, Building and ornamental stones of Wisconsin (1898), $2 50, 6, Preliminary report on the copper-bearing rocks of Douglas County, and parts of Washburn and Bayfield counties (1901), 50 cents, 7, The clays and clay industries of Wisconsin (pt 1) (1901), 50 cents; 14, Report on lead and zinc deposits of Wisconsin (the report is out of print but the 18 maps which accompanied it can still be had) (1906), 20 cents (a series of six maps, supplementary to these (1909), may be had for 6 cents), 15, The clays of Wisconsin and their uses (1906), 50 cents; 16, The geology of north-central Wisconsin (1907), $2, 17, The abandoned shore lines of eastern Wisconsin (1907), 50 cents, 19, Zinc and lead deposits of the Upper Mississippi Valley (1907), 25 cents; 34, The limestone road materials of Wisconsin (1914), 50 cents, 35, Underground and surface water supplies of Wisconsin (1915), $150, 36, The physiography of Wisconsin (new edition now in press) (1916), $125, 41, A study of methods of mine assessments and valuation (1914), 50 cents; 44, Mineral land classification in parts of northwestern Wisconsin (1915), $5, 45, The peat resources of Wisconsin (1915), 50 cents, 46, Mineral

Jan 1, 1933

By M. H. De Hora

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) IN giving my opinion of the importance of Colombia as a field for investment for those interested in mining for the precious metals, I must begin by quoting Sir Clement Markham, who, in one of his presidential addresses to the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, called the attention of its members to the fact that " although Colombia is the least known and least developed of the South American republics, it is far and away the richest mineral country of then all." This to American investors is extremely interesting, as the country is the most accessible of all the South American republics from the United States. Almost all of the gold shipped by the Spaniards from Madre de Dios, now Colon, came from Colombia, and statistics from the Mint at Medellin, the capital of the Department of Antioquia, go to show that the total production of the precious metals of Colombia, dating from the Spanish conquest in 'the fifteenth century to the present time, aggregates the enormous total of $700,000,000. Of this amount, nearly 70 per cent. represents gold obtained from the placers of the Republic, more than one-half of which came from the Department of Antioquia, the balance being divided between the placers of the Choco and the rest of the Republic. The remaining 30 per cent. of the $700,000,000 represents the silver and gold obtained from the quartz mines, the silver greatly predominating.

Jan 7, 1913

Man is born on Mother Earth without knowledge or skills. Soon he finds physical needs for food, clothing, shelter, exercise, and relaxation. His personal needs are self-expression, new experiences, and amusements, while his social needs have been classified as work, status, security, friendship, companionship, and love. He finds himself infinitesimal in comparison to the whole. Often- times when he feels smug, he is actually riding for a fall. And nothing is much worse than frustrated man. The postwar world does not provide the Utopia of peace and prosperity of which man had dreamed. In fact, it seems that the sacrifices and waste of that great struggle are being lost in the morass of stupidity, selfishness, and cupidity which unfortunately are still the most conspicuous traits of the human race. Perhaps it is too soon to expect the blessiilgs which are supposed to appear in a peaceful world, and man's thought is clouded with a pessimism engendered by the conflict itself, in which all activities tend to enhance his pessimistic nature. Must man submit that it is a law of nature for nations to go to war? The war has demonstrated that when faced with a common danger, peoples differing in antecedents, language, forms of government, and resources can unite for a time, pool their skills and abilities, and emerge victorious from a contest unparalleled in magnitude, ruthlessness, carnage, waste, and cost. This has been accomplished by great individual and national sacrifices, the

Jan 1, 1950

By Julian Kennedy

When it was decided to erect these furnaces the company also decided to use the Cowper type of stoves. It was, however, desirable to improve upon the plan of the stoves then in operation, to avoid, if possible, some defects which had shown themselves in them. The stoves now in use at Furnaces " A," " B," and " C " are of the well-known type of Cowper stove, having a circular combustionchamber placed at one side of the stove, and a regencrator with crescent-shaped section, resting at the bottom oil cast-iron glatings, which are supported in turn by cast-iron girders, the products of combustion passing up the chamber, down through the flues of the regenerator, and thence to the chimney. The objection to this shape of stove, that the gases would not pass down the parts of regenerator lying beside and behind the combustion-chamber—the horns of the crescent, as it were,—did not apply to the newer form of stoves, with combustion-chamber having a straight wall next to the regenerator; but. there were other defects, the principal ones bring the small size of the openings through the regenerator and the material used for supporting it. The small passages (4" X 4") soon choked up, and when a part of them became entirely closed, not only was the effective heating surface greatly diminished, but as the remaining opening were not sufficient to absorb the heat

Jan 1, 1882

By R. C. Good

Slag control for any kind of steel, rimming, straight carbon or alloy, should start with the charge and be developed well in advance of the tap because its composition, viscosity and temperature will unquestionably govern the physical and chemical properties of the steel when tapped. In the majority of plants producing alloy steels, primary consideration is given to the chemical specifications; physical characteristics usually occupy secondary place in the melter's mind. Recently, however, buyers have indicated limits of machinability, hardenability, grain size and, of course, always wanted steel free from foreign nonmetallic inclusions. It is these latter specifications that require the attention of the operator to the slag and its control. The slag must act as a vehicle for oxidized elements originating from the metallic portion of the charge; it should hold the oxides of phosphorus, silicon, manganese, iron and chromium that come into contact with it either before or after the refining and finishing stage of the heat. It must be used as a transferring medium of oxygen from the atmosphere or oxide additions to the metal and should permit a free escape of gas generated within the charge. Finally, the slag is the principal controlling factor in regulating the rate of oxidation which in turn eventually determines the quality of the steel as measured for the various characteristics mentioned above. With pig iron of uniform composition, the iron oxide in the slag increases as the limestone is increased but with the same addition of stone in every heat, the iron oxide decreases as the silicon is increased in the charge, and vice versa.

Jan 1, 1935

H. A. BUEHLER, Rolla, Mo. -I consider the lead .and zinc deposits of the Mississippi Valley to be the result of descending waters. There are many features that we have not determined and yet when you see the general field relations, it seems to me that the cause and effect can be well explained by descending circulation. In the Joplin-Miami district, for instance, the ore deposits are connected with openings or with old cavity fillings which have a direct connection downward from the surface to practically 300 ft. In the Miami camp, in the western part of the field, some of the deepest orebodies are directly connected with water, channels; the same condition has been obvious and always present with the shallower ores. I speak of one deposit that I have examined more thoroughly than any other in that district, the Admiralty property, which contains large openings or caves at the deepest levels. It seems to me that waters which would pass upward through 1800 ft. of dolomite would be saturated with lime and magnesia so far as the carbon dioxide of those waters would dissolve them, and therefore, on

Jan 1, 1918

By A. L. Holley

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) THE three principal mines from which the celebrated Salisbury iron ores are obtained are called respectively the "Old Hill," "Davis," and "Chatfield" ore beds, and are situated in the town of Salisbury, Litchfield County, Conn., on the eastern slope of the Tocconuc range of hills.* The Old Hill Ore Bed is a tract of land of 100 acres, originally granted by the General Court in October, 1731, to be laid out by Daniel Bissell of Windsor. It was soon after surveyed and located by Ezekiel Ashley and John Pell. The descendants of Ashley are still proprietors in the mine. The supply of ore has been very abundant, and for many years was easily obtained, but latterly the cost of raising has been greatly increased. Up to about 1840 the average yield was estimated to be about 4500 tons per annum. The production has gradually increased until the average yield at pres¬ent is estimated at 15,000 tons annually. The largest production in any one year was about 20,000 tons. The proprietors of this mine were incorporated many years ago under the style of "The Salisbury Ore Bed Proprietors." The Davis Ore Bed, named after an early owner, was originally called Hendricks Ore Bed, and was owned before the organization of the town of Salisbury by Thomas Lamb, one of the first settlers *The data from which the historical portion of these notes has been compiled were collected by the Barnum-Richardson Company, of Lime Rock (Salisbury), Conn.

Jan 1, 1878

By Henry Louis

THE work performed by, the Royal Commission on Mining Subsidence is likely to prove of permanent value, less perhaps for the conclusions it has reached and for the recommendations it has based upon these than for the admirable exposition which it affords of the law concerning mining subsidence and of the legal status of the person who has suffered damage by reason of such subsidence, as also of him whose working has caused the damage. The Commission was appointed by Royal Warrant in the middle of 1925 and delivered its final report in the middle of 1927. The terms of reference to the Commission were as follows: "To consider the operation of the law relating to the support of the surface of the land, and of buildings or works on or under the surface, by underlying or adjacent minerals; to enquire into the extent and gravity of the damage caused by subsidence owing to the extraction of minerals and the incidence of the resulting liability; and to report what steps should be taken, by legislation or otherwise, to remedy, equitably to all persons concerned, any defects or hardships that may be found to arise in existing conditions."

Jan 1, 1929

By Sidney W. Poole

THE control of deoxidation, together with other factors involved in electric-furnace melting practice, to consistently produce heats of high-quality alloy steel to stringent specifications as to nonmetallic inclusion content is a problem of considerable magnitude. Steel melting as an industrial process is subject to many variables that can influence the quality of the product made. In order to modify the size, amount and distribution of inclusions and to promote their elimination, deoxidation, among other practices, plays a major part. The primary purpose of deoxidation in the production of electric-furnace alloy steels is the removal of dissolved oxygen present as FeO in the bath, which is produced as a result of prior oxidizing conditions. The elements usually added to effect this removal of soluble oxygen are those that will, upon addition, cause the formation of an oxide compound insoluble in the molten steel bath as silica, alumina or silicate combinations.

Jan 1, 1947

By Phillip J. Maddex

The cost of transporting mineral raw materials and products will receive greater attention in the next 10-20 years because raw material sources and markets are changing. Today, shipping costs may equal 20%-80% of the landed or delivered cost of raw materials and products. Companies are learning that total costs are what count to the company and customers. Transportation has historically been priced at "What the traffic would bear" and little real effort has been made to analyze the shippers problem and provide them with effective and low cost transportation. This climate existed in both ocean and rail transport. The shiplines and railroads did not understand the shipper's problems and few shippers understood transportation and how to buy it. Recently more consideration has been given to the advantages between the American Merchant Marine- American Flag and Foreign flag vessels. The discussions held focused on what action is desirable to encourage American flag operations. Based on extensive studies made by both A. E. Gibson, Maritime Administrator and R. J. Blackwell, Deputy Maritime Administrator, the resulting statistics show that the potential for ocean transport is as follows: U. S. Foreign trade is estimated at 620 million long tons annually in the early 1980's. It was 418 million tons in 1968. In 1968 only 6.4% of the U.S. ocean borne trade was carried on American Flag vessels. About 50 million tons of early 1980's trade will go ill container ships. That leaves over 500 million tons to go as bulk or "neo-bulk" cargo.

Jan 1, 1970

By Arthur Redfield

THE year 1923 was marked by slight progress in exploring and developing the petroleum resources assumed to exist in Central America. Actual drilling for oil took place only in Costa Rica and Panama. The Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corpn., through its subsidiary the Costa Rica Oil Corpn., drilled in southeastern Costa Rica.. Its, Panaman subsidiary is reported to have abandoned drilling in Bocas del Toro. The Texas Co. drilled in Chiriqui, and the Panama Gulf Co. in Garachiné, Province of Darién. No oil was obtained in any of these wells;' shows of gas were met in Costa Rica. Concession hunting continued during the year. A number of concessions, several of which appear to be purely speculative, were submitted for ratification. Some confusion has been caused by overlapping concessions and claims to oil lands, caused partly by the imperfection of existing maps. A conflict between the Sinclair, and Gulf companies in Panama has been compromised. The Amory concession in central Costa Rica, held by the British Controlled Oilfields, Ltd., was voided by decision of the arbitrator, Chief -Justice Taft. Geologic exploration took-place in Guatemala and in Panama. The chief contribution of the year to Central American geology was a description by Katherine Van Winkle Palmer of Lower Miocene foraminifera and mollusks from southeastern Costa Rica. A new petroleum law was promulgated in Panama.

Jan 3, 1924

By E. D. Leavitt

I desire to state briefly my views respecting the great practical value of the Watertown testing-machine, and the necessity that exists, for an able permanent commission to supervise its operations, in order that the results of all tests made thereon may be properly worked out and rendered available for public use. It is doubtless known to the Institute that this machine has, for the past two years, been placed at the service of the public upon payment of a per diem charge. It was my privilege to be among the first to use the testing-machine, and the results of my first experiments were of such importance, owing to the great capacity and extreme accuracy of the machine, that it has since become my practice to have tests of all materials used in constructions that came under my charge, made at Watertown. As a conseqnence, nearly one hundred tests have been made on my account directly, and some two hundred and forty additional for work built from my designs. It may be confidently affirmed, that the factor of anxiety on all these structures is exceedingly small .m far as the quality of material is concerned, and it is undoubtedly a very great advantage for parties interested in construction to have

Jan 1, 1882

By Laszlo Valentyik, John T. Patton

A conventional heavy-media separation process utilizes a mixture of finely ground solids like magnetite, ferrosilicon, or shale and water. The always-present clay in the medium acts as a stabilizing agent since the coarse heavy-media solids would quickly sink if they were mixed only in water. As the pseudoplastic nature of polymer solutions has excellent suspending properties, laboratory investigations were conducted at the Institute of Mineral Research on whether polymers could be used as suspending agents for finely ground heavy media. The preliminary results (published previously) of the laboratory research studies have shown that sufficient stabilities of heavy media can be obtained at a relatively low polymer concentration. This paper is a continuation of the previous work and it presents some of the results of recent studies where the rheological properties of the heavy-media suspensions were studied in a newly developed settling tube and the already familiar concentric-cylinder-type consistometer. In the investigations bentonites as a stabilizing agent also were included so that comparative results would be available to the plant engineer to assist him in the choice of the most suitable material for stabilizing various heavy media.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. L. Holley

The three principal mines from which the celebrated Salisbury iron ores are obtained are called respectively the "Old Hill," "Davis," and "Chatfield" ore beds, and are situated in the town of Salisbury, Litchfield County, Conn., on the eastern slope of the Tocconuc range of hills.* The Old Hill Ore Bed is a tract of land of 100 acres, originally granted by the General Court in October, 1731, to be laid out by Daniel Bissell of Windsor. It mas Boon after surveyed and located by Ezekiel Ashley and John Pell. The descendants of Ashley are still proprietors in the mine. The supply of ore has been very abundant, and for many years was easily obtained, but latterly the cost of raising has been greatly increased. Up to about 1840 the average yield was estimated to be about 4500 tons per annum. The production has gradually increased until the average yield at present is estimated at 15,000 tons annually. The largest production in any one ymr was about 20,000 tons. The proprietors of this mine were incorporated many years ago under the style of " The Salisbury Ore Bed Proprietors." The Davis Ore Bed, named after an early owner, was originally called Hendricks Ore Bed, and was owned before the organization of the town of Salisbury by Thomas Lamb, one of the first settlers

Jan 1, 1879

By C. H. Li, R. J. Stokes, T. L. Johnston

Sodium chloride crystals are brittle in the presence of surface microcracks. Water immersion leads to an enhancement of ductility which is retained indefinitely in dry air providing the crystal is dried without leaving a surface precipitate. Storage in a damp atmosphere results in a surface reaction and consequent rembrittlement. Although elimination of surface flaws in ionic solids does not necessarily enhance ductility, there is always a change in the location of the fracture origin. EVER since the original experiments of Joffel there has been controversy over their interpretation and no satisfactory generalized explanation has yet been given. It is generally admitted that when sodium

Jan 1, 1961

By W. E. Hubbard

The Panhandle area of northwest Texas embraces the northern portion of the Permian Basin of Texas as well as a considerable portion of the western part of the Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma. For the purpose of this report it will include in addition to the 20 counties of the Panhandle proper the two tiers of counties lying to the south, a total area of about 32,000 square miles. Crossing the Texas Panhandle diagonally from northwest to southeast is the Amarillo Arch, related to which is all of the production discovered to date. Oil Production Up to Jan. 1, 1930, the Panhandle has produced about 125,000,000 bbl. of oil. The peak yearly production occurred in 1927, during which period 49,000,000 bbl. were produced. In 1928 the production fell to 25,000,000 bbl., but in 1929, on account of important discoveries in Gray County, the total increased to 31,000,000 bbl. To date Hutchinson County has produced 64 per cent. of the total. Table 1 shows the total yearly production by counties. The present production of the Panhandle is 100,500 bbl. from 1745 wells or an average of 57.6 bbl. per well compared to a production on Jan. 1, 1929, of 59,748 bbl. from 1468 wells or an average of 40.7 bbl. per well. The peak production of the year occurred during the week

Jan 1, 1930

SINCE I told you in the preceding chapter how the potter's art is followed in practice, now in this following one I wish to tell you how mortar* and bricks are made, and how and to what purpose they were discovered, although I know you will answer that you know it, inasmuch as it is an art known not only to skillful men but also to the unskilled ones by whom it is practiced, and that bricks and mortar were made and always will be made for the purpose of building. This I admit, but probably everyone does not know it as you do, and you perhaps, do not know its beginnings, although I remember having told you of them. Wishing to repeat it better now I shall begin with long ago, so that both you and I may be better satisfied. Therefore I tell you that you should know that all the arts that men practice in the world have been learned by them either through the process of reasoning from the principles of natural phenomena, from the actions of animals, by chance, or when forced either by some necessity or

Jan 1, 1942

By J. C. Irvine

Meramec Mining Co., a joint venture by Bethlehem Steel Corp. and St. Joe Minerals Corp., is engaged in the mining, concentrating, and pelletizing of iron ore from the Pea Ridge mine near Sullivan, Mo., about 70 mi southwest of St. Louis. The orebody lies under about 1300 ft of sediments. It is tabular, about 2600 ft long and up to 600 ft thick, and lies in an approximate east-west delineation. The orebody dips about 80"s and is of unknown depth. The ore is primarily high grade magnetite with smaller zones of specular hematite. The Precambrian wall rock is rhyolite porphyry. The mine is serviced through two concrete-lined shafts, 19 ft 1 in. diam and 2500 ft deep. No. 1 shaft, equipped with an "A" type head-frame and conventional cylindrical drums, hoists men, materials, and waste rock; it is also the downcast air shaft. No. 2 shaft utilizes tower-mounted friction hoists to handle the two production skips, each with 24-ton counterweights, and a small man cage. The mine exhaust passes through this shaft. Ore is principally mined by sublevel stoping,

Jan 9, 1972