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By B. F. Fackenthal

The earliest history shows that, in the reduction of iron-ores, natural draft was used to supply the blast, and that, when artificial blast was first used, it was supplied by leather bellows, usually made of skins, which were worked by the feet or hands, the blast entering the furnace through one tuyere or nozzle. The prehistoric bellows and its tuyere or nozzle are still in use in some form wherever iron is made. The original Durham furnace, built in 1727 at Durham, Pa., which was one of the earliest blast-furnaces in this country, was blown with a bellows, the power being supplied by a waterwheel. The old records show the purchase of leather at various times to repair the bellows, and mention the freezing of the water-wheel as one of the causes for going out of blast. In the early days of our iron manufacture but one tuyere was used; in fact, a cousiderable number of charcoal-furnaces continued to use but one tuyere down to recent years. I am

Jan 1, 1899

Important chemical and other technical engineering work necessary, for the prosecution of this war is being carried on by the Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, at Washington, D. C. The services of trained men of the following classifications are urgently needed Bacteriologists Instrument makers Biologists Laboratory Assistants Chemists, Inorganic Laborers Chemists, Organic Machinists Chemists, Physical Physiologists Chemists, Electro- Plumbers Chemical Engineers Steamfitters Draftsmen Stenographers. Electrical Engineers Skilled labor of various kinds If your training fits you for any of these occupations, send to the Bureau of Mines, American University Experiment Station, . Washington, D. C. for blank forms. When properly executed and returned by you, these forms will be placed on file, and when a vacancy occurs you will be considered for it and will be notified if your services are desired. If you are a registrant in the draft, and have not yet been- ordered to camp, it may be possible to have you immediately inducted into the service for work here. If you are not in the draft, but feel that you wish to serve your country in the present crisis, you can enlist, or serve as a civilian. Serve your country where you can serve it best. VAN H. MANNING, Director.

Jan 6, 1918

By Robert M. Rudio

Montana is leading the way in the field of mined-land reclamation with new laws and new ideas. The Montana Department of State Lands is combining new legislation and practical application techniques to all mining operations in the state. Road building, stream relocations, or settling systems can be designed to meet the environmental problems. Mineral exploration now requires a new and closer look at drill site locations, road gradients, and exploration tools. The problems and costs of land rehabilitation must be thoroughly understood by the exploration geologist in order to satisfactorily conduct exploration in Montana.

Jan 1, 1975

By C. W. Schulties, W. J. Mallio, L. J. Petrovic, J. A. L. Campbell

Roof control comprises about 35% of direct and indirect underground mining costs. In addition, difficulties in estimating roof control costs for new areas lead to the greatest uncertainties when negotiating coal contracts. And obviously, coal cannot be mined if the roof can't be held. Accordingly, there are strong incentives to attack this problem on as many fronts as possible. One successful geological modeling technique for predicting future roof conditions was recently applied at Peabody Coal's Simco mine No. 5, located in Coshocton, Ohio. Benefits derived from it included: - A better identification of areas where poor safety conditions may be encountered. - Improved roof control cost estimates for contract negotiations. - Estimates of time-duration while mining in bad roof areas. - Labor and materials cost predictions in an existing mine. - Productivity increases through prior knowledge of areas to avoid.

Jan 10, 1975

By J. H. Russell

THE great number of wells being drilled in the Gulf Coast creates a great demand for and an opportunity to improve the methods of drilling wells and of producing oil from them. Some improvements have been made, but in the present strenuous drilling campaign at Spindletop, the quickest methods of drilling and completing wells are much too slow. Therefore, not a great deal of thought has been given to any new methods. However, one can not help but compare the method and equipment used in the present-day drilling campaign at Spindletop with those of 1901. The differences in equipment and methods are staggering and the present-day operators can hardly imagine how the old operators ever were able to drill a well. The "Old Timers" explain the reason as being that "Men were men in those days and not much machinery was necessary." Yet the development in 25 years of thought and study has brought about a great improvement in equipment and in methods. I believe there has been a great deal more thought given to the development and improvement of drilling equipment and methods and to the completion of wells than has been given to the actual production operations.

Jan 11, 1926

By George F. Beardsley

The silver-fields of Zeehan and Dundas are located on the "West Coast" of Tasmania, 30 miles from the port of Strahan on the Macquarie Harbor. This harbor is 17 miles long, from 4 to 5 miles wide, and completely landlocked. Its only drawback is a shallow bar with 9 feet of water on it. The hills on the western side of the harbor vary from 200 to 300 feet in height, and are all composed of quartzite or a quartz grit. From 15 to 20 miles back from the eastern shore of the harbor is a conglomerate-capped range of mountains, rising to the height of 4700 feet. The immediate eastern

Jan 1, 1893

By C. B. Barlow, T. A. Mekelburg

Due to a tight ash constraint on the clean coal product and difficult middlings washability characteristics, a considerable amount of coal was being lost in the jig middlings at the Monterey No. 2 Mine. An investigation was conducted into circuitry to recover this lost coal with minimal effect on the total clean coal ash. A reverse two-stage hydrocyclone system cleaning at low specific gravities was selected. This system is currently recovering approximately 5.8 kg/s (23 stph) of 11.5% to 12.5% ash coal. The specific gravity of separation for the system is about 1.5 and the probable error is 0.13.

Jan 1, 1986

By O. C. Wheeler

Production in Colombia attained a new high during 1940 when it reached a total of 25,607,976 bbl. Of this amount, the Tropical Oil Co. produced 21;426,492 bbl., including 268,586 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Cololmbian Petroleum Co. produced 4,181,484 bbl. from its Barco property. The wildcatting program of different companies in the Magdalena Valley that was initiated during the previous year was continued but with results that were decidedly disappointing. Ten wells were drilled in the Magdalena Valley between the approximate latitudes of Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio and nine of these were dry; the tenth was a small producer of no commercial importance. The prospects of finding new fields in the Magdalena Valley thus received a serious setback, since some of the tests drilled were on well developed surface structures. The prospects of the Valley, however, have by no means been exhausted and drilling operations are being continued on other prospects. One additional wildcat was drilled outside the Magdalena Valley on the Colombian Petroleum Company's Barco Concession, which brought to 11 the total number of wildcats drilled in Colom-bia during the year. This well, known as

Jan 1, 1941

By James A. Carney

The quality of water for steam boilers is a serious question in Illinois, and has been the occasion of many investigations, undertaken either for the discovery of sources of a better supply, or for the purification of the supplies already at hand. LOCATION OF SUPPLIES. The sources of supply of which this paper treats lie along the right of way of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company, and form a nearly straight line from Chicago, Illinois, on Lake Michigan, to Burlington, Iowa, on the Mississippi River. The supplies consist of surface-, ground- and deep well-waters ; their locations are given in Fig. 1, which is adapted from a map of Illinois published by the Illinois Railroad Commissioners. The influence of the geological formation on the water-supply of Illinois is fully treated in an article in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey by Mr. Frank Leverett, entitled, " The Water-Resources of Illinois." It is not the purpose of this paper to introduce a geological discussion; and

Jan 1, 1898

By Raymond Mancha

WHEN calculating the pressure-volume characteristics of projected mine-ventilat-ing circuits by orthodox methods, certain basic assumptions are required in order to employ the various available empirical data. It is assumed, for example, that the mine air is an incompressible fluid subjected to isothermal flow, an assumption suffi-ciently accurate for practical purposes since pressure and temperature differentials are small throughout the average circuit. A more erroneous assumption, however, is that all air is accounted for as it travels throughout the mine. No attempt is usually made to evaluate stopping leakage as it occurs; instead, the air volume required at the last crosscuts is assumed to enter the mine, travel the vari-ous intake air courses intact, sweep the workings and travel out by the return air courses to the point or points of exit from the mine. Actually, there is a leakage of air from intake to return at every stopping, the quantity of this leakage depending upon the tightness of the stopping and the pres-sure difference across the stopping. Unfortunately, a lack of empirical data and knowledge of the condition of individ-ual stoppings makes an exact analysis of underground stopping leakage impossible. Generally, leakage is most severe through the old stoppings outbye the circuit. These are also subjected to higher pressure differ-ences than the newer inbye stoppings. Therefore the circuit air volume diminishes at a decreasing rate progressing from out-bye to inbye the circuit.

Jan 1, 1940

By Howard E. Parkinson, John N. Murphy

The past five years have seen communications techniques and hardware developed by the Bureau of Mines and its contractors increasingly brought into use in U.S. mines. The Bureau philosophy has been to help develop and introduce new hardware that goes as far as possible toward meeting the mining industry's needs. The Bureau programs are also designed to provide continuous fallout of new communications capabilities which are introduced to the mine operators as they occur. As more progress is made in meeting mine communications needs, it is hoped that the mining industry will readily adopt the equipment and techniques that it finds most useful in meeting its individual needs. This paper reports on recent advances achieved in the development of improved mine communications systems. In May 1975 the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) conducted a mine communications technology meeting to provide a brief overview of the USBM communications technology developments in the past 5 yr. This meeting lasted for 1 1/2 days. Therefore, I have elected to narrow this paper to a brief review of recent underground mine communication developments. The following will be discussed: 1) Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio for fan hole drill operators;

Jan 1, 1978

By Donald A. Dahlstrom

The selection and sizing of filters depends on the characteristics of the type of filter and the feed slurry. In addition, the rate functions of cake formation, cake washing and cake dewatering must be determined in order to design the filter station on the basis of desired performance. This chapter discusses the applied theory used to determine the rate functions and illustrates how to incorporate these into the filter cycle to obtain the required objectives. This also permits the sizing of the filter and auxiliaries as well as the selection of the proper type of filter.

Jan 1, 1978

By John G. Roscoe

Continental Materials Corp. operates two under- ground uranium mines in the Crooks Gap district of central Wyoming. Both mines are developed as slusher mining operations through vertical shafts with single level haulage to slusher pocket loading stations. In general, operations at both mines are similar except for depth and some minor details. The shafts are identical in cross-section, each with a 4 ½ x 5-ft hoisting compartment and a 4 ½ x 5-ft manway. Kimberley-type skips are loaded from measuring pockets through air-operated guillotine gates. The Seismic shaft is 245 ft deep and the Reserve shaft depth is 585 ft. The Seismic shaft was sunk in 1957 and the mine has been producing 200 tpd since 1958. The Reserve shaft was sunk in 1960 and the mine is still in the development stage. The hoists of both mines are equipped for semi-automatic operation; that is, they are mechanically controlled to perform a certain cycle of duty and then stop until another cycle is manually initiated. The Seismic hoist, however, was originally a conventional, manually controlled unit; the reserve hoist was installed as an automated system.

Jan 7, 1962

By Paul R. Smith

Preparation for flotation begins with dragline mining, pumping, washing, screening, and desliming. Slimes, nominally -150 mesh material, constitute large quantities of phosphate and water which are a disposal problem. Older techniques involve sizing at about 35 mesh for separate coarse and fine treatment. The plus 14 mesh fraction does not require concentration. Coarse treatment includes agglomerate spiralling, belt flotation, thickening, scrubbing with sulfuric acid, de-oiling for reagent removal, and cationic flotation of fine quartz. A recent trend is to screen at coarser than 35 mesh size and eliminate coarse particle treatment, sacrificing some grade of this product. Techniques for flotation concentration of the fine size fraction are discussed.

Jan 1, 1976

The Secretary of the Treasury, acting through the National War Savings Committee, soliciting the support of patriotic associations in America in the sale of War Savings Stamps, has addressed the following letter to the President of the Institute: It is particularly desirable to have you urge the members of your association to give their assistance wholeheartedly, and to this end we urgently request that you write a letter to each of your members, outlining the aims of this campaign. That you may more easily draft your letter, we mention a few things in which your members could render a special service. Agencies and Sales Stations.-We desire immediately to establish several hundred thousand agencies and sales stations. It is as easy to sell a War Savings Stamp as it is in ordinary postage stamp, and we have launched a great drive to establish sales stations everywhere. The plan is simplicity itself! Your town, city, county or State Director can furnish you with supplies, posters and publicity matter. You can get the stamps from your post office or bank. Such stations should be at every pay window of manufacturing, industrial and mercantile establishments, and at every retail counter in the country. These stamps should be the easiest bought merchandise in the world, and when these agencies are established this end will have been accom-plished. Therefore, please lay extra pressure on the thought of immediately establishing these sales stations.

Jan 3, 1918

By Robert Uhley, Tsvi Meidav, LeRoy Scharon

Before National Lead built an industrial plant on its Fredricktown property, some 100 miles south of St. Louis, a 750x500-ft area on the proposed site was investigated by electrical resistivity, seismic refraction, and churn drilling. Data were accumulated to prepare an isopach map of the overburden and to determine soundness of the dolomite bed- rock and the depth to bedrock at fixed points. The site was on a gently sloping hillside. Elevations above sea level ranged from 760 ft in the northwest corner to 820 ft along the eastern edge, giving a total relief of 60 ft. There were no major drainage features, but in the northern part of the plant site there was an indicated depression area which later was interpreted as reflecting subsurface conditions in the bedrock. No rock was exposed in the entire plant site area; the surface was characterized by soil and overburden.

Jan 2, 1959

By R. M. Wilhelm

HIGH-TEMPERATURE thermometry,, as treated in this paper, deals with the measurement of temperature in the range 100° to 550° C. The lower limit corresponds to the temperature of boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure, the upper limit is approximately the highest temperature to which mercury in a glass thermometer may be safely subjected.1 In this range., the domains of pyrometry and thermometry overlap somewhat, for high-temperature resistance thermometers and thermocouples generally classed as pyrometers are often used below 550° C. This paper will be confined to high-temperature mercurial thermometers, and indicating and recording thermometers of the vapor pressure, liquid or gas filled, and bimetallic or graphite-metal expansion types, a classification of which is as follows: CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOMETERS GENERAL CLASSIFICATION SUBDIVISIONS Mercury in glass Laboratory- Etched or engraved stems (mercurial) Enclosed scale (Einschlus) Industrial Vapor pressure Indicating and Pressure Liquid filled recording Gas filled Bimetallic Graphite-metal expansion

Jan 9, 1919

By A. P. Herring, M. Hoover, D. W. Fuerstenau

The dissolution of nickel, copper, and cobalt from five different samples of well-characterized deep sea manganese nodules was measured as a function of temperature, pH, leaching time, and particle size. Nickel, copper, and cobalt extraction each respond to these variables in a different manner. The results of this investigation indicate that copper and nickel can be selectively dissolved from iron and manganese at moderately low pH, provided the reaction is given sufficient time. A high dissolution of cobalt with dilute sulfuric acid can only be achieved from nodules that have a low iron content (<5%). The most probable rate-controlling step for copper and cobalt dissolution is diffusion through the pores of the nodules, and for nickel dissolution chemical reaction appears to be rate-controlling.

Jan 1, 1974

By O. C. Wheeler

Production in Colombia attained a new high during 1940 when it reached a total of 25,607,976 bbl. Of this amount, the Tropical Oil Co. produced 21;426,492 bbl., including 268,586 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Cololmbian Petroleum Co. produced 4,181,484 bbl. from its Barco property. The wildcatting program of different companies in the Magdalena Valley that was initiated during the previous year was continued but with results that were decidedly disappointing. Ten wells were drilled in the Magdalena Valley between the approximate latitudes of Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio and nine of these were dry; the tenth was a small producer of no commercial importance. The prospects of finding new fields in the Magdalena Valley thus received a serious setback, since some of the tests drilled were on well developed surface structures. The prospects of the Valley, however, have by no means been exhausted and drilling operations are being continued on other prospects. One additional wildcat was drilled outside the Magdalena Valley on the Colombian Petroleum Company&apos;s Barco Concession, which brought to 11 the total number of wildcats drilled in Colom-bia during the year. This well, known as

Jan 1, 1941

By Paul Gordon

It is shown that equations for grain-boundary migrntion given by Gordon and Vandermeer, based on a theory first advanced quantitatively by Lucke and Detert, satisfactorily explain recent data on both GRAIN boundary migration in recrystallization and in postrecrystallization grain growth has been the subject of extensive studies for many years. Only solute-independent and solute-dependent boundary migration during recrystallization in zone-refined, poly crystalline aluminum, and during grain growth in zone-refined tin. with the advent of zone-refining, however, has it been possible to carry out such studies on high-purity metals, and thus to delineate quantitatively the major effect On the migration rates of very small percentages of dissolved imPurities. Earlier exPerimental work almost invariably gave migration rate parameters which disagreed with theoretical predictions

Jan 1, 1963