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By H. M. Woodrooffe

Three of the world's largest phosphate deposits are located in the USSR. These have an estimated reserve of 2,600 million short tons of elemental phosphorus. The best known lies in the Khibiny Massif, an alkalaic rock formation some 600 square miles in area with mountain peaks rising to an altitude of 3300 ft above the surrounding terrain. The Khibiny Massif is north of the Arctic Circle in the Kola Peninsula at a latitude of 67° 30' north and a longitude of 35° 30' east. It is connected by rail to Murmansk, 100 miles northwest, and Leningrad, 900 rail miles south.

Jan 12, 1972

By James W. Baxter

Underground mining of limestone is becoming increasingly practicable in Illinois. Most quarries are near rivers on the western and southern borders where competition for land use is intensive. Increasing demands for stone can be met by expanded mining with access by adits in existing quarries and by inclines and shafts at downdip sites. Geologic, hydrologic, and engineering conditions indicate that deep mines in the Ste. Genevieve, Salem, Ullin, and basal Burlington limestones of Mississippian age and in the Moredock member of the Dunleith formation of Ordovician age are particularly feasible, but development will require prudent exploration and planning to ensure that the product will be of good quality.

Jan 1, 1981

By H. H. Stoek

Among the mining and metallurgical achievements of the latter part of the nineteenth century, not the least is the incep tion and successful prosecution by mining men of a technical educational movement which in magnitude surpasses any similar movement ever before set on foot. The following account of this undertaking has been prepared at the request of the Secretary of the Institute :*

Jan 1, 1899

By W. M. Tuddenham, R. J. P. Lyon

In many areas surrounding the orebodies in mining districts rocks have been bleached and altered by the ore-forming solutions and have been oxidized during later weathering processes. A number of the rock-forming silic-ates have been broken down to clay, sericitic micas and chlorites have been developed, and pyrite may be found hundreds of feet outside the economic limits of the orebody. These halos of altered ground are prime targets used by geologists in many districts to delineate promising sites for drilling. Both in the field and in the laboratory it is often difficult to map these mineralogical changes in the halos in detail without numerous petrologic examinations. The secondary minerals are generally fine-grained, and since conversion of one mineral to another is often progressive, many alteration processes have not proceeded to completion (feldspars to clay to sericite mica). Qualitative detection of these minerals is difficult; quantitative determination is frequently impossible.

Jan 1, 1960

By J. D. Pelletier

SAN MANUEL orebody is a disseminated copper deposit in quartz monzonite, monzonite porphyry, and diabase. Quartz monzonite, which is Pre-Cambrian1 in age, is exposed in an area including No. 1 and No. 4 shafts and extending about 2400 ft southeast from No. 1 shaft. It is also exposed in the bottom of No. 2 shaft and in a zone roughly 500 to 1200 ft southeast of No. 2 shaft having its long dimension along a northeast-southwest axis. Churn drilling has shown all these exposures to be parts of a contiguous mass of quartz monzonite lying within and beneath the ore zone.

Jan 7, 1957

By Steven Cordiviola, Richard Sergeant

The Kentucky Geological Survey(KGS) was established in 1854 as the official geologic research organization in the Commonwealth. Since that time the Survey has performed basic research in a number of geologic areas such as energy, applied geology, mineral resources, geologic mapping, and hydrogeology. Because of coal's importance to Kentucky, a significant part of the geologic data collected by the KGS is coal related. Coal-related data also occur in a variety of other KGS data sets such as the petroleum and water data files. To adequately respond to coal-related inquiries, the KGS maintains an inter- active, on-line data base in which various types of geologic and hydrologic information can be easily stored, retrieved, and manipulated. The KGS will continue to expand and update this data base through ongoing research, and by cooperating with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, U. S. Geological Survey, and University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals Research. Data in this comprehensive system is available to State, Federal, and local governments; industry; researchers; and the general public. These data facilitate coal exploration, mine planning and permitting, coal production, and research activities in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Jan 1, 1983

I HAVE already described to you many kinds of fusions and fires and still have many to describe if1 am to guide you, as I intend, among the operations of these processes. In all these, quantities of charcoal and various kinds of it must be handled continually and it therefore seems to me necessary to tell something about charcoal for aiding you in these processes. Without it artificers could scarcely bring their works to an end, because it is the food that nourishes the fire both for smelting and for softening the metals, or for calcining or drying things out. [61] It is a very powerful means and not only is its fire used for many more works than other fires, but it is also essential. Although there are many other things that make fire and would make it, I do not know of any that are better adapted for this purpose, or that can be more easily procured in large quantities, than wood and charcoal. For, as you can see, very great forests are found which make one think

Jan 1, 1942

By H. W. Smith, A. K. Bjerring

A nonlinear dynamic model for a flotation cell is developed, using a number of simplifying assumptions, the most important of which is that of essentially complete liberation in the feed material. Using this model, a complete dynamic model for a flotation circuit is developed and calibrated against steady- state process data. The dynamic response of the circuit to disturbances in input feed rate and composition is simulated, as is the response of a linearized and simplified model on which control design might be more easily based. Preliminary results indicate the practicability of the modeling technique. However, difficulties in matching steady-state operating conditions in one process stream, and the apparent importance of recycle streams as indicators of process operation, indicate that inclusion of at least one species of middling particle in the model should be considered.

Jan 1, 1969

By H. I. Smith

WHEN Spain established colonies on the North American continent, some of her land grants, in what is now the United States, reserved to the Crown deposits of gold, silver, and mercury. Later mineral rights were reserved under some of the English Crown charters involving land in the eastern part of North America, with provisions for the payment of royalties thereon to the Crown. Reservation of mineral deposits to the United States Government was instituted by an ordinance of Congress on May 20, 1785, which applied to such deposits in the Northwest Territory, then north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, and provided that there should be reserved "one third of all gold, silver, lead, and copper mines, to be sold or otherwise disposed of as Congress shall hereafter direct." Little was known then of the mineral resources of the country; the Great Lakes copper region had just come into the possession of the United States by treaty and much of the western mineral land still belonged to France and Spain.

Jan 4, 1954

By Wilson D. Michell

THE Magma copper vein trends east-west, dips 70° south, and cuts through a 6000-ft thickness of limestones, quartzites, shale, diabase, and schist. The vein is itself a fault with -a horizontal offset of 500 ft on the formation contacts in the two walls. There are two principal faults of large displacement and numerous smaller steep and flat faults that complicate the prediction of ore occurrence. A study of the geology, its systematic recording to facilitate ready reference, and graphic methods of interpretation of mineralization have aided the exploration, development, and mining of the ore. In making predictions of the distribution of mineable ore bodies and their shape in critical areas, studies are made of "mineralization contours" and "mineralization trends," which are developed on a longitudinal section of the vein from variations in the concentration of the combined base metal content as shown by assays of available openings in the mine.

Jan 1, 1947

By R. W. Raymond

It is impracticable to prepare for the present number of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin a detailed account of the memorable Joint Meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute and our Institute, held in London, the last week in July, and of the, innumerable festivities, entertainments and excursions which accompanied and followed it, in England, Scotland, Wales and Germany. This preliminary sketch, from which all " useful particulars "' have been carefully omitted, is published unofficially, as a convenient answer to the manifold inquiries of members who did not go, and who are now trying to alleviate their unavailing regret by indulging their curiosity. Perhaps they secretly hope to hear that they did not lose so very much, after all-that the affair was not all that could have been desired or dreamed; that there were serious drawbacks, shortcomings and disappointments; and that it is just as well to have stayed it home, and now to hear about it. Let them lay no such flattering unction to their souls. The month they have missed would have been the time of their lives. They will never, never know how good a time it was, or adequately repent of their folly, if they could have gone with us, and voluntarily did not go of course, those who would but could not, have our immeasurable pity, without blame. I shall present here no consecutive and minute story, but only a series of general paragraphs concerning different aspects and stages of our experience. THE WEATHER. The proverbial good fortune of the Institute attended its visiting members and guests at every stage of the late London meeting and the numerous excursions which accompanied or followed it. Even the process of crossing the Atlantic was made delightful by smooth seas, through which the great modern transatlantic liners made their way without disagreeable

Sep 1, 1906

By Norman Yarborough

Much has been written about the energy fuels including their standing with respect to reserves, their delivered Btu costs, their potential in the electrical generating market and their capabilities to meet a burgeoning demand. Yet, when all factors are placed in their proper perspective, the spiraling electrical energy market alone should guarantee each fuel a better than average market for the foreseeable future. In fact, a study made by the U.S. Federal Power Commission on the spare capacity utilities have on hand indicated that 39 of the 181 major utility systems had less than 10% reserves on hand at the end of 1969. Fuel supplies are critically low in some areas, especially in the Southeast, South Central and Midwest areas of the U.S. In other systems equipment shortages resulting from faulty equipment or delays in getting new equipment deliveries causes power failures during peak loads. In addition, lack of labor curtails the erection of some new facilities and prevents many other facilities from operating at capacity.

Jan 1, 1970

By T. Egleston

Although the success of metallurgical operations depends so largely on the possibility of finding proper refractory materials, which enter so prominently into the cost of their operations, it can hardly be said that our knowledge of them is in a very satisfactory condition, or even that we know very much about them, beyond a few facts which have been gathered through their use. Experience, as a general thing, is an excellent master, but the requirements of

By Walter von der Linden

A description is presented of the mining conditions of four longwall shield type support installations in the Pittsburgh seam in northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. Details of roof control and operating procedures, production and performance data, and equipment description and basic engineering specifications are given for these four longwall installations. The range of mining heights was between 150 and 250 cm (60 and 95 in.). The major accomplishment of the shield supports in all four faces was the provision of an almost 100% availability for coal cutting; i.e., the face-down time due to roof control problems and support maintenance requirements was minimal.

Jan 1, 1978

By Arthur F. Colombo

The selective flocculation, desliming and flotation process developed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, as part of its goal of maintaining an adequate supply of minerals to meet national economic and strategic needs is described. The application of the selective flocculation and cationic flotation process to three oxidized taconites from the western Mesabi Range in Minnesota is discussed. Data from the operation of a 408-kilogram-per-hour (900 lb/hr) pilot plant employing reclaimed water are summarized for the three types of oxidized taconites.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. M. Duke, A. J. Naldrett

Significant resources grading less than about 1% nickel occur in magmatic sulfide deposits of two types. In the Mt. Keith type, extensive zones of disseminated nickel sulfides occur in the central portions of certain synvolcanic dunite-peridotite sills of komatiitic affinity in Archean greenstone terranes. In the Duluth type, disseminated copper-nickel sulfides occur near the basal margins of intrusions of flood basaltic affinity associated with intracontinental rifring. In both types, the parent magmas became saturated with sulfide following the onset of fractional crystallization and the separation of the immiscible sulfide melt was accompanied by the precipitation of a relatively large proportion of silicates. The abundant silicate crystals impeded the coalescense and accumulation of the sulfide droplets with the resulting formation of large but low grade deposits.

Jan 1, 1983

By Fred W. Gordon

The heading of this paper was prompted by the knowledge that experience, up to this time, seemed to indicate that smaller furnaces were preferable for smelting the material of this section. Since the reasonable success thus far achieved by the first furnace of this plant tends to change the above opinion, and unsettle the generally-accepted views of furnace-men as to "weak " coke, a few words as to the design of the plant and the mode of operation adopted may prove interesting.

Jan 1, 1889

By Carroll Wegemann

THAT Colorado was producing oil and gas before the fields of the Mid-Continent were discovered is a fact too frequently overlooked. As early as 1862, oil was obtained in the Florence district (see Fig. 1) from seepages and shallow holes. The first well that could be regarded Fig. 1. as being truly commercial was drilled in this field in 1876. The field is now producing 100,000 bbl. per year, and is credited with a total production of approximately 11,000,000 bbl. The small field near Boulder, Boulder County, was opened in 1901; production has now practically ceased but the field is credited" with a total production of 610,000 bbl. Oil was discovered at Rangeley in 1901, and the field supports a small local refinery at the present time. The first shallow well in the White River gas field was drilled in 1892, and the wells now producing have been

Jan 3, 1925

By H. N. Wolcott

Among the many cases of replacement of one mineral by another, that of quartz or silicates by pyrite, or even other sulphides, is not uncommon, but the reverse of this process does not appear to have been recorded, even if it has been observed. It seemed to the writer, therefore, that the case described below was worthy of record. Fig.1. GROUndALass of chalcopyrite (C) containing Rounded GRAINs of TYRITE (P) SHOWING DEFFERENT DEGREES OF REPLACEMENT BY QUARTZ (($), AND ALSO QUARTZ VEINLETS CUTTING THROUGH THE PYRITE. (PHOTOGRAPHED BY REFLECTED LIGHT.) The specimens described in this paper were obtained by R. B. Morton of Idaho Springs, Colo., from the Old Town mine, in Russell, Gulch, and ;re in the collection of Cornell University, where the writer studied them. In the rough, the specimens appeared to consist largely of chalcopy-rite. with some grains of tetrahediite. The polished surface of some of

Jan 1, 1918

By Michael E. Zellars

The environment for deposition of marine phosphorite is controlled by the relationship of prevailing climatic, oceanographic, structural, and sedimentary conditions. The set, or sets, of conditions that has evoked the accumulation of economic concentrations of phosphorite has been the subject of a number of previous works. Phosphorite presently considered ore is generally in excess of 10% P205 with an extractable phosphate product in excess of 30% P2O5. The concentration of the product in the ore, its amenability to state-of-the-art extraction, and thickness of the overburden are major controlling factors in determining its mineability. A recent survey of phosphorite deposits in the south-eastern United States included a review of the depositional and structural setting for the major areas of occurrence. The application of previous work regarding phosphorogenesis has led to the establishment of a general depositional model for most mid-Miocene primary phosphorites, and, is also possibly applicable to the Bone Valley (Pliocene-Miocene) district of central Florida.

Jan 12, 1978