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"Located on Missouri River 16 miles N. E. from Helena, 67 miles from Butte and 18 miles below Canyon Ferry. River drainage area 16,000 sq. miles.DAM: Built in 1907; rebuilt of concrete in 1911. Maximum height 129.3 ft., length over all 720 ft.; elevation of crest 3621; elevation of bridge 3640; normal head 60'; normal tail water elevation 3568.5.SPILLWAY: Length over all 491 ft.; clear opening in 24 sections; 445' flashboards, 14 high to elevation 3635, which is 3.5' above Canyon Ferry normal tail . water elevation.PENSTOCKS: 5 of steel, 12 ft. diam., about 75 ft. long from canal to main turbines, and 3 40-inch diam. from canal to exciters.WHEELS: 5 main pairs, horizontal, center discharge, 48-inch bronze turbines, 225 rev., 4,000 h-p. at 60 ft. head, made by S. Morgan Smith Co., direct coupled to generators, and--3 single, horizontal, 25-inch units, direct coupled to exciters.GENERATORS: 5 W. E. & M. Co. water wheel type, revolving field, 2,800 k-w., 2,400 v., 225 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycle alternators.OPERATION: The plant has a larger water storage than Canyon Ferry and can also use stored water from Canyon Ferry storage. Separate transmission lines 13 miles long connect to lines from Canyon Ferry to Butte, and the Plant operates in parallel with the Canyon Ferry plant."

Jan 1, 1913

By T. D. Thomas

CONTENTS PAGE T. D. Thomas-Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines 3 W. H. Forbes-Misfires in Bituminous Coal Mines 12 A. W. Worthington-Misfires in Non-metallic Mining (Limestone) 18 Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines BY T. D. THOMAS, * LANSFORD, PA. (New York Meeting, February, 1929) IN THIS paper, major attention is given to misfires in mines where electric multiple shot-firing is the system used. Misfires are sometimes caused by one action or condition and at other times by a combination of two or more. They may be divided into two classes: (1) those caused by workers in the mines, (2) mechanical or manufacturer's causes. The second cause will be discussed first.

Jan 1, 1929

By A. L. Sweetser

EXPERIENCE has shown how difficult it is to obtain information regarding laboratory-tests in connection with the chlorination-process for the extraction of gold from its ores, and I therefore present the following method, somewhat in detail, for the benefit of those who may desire to pursue research work in this field. The ore chosen was a partly-decomposed porphyry, extremely siliceous and comparatively soft, and of an average value per ton of from $25 to $26 in gold and $0.68 in silver. The chemical analysis gave : Fe2O3, 3.35; FeS, 1.5; MnO2, 0.75; ZnCO3, 4; Al2O3, 3.20; H2O, 0.7; SiO2 and insol., 83.50 per cent. The ore, first crushed to pass a 5-mesh screen, was coned and quartered until a 45-lb. sample was obtained. Samples for assay and analysis, taken from this lot by means of riffles, were crushed to pass a 100-mesh screen. The original sample was divided into 10-lb. lots, of which one was crushed to pass a 10-mesh screen; another through a 12-; the third through a 20-, .and the last through a 30-mesh screen. Because of the production of an excessive quantity of fine material it was deemed inexpedient to crush finer than 30-mesh size-a decision the wisdom of which is proved by the data in Table I., showing the increasing ratio of slimes, in proportion as the ore is crushed finer. In order to determine the percentage of fines in the sizes of mesh selected, a weighed sample of ore was taken from each mesh, and a sample from the 10-mesh lot was passed successively through 20-, 40- and 100-mesh screens, and the percentage remaining on each screen determined. This process was repeated with the 12-, 20- and 30-mesh lots, with the results given in Table I.

Sep 1, 1907

By AIME

Annual production of more than 4,000,000 tons of 0.74 percent copper ore and coincident handling of over 5,000,000 tons of waste at the open-pit mine of Castle Dome Copper Co. near Miami, Ariz. takes a lot of power. Manufacturers have ever co-operated with mining companies in providing the required equipment to suit the problem. Power equipment suppliers have done much to make possible the economic and profitable production of copper from low-grade ores. In the future, as mining operations will necessarily handle even lower-grade ores, the ability of the manufacturer to supply the power and mechanical equipment to produce more metal at a fair and reasonable price will be the good right arm of the miner. About 27,000 tons of concentrate is produced from the 4,000,000 tons of ore.

Jan 1, 1948

By M. N. Short, I. A. Ettlinger

M. N. Short,? Washington, D. C., and I. A. Ettlinger, New York', N. Y. (New York Meeting. February, 1926) The Pioneer mining district, better known as the Superior district, from its principal town, is located in Pinal County in south-central Arizona about 80 miles east of Phoenix and 22 miles west of Miami. The region embraces a, confused series of mountain ranges of moderate height but precipitous slopes, between which lie irregular valleys filled with alluvial detritus. The average elevation is about 2800 ft. in the valleys and the summits of the ranges reach 2000 ft. above this. Superior is situated on the north bank of Queen Creek where it emerges from one of those ranges into a more or less basin-shaped valley. The drainage of Queen Creek is to the southwest and the flood waters spread out and lose themselves in the desert northeast of Florence, the county seat of Pinal County. The Magma copper mine (Fig. 1) is the only producer in the district. Although discovered in 1875, its production has been important only

Jan 1, 1927

By Charles H. White

METHODS in colorimetry are based on the assumption that the intensity of the color of a definite volume of solution is directly proportional to the quantity of the color-producing substance' present. In the preparation and examination of colored solutions there are three ways in which the depth of color may be varied. These variables are; (1) the quantity of the coloring matter, (2) the quantity of the solvent, or the dilution, and (3) the thickness or depth of that portion of the solution examined. With these three variables as a basis, three general methods in colorimetry have been devised, all of which have been used in the determination of carbon in steel. In the first method, the quantity of the solution is kept the same for both the unknown steel and the standard, and the sections compared are of equal thickness, while the quantity of the standard is varied until the color obtained is of the same intensity as that produced by a definite quantity of the unknown steel. In laboratories where this method is used there is pre¬pared and kept for permanent use a series of solutions with varying amounts of the standard, representing the percentages of carbon from the lowest to the highest demanded in that laboratory. These standard solutions are kept in bottles, or test-tubes of equal diameter, and are arranged in series from the faintest to the most intense color, so that it is a simple matter to find the place of the unknown steel in the series, when the solution is of a definite volume and is contained in a tube of the same diameter as the standard tubes. In the second method, equal quantities of the standard and of the unknown steel are dissolved, the standard is diluted to a definite volume, and the solution of the unknown steel is di-

Sep 1, 1906

By William P. Blake

(Canal Zone Meeting, November, 1910.) A DEPOSIT of manganese-ore near Tucson, Ariz., merits notice by reason of the peculiar form in which it occurs, and as a striking. example of ore-deposition by vadose upward capillary flow of metal-bearing solutions with concentration at the surface of the country-rock. This deposit occurs at the northern end of the Coyote mountains, about 40 miles west of Tucson, upon the outcropping beds of porphyritic rock, which appear to be partly-metamorphosed strata of volcanic tufa, probably of late Secondary or of Tertiary age. The strata dip northward at a low angle, and present a series of basset-edges in parallel lines of outcrop, east and west, facing the south and extending over many acres. Successive groups of these outcrops, from 5 to 20 ft. in breadth, are coated with oxides of manganese in lustrous black films and crusts, shining in the sunlight like polished ebony, and covering the whole surface of the rock above the soil. Seen at a little distance, these croppings look like solid ledges of massive and pure ore; but closer inspection and a few blows of the hammer reveal their true nature as a superficial coating allied in origin to the blackened shining surface of rocks exposed in desert-regions, familiarly known as " desert paint" or "desert varnish,"' similar to the phenomena described by me in a former paper, but much thicker and heavier. * By reason of the death of the distinguished author, this communication, probably his last communication to technical literature, is published without revision of the proofs by him. A term first given y G. K. Gilbert. See Rocks, Rock-Weathering, and Soil; by George P. Merrill, p. 256 (New York, 1897). Superficial Blackening and Discoloration of Rocks, Especially in Desert Regions, Trans., xxxv., 371 (1905).

Sep 1, 1910

By H. M. Woodroffe, H. K. Conn, S. J. Rice

World production of asbestos is estimated to be at a current level of almost 3.5 million tons, having more than doubled in the past ten years. A substantial part of the increase has been due to a rapid expansion in the Soviet Union. Production from that country during 1964 is estimated at 1.5 million tons and, as a consequence, Russia has displaced Canada as the leading world producer. Although traditionally the asbestos mining industry has been centered near Sverdlovsk in the Urals, two new producing areas have been under development for some time. It is expected that a new mine will be in operation in 1965 near Kiembi, Kazakhstan, some 300 miles south of Sverdlovsk, and an- other mine at Aktrovak in Tannu-Tuva, west of Lake Baikal. These developments will provide a significant increase in the production capability of Russia. Although internal consumption is expected to increase with the addition of new asbestos- cement producing facilities now under construction in Russia, there is some speculation that exports will also increase.

Jan 2, 1965

By Hugo L. Johnson, Robert Wallace

THE Midvale plant of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company consists of a flotation mill for concentrating sulphide ores of lead and zinc by differential flotation to produce three separate concentrates, one of lead, one of zinc, and one of iron pyrite; and a lead smelter for smelting ores and concentrates to produce base lead bullion, The plant, including its shops, laboratories, office, railroad yards which serve both mill and smelter, and areas reserved for tailing ponds and slag dumps, covers 646 acres on the right bank of the Jordan River at Midvale, Utah. It is twelve miles south of Salt Lake City and sixteen miles east of the West Mountain mining district at Bingham Canyon from which is drawn a large part of its ore supply. Custom ores are treated as well as the product of Company mines.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. Harker, E. Epremian

The constitution of the nickel-tungsten system has been studied by a number of investigators, the most recent of which are Ellinger and Sykes.1 On the basis of metallography, electrical resistivity and hardness measurements and some X ray diffraction work, they constructed a consitution diagram (Fig 1). Ellinger and Sykes report a0 for the alpha face-centered cubic phase (nickel saturated with tungsten) as 3.66?.‡ The gamma phase (tungsten saturated with nickel) is given as body-centered cubic, but no value of a. is recorded. At 43 pct tungsten by weight (approximately 20 at. pct) a beta phase is reported, but structure and lattice parameter are not known. Primarily on the basis of metallographic evidence, they conclude that beta is a new phase and rule out the possibility of formation of a superlattice since they- observe a new phase in the microstructure. Grube and Schlecht2 report an ordering reaction in a system similar to the Ni-W (Ni-Mo) and Harker3 has shown that NirMo forms a superlattice upon the pre-existing face-centered cubic lattice of the alpha phase. Elliniger arid Sykes observed a change in the diffraction pattern of a 4.3 pct W alloy upon aging and attributed it to the formation of a new phase. Thus, there appears to be some question as to the character of the beta phase reported by Ellinger and Sykes. The purpose of the present work is to determine precisely the structure and nature of the beta phase in the Ni-w system of X ray diffraction methods. Experimental Procedure One inch diameter ingots of 43.66 pct, 40.15 pct and 34.06 pct .tungsten by weight (19.8, 17.6 and 14.1 at. pct respectively) were melted and cast under vacuum from electrolytic nickel and pure wire filament grade tungsten. The ingots were soaked for 16 hr at 1300°C in a hydrogen atmosphere furnace, then swaged at this temperature and finally drawn to 0.020 in. diam wire. Some of the bar stock was retained in 1/2 in. diam rod for hardness and metallographic studies. Wire samples for diffraction work were sealed in evacuated quartz tubes and subjected to the various solution and aging heat treatments in a hydrogen furnace. X ray photograms were taken in a Debeye-Slierrer camera using copper K radiation filtered by nickel foil. Results X RAY DIFFRACTION The lattice parameters of the alpha and gamma phases at saturation were determined by an X ray photogram of the 19.8 at. pct W alloy after solution heat treatment at a temperature well within the alpha-gamma range above the peritectoid temperature (17 hr at 1150°C—oil quenched). The alpha phase was found to be face-centeted cubic with a. of 3.594 ± 0.001?, while the gamma phase was determined as body-centered cubic with a. of 3.158 ± 0.001?. Exactly the same phases and parameters were ohtained with the 17.6 at. pct W alloy for the same solution heat treatment. Thorough analysis was made of an X ray photogram of a 19.8 at. pct alloy sample in the quenched and aged condition (solution treated 1T hr at

Jan 1, 1950

By T. D. Thomas

CONTENTS PAGE T. D. Thomas-Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines 3 W. H. Forbes-Misfires in Bituminous Coal Mines 12 A. W. Worthington-Misfires in Non-metallic Mining (Limestone) 18 Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines BY T. D. THOMAS,* LANSFORD, PA. (New York Meeting, February, 1929) IN THIS paper, major attention is given to misfires in mines where electric multiple shot-firing is the system used. Misfires are sometimes caused by one action or condition and at other times by a combination of two or more. They may be divided into two classes: (1) those caused by workers in the mines, (2) mechanical or manufacturer's causes. The second cause will be discussed first.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. V. Daveler, Frank L. Antisell

CERTAIN physical and chemical properties of copper are so intimately related that a change in variation of the physical properties indicates a certain chemical change. The standard specifications of copper of the American Society for Testing Materials are based upon physical characteristics with one exception, namely, the copper contents. Certain phenomena of the surface indicate the adaptability of the metal for forging or rolling. The writer believes that it is much simpler to produce shapes that are metallurgically correct than those that are mechanically satisfactory. The appearance of the surface of the copper when cooled is considered as to its "pitch," or the general contour of the surface, and the "set," or the decail appearance of the surface of the shape. The set of the copper is, in a very large measure, directly related to the pitch; and so intimately are these characteristics connected that they are often used as synonymous terms by the refiner when he is speaking of well-refined copper. Oxygen is often spoken of as a medicine for copper, it being used to regulate the pitch.

Jan 1, 1920

By J. A. Finch, S. T. Hall

An oxidative alkaline pressure leach is shown to increase the magnetic susceptibility of coal-pyrite particles. The leach was successfully exploited as a pretreatment in the magnetic desulfurization of an eastern Canadian coal. Greater than 50% total sulfur (65% pyritic sulfur) rejection at 85% clean coal yield was achieved using a high-gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) at 1.3 T and 53 mm/s (2 in. per sec) flow rate, after pretreatment at 0.5 mot NaOH, 85ºC (185ºF), 930 kPa (135 psi) air pressure, 15 minutes retention time, and 20% solids by weight (w/w). Without pretreatment, sulfur rejection at these HGMS settings was less than 5%.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. W. Buch

IN THE FIELD of track haulage, interest has seemed to center on the question of larger mine cars both for handling material from loading point to shaft bottom or surface, and for shuttle service. Saving of time in car changing is obvious if larger cars are used. In addition, shorter trips result where car transportation is from face to opening without transfer. This also brings about side-track and equipment savings. Track shuttle service, using large automatic-dump cars (10 tons) between loading machines and trip loading point, has been a satisfactory solution for the operator who mechanizes a working mine regularly equipped with a large number of small mine cars. This development in track shuttle haulage, has made track installation and maintenance increasingly important, requiring closer supervision.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

A PAPER recently presented before the Anthracite Section of the A. I. M. E. by S. J. Phil- lips, Mine Inspector, Fifth Anthracite District, Department of Mines of Pennsylvania, covering the water hazards in the anthracite coal mines of the Lackawanna River Valley, was especially timely because the conditions there are duplicated to a large extent in the Wyoming Valley, which is traversed by the Susquehanna River with its many large tributary streams. Also, in the southern anthracite field, where there are a number of large creeks, similar pumping problems and mine water hazards will in time be presented if mining is continued to its conclusion.

Jan 1, 1936

By W. L. Saunders

(New Haven Meeting, February, 1909.) This paper deals specifically with heading-driving as distinguished from the broader term tunnel-driving. A heading is a pilot or path-finder for the main tunnel. Some headings are complete tunnels in themselves; that is, conditions at times warrant driving a heading the full diameter of the proposed tunnel. A tunnel 10 ft. in diameter might be driven to advantage through a single heading, provided the nature of the material admits, but it usually pays to drive rock tunnels of large diameter through the heading-and-bench system. Much de-pends upon the material, as in soft ground tunnels of much larger diameter are driven in a single heading. In mines, the tunnels, drifts, cross-cuts, adits, etc., are usually of small diameter, hence the driving of headings applies to completed tunnels in minim-work, except, of course, in cases like drainage-tunnels and main entries leading into coal-mines, where conditions call for tunnels of large diameter, approximating those driven for railway-service. In building aqueducts the tunnels are driven from 6 to 8 ft. in diameter up to 15 or 20 ft., while in railway-service the dimensions vary from 18 to 30 ft. in diameter. There is no department of rock-excavation so difficult as that of heading-driving. This work. also belongs to the most expensive class in rock-excavation. A heading is driven .directly in the solid. There are no lines of lesser resistance towards which to direct the energy of the blast, but. the material must be blown out by main force. The completion of the heading simplifies all the rest of the work of excavation. It is easy, for instance, to enlarge a heading either from above, below or oil the sides, by breaking towards the open face through holes approximately at right angles to the axis of the heading; or the enlargement sometimes takes place by holes driven outside

Apr 1, 1909

Seattle offered sunny, dry weather to about 2500 mining men who assembled September 10 to 14 for the 1961 American Mining Congress. The impact of snappy sessions on national mineral policy, state of the industry and foreign competition (to name only a few) was somewhat overshadowed by enthusiasm of conventioners for salmon fishing. This lordly fish, which mysteriously runs to its hatching place to spawn and die at this time of year, was not cooperating with the anglers in Puget Sound. However, this did not prevent consuming ample amounts of the deliciously prepared Quinault salmon at the "Potlatch" celebration.

Jan 10, 1961

By S. A., Taylor

IT is very difficult to arrive at exact figures for the cost of maintaining excess capacity of coal mines, but we can approximate the various items. To do this, I will take the Pittsburgh district of Pennsylvania and the other districts can be compared to this one. I believe we can take the depreciation item of plant ac- count as a whole and discount it over a period of 20 years; while this is high for some items it is low for others and I believe it is not far from a safe basis. This equals 5 per cent per year, and this depreciation will take place about as rapidly when not in use as when in operation. A fair value in the Pittsburgh district to- day for plant and houses is close to $4 per ton per annum. At 5 per cent this will equal 20 cents per ton per year. The item of keeping the mine in condition, free from water, etc., will be close to an average of 2y2 cents per ton per annum.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. C. Hagel, H. J. Beattie

Phases present at 2200° and 1500°F (1204° and 816°C) were identified in sixty wrought developmental austenitic alloys possessing wide compositional variations. The bases were iron-, cobalt-, and nickel-rich as well as a base with equal parts of each. There are only two structure types previously not found in similar alloys, viz .-the Co3 W and the Fe3Al types. A molybdenum-rich monocarbide decorates dislocations with unusual clarity. Other results provide correlations between alloy composition and phas e precipitation. Grouping intermetal -lic phases into three general classes : I) geometrically close-packed, 2) topologically close-packed, and 3) bcc derivatives, the nickel base prefers the first, the iron base the second, and the cobalt base the third—each base tending to shun the other two classes. Thus, a crystal-chemistry effect previously noted by Laves and Wallbaum can he expanded for these Group VIII elemental bases. There appear to he no quaternary or higher -order structure types requiring more than three atomic species. AFTER studying aging reactions in many diverse commercial austenitic alloys1-4 as a function of detailed time-temperature variations in heat treatment, it became apparent that matrix composition influenced structure types and morphologies to a large extent. These tendencies were related4 to a crystal-chemistry effect uncovered by Laves and Wallbaum.5,6 We have now directed our efforts to exploration of the whole ternary field, covering the standard base elements—iron, cobalt. and nickel— with 10 to 20 pct Cr and moderate amounts, up to 10 pct, of the usual alloy additions. Solutioning and aging treatments were held constant with major emphasis on X-ray identification of microconstituents. The possible existence of exceptions to the Laves-Wallbaum effect, or any new phases, was sought. Phases appearing in austenitic alloys can be classified as geometrically close-packed (gcp), octahedral or nonoctahedral interstitial compounds, topologically close-packed (tcp), semicarbides, and bcc derivatives. Crystal structures of the first four classifications can be visualized as a dense packing of semirigid spheres of different sizes, while the bcc derivatives represent a less efficient packing of spheres. The Laves-Wallbaum effect involves the gcp and tcp phases. Gcp phases possess both tetrahedral and large octahedral interstices; examples are Ni3Ti(n), NiSAl(y'), Co3W(E), and other ordered AB3 compounds where B atoms are smaller than A. Their precipitation is primarily intragranular, presumably coherent with an austenitic matrix, and a chief source of strengthening. Most octahedral interstitial compounds (e.g., CbC, Tic, TiN, Mo2C) have a gcp lattice of large metal atoms which accommodate small carbon or nitrogen atoms in the octahedral interstices. The compound Ti2SC, previously designated Y phase or T phase, can, with some reservation due to its partial co-valency, be placed in this category.7 The nonoctahedral interstitials (e.g., M7C3, Fe3C) represent close-packings of spheres in structures that provide larger triangular-prism interstices for carbon, since the octahedral interstices formed by chromium and iron atoms are too small. Tcp phases possess only tetrahedral interstices; examples are Laves (Fe2Ti, Fe2Cb, Fe2W...AB2), p(Fe7MO6, Co7W8.... A8B7), and (FeCr, Co2Cr3)

Jan 1, 1965

COMMITTEES. Iron and Steel. Albert Sauveur, Chairman. A. A. Stevenson, Vice-Chairman. Herbert M. Boylston, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Harvard Sq., Cambridge, Mass. LOCAL COMMITTEES. Program Committee.-A. A. Stevenson, Chairman. Herbert A3. Boylston, J. E. Johnson, Jr., Henry D. Hibbard, E. Gybbon Spilsbury. Reception Committee.-J. R. Johnson, Jr., Chairman. Felix A. Vogel, William R. Walker. Dinner Committee.-E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Chairman. The opening session was held on Thursday morning, Oct. 16, 1913, at the Institute Headquarters in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y., and was called to order by President Rand, who addressed the meeting briefly before presenting Albert Sauveur, who responded to the President's address, and presided at the meeting. The following papers were then presented in oral abstract by their authors or authors' representatives: The Cleaning of Blast-Furnace Gas, by W. A. Forbes. Discussed by S. K. Varnes, H. N. Diehl, F. H. Wagner, Joseph Hartshorne, S. B. Marshall, J. W. Richards, J. E. Johnson, Jr., W. A. Forbes, and others.

Jan 12, 1913