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By A. D. Davis

Limestone-based technology for arsenic removal from water is an innovative and promising method. The technology offers the potential for low-cost disposal of a stable waste product after arsenic removal, either in an ordinary landfill or by encapsulation in concrete. Leaching research described in this paper shows that the limestone waste, after encapsulation in concrete, passes the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. Leaching was less than 0.05 mg/L, which is 1/100 of the U.S. EPA?s standard for disposal of arsenic in a landfill. Disposal of arsenic-enriched waste is critical for commercial viability of arsenic-removal technologies. Low-cost disposal gives the limestone-based method an advantage that could help communities meet the new maximum contaminant level of 10 parts per billion for arsenic in drinking water. The ability to recycle the waste material in concrete could add a significant economic benefit, further reducing overall costs.

Jan 1, 2009

By Robert Harris, Peter Pheeney

"The Murray Brook gold mine operated from September 1989 to March 1991. Approximately 1.2 million tonnes of gossan were mined from an open pit and treated at a rate of 900 tonnes per day. The facility applied an agglomeration vat-leaching cyanidation plant for gold and silver recovery. The leached ore or tailings were rinsed of residual gold and cyanide and placed on an adjacent clay lined pad for storage and containment. A 50,000 tonne heap-leach demonstration project was constructed at Murray Brook in 1992 to recover copper and zinc from ore located in a sulfide-rich zone occurring beneath the gossan. The operation proved unsuccessful because of poor recoveries and low metal prices. The project terminated in the same year.A corporate decision was made in September 1999 to undertake complete and final reclamation of the Murray Brook site. Jacques Whitford and Associates Limited were contracted to develop the final reclamation plan and to assist the company in presenting the plan to the New Brunswick government for approval. The government approved the plan in January 2000. Two important reclamation issues were the mobility of mercury from the gossan tailings and the potential of acid mine drainage from exposed sulfides. The mine site is situated upstream of a productive river system, and the issue or impact of chemistry changes to the environment over the long term became an overriding factor in the development of the reclamation plan.A resource assessment of the gossan tailings in 1999 indicated an average concentration of mercury of 40 ppm. The mercury occurred naturally as the mineral cinnabar, but the exposure to residual cyanide (less than 10 ppm) over several years in the pile has likely caused much of the cinnabar to decompose into more soluble mercury forms. The reclamation plan specified the replacement of all sulfides to the pit followed by approximately 600,000 tonnes of gossan. To ensure “fixing” of the mercury, the gossan was replaced in compacted lifts and both the remaining pile and that replaced to the pit covered with available till and compacted. The reclamation work was successfully completed in September 2000 and the chemistry of the receiving environment will be monitored over a three-year period, after which the company expects to achieve walk away conditions."

Jan 1, 2001

By Simón D. Strauss

Dada la demanda de los recursos minerales en las industrias productoras de metales, surgió el temor de un posible desabastecimiento de los mismos. Sin embargo, el abastecimento potencial de minerales y metales básicos es tan vasto que se satisfacen todas las demandas. En este sentido, el presente trabajo describe una visión panorámica sobre el proceso de la demanda mineral desde fines de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta el año de 1978. La revisión considera el proceso de demanda en cuatro zonas principales: Estados Unidos, los otros países industrializados con economías de mercado, los países socialistas con economías centradas y los países en desarrollo del Tercer mundo. Asimismo, se remarcan las posibilidades de fuentes de desarrollo de los países latinoamericanos en torno al mercado mineral a través de una financiamiento adecuado y de la habilidad y conocimientos tecnológico de sus líderes para formar parte de una sociedad industrializada.

Nov 20, 1978

By Patrick A. Ley

Maintaining, managing and manipulating large quantities of geologic data can be a very costly and time-consuming process. The use of computer-based methods can provide some relief to the problems of editing, displaying, and interpreting spatial geological data. ENCORE is a system designed specifically for coal orebody modeling and reserve esitmation where the geologic data is stored on a large mainframe computer and is accessed from a local work station for editing, manipulating, and producing various reports and high-quality engineering maps. The ENCORE system was designed for use by the geologist or mining engineer with little or no computer background and, additionally, it was designed to provide the geologist or mining engineer enough flexibility to be able to select the appropriate methodology for the orebody being analyzed. The various analysis tools incorporated into ENCORE can significantly increase the professional's productivity without burdening he or she with the need to understand the details of the internal computer language.

Jan 1, 1982

By Dirk Voogt, Quentin Steyl, D. Scott Scovira

A South Africa iron ore mine reported a decline in blast performance and ore and waste fragmentation. Preliminary investigation by the explosives services company found that the straight gassed bulk emulsion was breaking down and collapsing inside of some loaded slept blastholes. The bulk emulsion loaded at the subject site was manufactured in country and shipped to various clients throughout the region, with normal function in blasts at other sites. Historically, the bulk formulation emulsion being used at the subject mine site also performed well and without issue. This raised the question, “why is this bulk emulsion now breaking down and not firing in blastholes?”. Iron ore mines are not typically associated with reactive or acidic ground, and ground sample reactivity testing against the emulsion confirmed this. So, if not reactive ground or acidic water, then what is causing the emulsion to breakdown?

Feb 6, 2023

By the courtesy of Sir Robert Hadfield, we have received the fol¬lowing communication relating to the development and encouragement of science and research in Germany at present. These statements have been translated by Sir Robert from various German sources, and are presented here as an indication of what Germany is doing not only to further her military power, but also to prepare for the period of trade rehabilitation to which she is looking forward after the close of, the war. KAISER WILHELM TRUST FOR PROMOTION OF WAR SCIENCE The Kaiser has approved the foundation of a Trust with the name given above. The aim of the Trust is to further the development of scientific and technical aids to warfare, by uniting the scientific and the military forces of the country for work together. The scientific Work is to be carried on by the following technical committees (or commissions) (1) Committee for the chemical raw materials, for the production of munitions-manufacturing materials. (2) Committee for chemical war materials (powder, explosives, gas, and the like). (3) Committee for physics, including ballistics, telephony, telegraphy, determination of targets and distances, measurements, and the like. (4) Committee for engineering and communication. (5) Committee for aeronautics. (6) Committee for obtaining and preparation of metals.

Jan 8, 1918

By M. C. van Blerck

This paper examines the South African fiscal system as it applies to the mining industry and, where components are found wanting, discusses possible alternatives. It is concluded that the South African system has long provided a stable environment for mining investment and growth. However, the introduction, of steep surcharges during the past decade or so (since abolished) and ring fencing (since relaxed but not abolished) has started undermining this stability.

Jan 1, 1994

By Robert H. Peters

How can employees be stopped from engaging in unsafe work practices? It is often easier to prevent employees from performing unsafe acts through manipulations of the work environment than through various training or motivational programs. Therefore, it is important that accident prevention programs seek to identify the reasons for the unsafe behavior and to redesign tasks and the work environment (e.g., tools, equipment, physical surroundings) in order to remove employees from sources of harm and to prevent situations from arising that would prompt them to perform unsafe acts. Unfortunately, in the mining industry the work environment is often innately hazardous, rapidly changing, and difficult to predict, making it very difficult, perhaps impossible, to fully protect the employee by environmental manipulations. Therefore, it is important that effective methods be identified for influencing mine employees to work safely. Various strategies have been used to convince employees to avoid unsafe acts and/or adopt self protective behaviors. The intent of this article is to provide guidance to mine operators concerning the use of four techniques for influencing mine employees to work safely: (1) employee surveys, (2) incentives, (3) fear communications, and (4) disciplinary actions.

By J. Kretschmann, T. Rudolph, L. Michael, P. Goerke-Mallet

The mining value chain plays an important role in our societal development. Even in a circular economy, mining and raw materials are in great demand, and so are skilled engineers. In Germany, many students decide to pursue STEM studies in the tertiary degree. Nevertheless, the OECD reports low completion rates in obtaining the degree of studies [1]. Generally, the dropout rates in STEM education are high [2]. Many students have difficulties with basic subjects such as science and mathematics, in which they lack knowledge they should have acquired in school [2]. With the German STE(A)M project PepperMINT (https://peppermint.thga.de/), the Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola (THGA) offers a digital and open educational platform, as a dynamic, massive open, online course (MOOC) for students and prospective engineers. The project is funded by the RAG-Stiftung (RAG-Foundation; No. 20-0004). Using adaptable MOOC classes and applied examples from the wide-ranging cycle of mining activities, we motivate students to engage in STEM studies. Our adaptive and application-oriented content demonstrates the diversity of jobs and career paths in the mining industry. The integrations of applied examples and research activities of the Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola can increase the curiosity and motivation of learners. In mathematics, mine-surveiying technologies and geomonitoring methods (see figure 1) can be used to teach trigonometry. Additionally the concept of the free open online classes enables students in high school to get insights into the field of engineering before they decide the subject of their studies. For freshmen who already decided to pursue a STEM degree, the PepperMINT courses can help to identify and close knowledge gaps and to align different levels of knowledge within a heterogeneous student body. Empowering students in STEM education and integrating examples from mining research can help us train the mining engineers of the future.

Mar 2, 2022

By Donald K. Weaver

THERE have been eight different oil zones identified and produced at Santa Fe Springs, of which three or four are in turn divided into two or three parts. These zones are, from top to bottom, the Foix, difference of opinion over this nomenclature, with reference to the different zones referred to as Clark, it has no particular bearing on the water problems. Each of these oil zones has had waters of varying salinity associated with it, either within or at the bottom of the 'zone. Table 1 is a tabulation of the zones, their maximum thicknesses, salinity and heads of various waters. Surface waters are fresh, and of high head, giving artesian flow in some instances.

Jan 1, 1930

By L. Adler

To mine safely and efficiently the working conditions must be systematically de¬fined. Their uniqueness distinguishes mining from other engineering professions. The worst case in underground mining is delineated and termed "encumbered space'", since it "seriously impedes motion or action." Working space is inherently hazardous, transitory, and expensive, inducing it to be of low quality, tight and congested, vulnerable and deteriorating, and isolated and inaccessible. These adverse conditions, are damaging to cumbersome, mobile equipment, and affect all activities, including surface work. The conditions are reorganized using the fundamental engineering dimensions: space, matter time, people, and money. Comprehensive tables are presented with attention paid to "disaster potentials". Examples are cited.

Jan 1, 1982

By Phyllis A. Lyday

Jan 1, 1985

By N M. Vegter, C B. Kohler, E H. O Meyer

Zincor operates four Lurgi fluidised-bed roasters at its roast-leach-electrowin refinery in Springs, South Africa. In 2006, Zincor?s four roasters had reached ages ranging between 26 and 38 years, while the expected life of this type of roaster is generally 20 to 25 years. Based on its condition, Roaster 3 was the first to be rebuilt in 2006. Roaster 4 is being rebuilt in 2007 and the last two roasters will be rebuilt over the next few years as necessary. The main damage to Roaster 3 was caused by buckling of the roaster steel shell. This caused the freeboard and dome areas to shift, resulting in cracks in the dome brick lining and crumbling of the bricks lining the freeboard. The steel shell buckled due to the combined effects of too-high operating temperatures and corrosion caused by the following two main factors: ? Thicker external insulation was installed during a previous maintenance shut which resulted in and increased steel shell temperature and exacerbated the normal metal fatigue; ? SO2/SO3 containing gas that had permeated through the brick lining, passed through its dew point during frequent planned and unplanned shuts over the life of the roaster. This caused acid formation between the refractory brick lining and steel shell, resulting in corrosion of the shell. The initial plan was to replace only the damaged areas of Roaster 3, but upon dismantling more damage was found and the roaster was rebuilt from the tuyeres upwards. During the rebuild, the opportunity was taken to modify the design of some of the brickwork to extend its life and make future repairs easier. This paper discusses the mode of failure of Roaster 3 and the lessons learnt during its dismantling and rebuilding.

Jan 1, 2007

Zincor operates four Lurgi fluidized-bed roasters at its roast-leach-electrowin refinery in Springs, South Africa. In 2006, Zincor?s four roasters had reached ages ranging between 26 and 38 years, while the expected life of this type of roaster is generally 20 to 25 years. Roaster 3 was the first to be rebuilt in 2006 because its condition had deteriorated the most. Roaster 4 is being rebuilt in 2007 and the last two roasters will be rebuilt over the next few years as necessary. The main damage to Roaster 3 was caused by buckling of the roaster steel shell. This caused the freeboard and dome areas to shift, resulting in cracks in the dome brick lining and crumbling of the bricks lining the freeboard. The steel shell buckled owing to the combined effects of excessively high operating temperatures and corrosion. These were caused by the following two main factors: ?Thicker external insulation was installed during a previous maintenance shut, which resulted in an increased steel shell temperature and exacerbated the normal metal fatigue ?SO2/SO3 containing gas that had permeated the brick lining passed through its dew point during frequent planned and unplanned shuts over the life of the roaster. This caused acid formation between the refractory brick lining and steel shell, resulting in corrosion of the shell. The initial plan was to replace only the damaged areas of Roaster 3, but when it was dismantled more damage was found, and the roaster was rebuilding from the tuyeres upwards. During there building the opportunity was taken to modify the design of some of the brickwork to extend its life and make future repairs easier. This paper discusses the mode of failure of Roaster 3 and the lessons learnt during its dismantling and rebuilding.

Jan 1, 2007

By S. A. Forrest, B. Clarke

Trends in PGM demand?The conference paper will cover a concise analysis of demand trends, which will include the major PGM end-use sectors (autocatalysis, jewellery, glass, petroleum, nitric acid, medical/dental) and will touch on the investment sector. Reference will be made to environmental legislation affecting global emission standards, trends in PGM loadings and the substitutability of platinum and palladium in this end-use sector. Observations will also be made on the jewellery sector, and the development of Chinese and Japanese demand. Trends in primary and secondary PGM supply?Similarly the paper will summarize historic and current global mine supply and primary production trends for PGMs, referencing recent expansions, their deliverability, and other projects coming on line. Consideration will be given to the grade and geology of PGMs worldwide and metallurgical developments. PGMs produced as by-products of base metal production and early PGM recycling estimates will also be appraised. In order to gain a wide-ranging appreciation of the industry?s long-term cost trends of producing virgin PGM metals, the paper will look at the cost and profit dynamics of global production on a regional basis (Western Bushveld, Eastern Bushveld, Northern Bushveld, Zimbabwe, USA, Canada and Russia). Extrapolating tomorrow?s PGM market and forecasting metal prices?Based on established industry trends and market practices Stephen Forrest will conclude by unveiling a variety of thought-provoking extrapolations of today?s and tomorrows platinum, palladium and rhodium markets to conference delegates. Importantly, having highlighted major developing PGM market trends in end-use (specifically on the elasticity of demand to high metal prices), primary and secondary PGM supply trends, in addition to presenting a carefully reasoned forecast of industry supply costs and margin trends, Stephen Forrest will conclude by estimating long-range PGM metal price trends. Other relevant market factors including industrial production, global currency rates and regional political factors will be deliberated.

Jan 1, 2006

By Martin F. Grier, Nicholas H. Kempton

The Mt. Todd Gold Project in the Northern Territory is a joint venture between Billiton Australia Gold Pty. Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Shell Australia Limited, and Zapopan NL. As manager of the project, Billiton is guided by Shell's corporate policy that foremost consideration be given to protection of the environment from unacceptable impact and that sound environmental programmes are to be implemented effectively at all company operations. This policy on Health, Safety and the Environment helps operating companies in addressing environmental matters in a systematic way and gives guidance on the practical implementation of a range of controls to protect the environment. Most importantly, it seeks to do this in a co­ operative rather than adversarial manner. In developing the Mt. Todd Gold mine the joint venturers' environmental objectives have therefore been to plan and operate the project consistent with the highest industry standards and community expectations and in accordance with all Northern Territory government requirements. A development strategy has been designed which minimises environmental effects. Planning priorities have focused on the successful co-existence of the mine with an endangered species of bird, the Gouldian Finch, which breeds in the area; the mitigation of impacts on surface and ground. water qualities; and the protection of significant Aboriginal cultural and archaeological sites.

Jan 1, 1991

By William G. Pariseau

Few departments of mining, metallurgical or petroleum engineering in the United States have critical mass. Cost per student credit hour (SCH) in departments across the country are usually the highest among engineering departments, which are the highest on campus. Almost all departments are operating at fixed costs and enrollments could easily double without incurring much additional cost. However, the cost per SCH would remain unacceptably high and the probability of doubling enrollment is nil. Declining enrollment is a more likely future. The pressure to reduce SCH from university administration is unrelenting. And it has the potential for doing serious damage to program quality when standards and requirements are lowered in attempts to maintain enrollments and increase retention.

Jan 1, 2002

A new porphyry copper gold district has been discovered at Goonumbla near Parkes in central New South Wales. Endeavour 26 North is the largest deposit known to date with a possible resource of 166.4 million tonnes at 0.74% copper, 0.12g/tonne gold and 1.7g/tonne silver, using a cut-off grade 0.3% copper. Mineralisation is primarily bornite in the higher grade zones and chalcopyrite in the peripheral lower grade zones. Most of the copper, gold mineralisation is associated with potassic alteration. Two mineralised quartz monzonite porphyry intrusive stages have been identified and these are related at depth to a large monz- onite stock which may have been the source of some of the mineralisation. On the basis of detailed paragenesis studies, the potassic zone can be divided into three symmetric subzones. The low grade inner potassium feldspar subzone is confined to the later intrusive porphyry. The outer potassium feldspar subzone is the most highly mineralised alteration halo due to the focussed superimposition of two hydrothermal cycles which have overprinted intrusive and volcanic rocks. The fringing biotite potassium feldspar subzone reveals alteration minerals which are developed early in the paragenesis. Fracture controlled quartz sericite alteration with low sulphide content, fringes and, in part overprints the potassic zone. The restricted pipe-like nature of the alteration zones and related mineralisation suggests that Endeavour 26 North is repres- entative of a multiphase focussed porphyry copper gold system.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. D. Stewart

One of the first important questions that should be settled on the opening of a mine or the development of a new deep is the system of haulage to be used, since the layout of the haulage-ways at the pit bottom, or, in case of a slope mine, the arrangement of the surface works, depends largely upon the type selected. Should it later become desirable to install a system of haulage of a type other than that for which the mine roadways were originally laid out, considerable difficulty would likely be encountered in its installation and with the result that it would in all probability be most unsatisfactory and expensive in its operations. It therefore becomes very necessary that full consideration be given the haulage problem at an early date in order that the type best suited to the mine conditions and the required outputs can be intelligently planned for. It is sometimes found, however, that no matter how well the mining engineer explores the seam to be developed, or how accurately he anticipates its eccentricities, there will still remain some unrevealed or unsuspected conditions, or shall we say obstacles, placed by Nature to prevent the too easy winning of her treasures and incidentally to frustrate or modify the application of the plan so painstakingly laid down on paper, and to adversely affect the cost estimate.

Jan 1, 1928

By Christopher Van Dyke, Edward L. Petsonk, Knox Van Dyke, Vincent Castranova, Ji-Hee Kang, William Pailes

"INTRODUCTIONPlatelet-activating factor (P AF) has been shown to mediate a broad range of biologic activities (1). Chemical analysis has shown that PAF is a glycerophospholipid with a choline polar head group, an ester-linked acyl chain at the second carbon of the glycerol backbone, and an ether linkage at the first carbon. The alkyl group attached to the first carbon can exist in a variety of chain lengths, with the C16 and C18 forms predominant in humans. The structure of P AF has been identified as 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine (2,3).PAF can be released from a variety of cell types, such as basophils, neutrophils, and alveolar macrophages ( 4-6). Stimuli for the release of P AF include calcium ionophore, phorbol esters, chemotactic agents, and zymosan. In addition, endotoxin has been shown to be a potent stimulant of P AF release from alveolar macrophages (7).P AF has been shown to have a number of pulmonary effects. It has been associated with asthma since it can cause contraction of pulmonary tissue (8) and leukotriene secretion from leukocytes (9) and induce airway constriction when inhaled by humans (10). In addition, PAF is a potent chemoattractant and can cause migration ofneutrophils into the airspaces of the lungs (11,12). Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex derived from the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. I.PS is the lipopolysaccharide portion of endotoxin. LPS contains four covalently joined subunits: lipid A, 3-deoxyoctonate, a core polysaccharide moiety, and an 0-specific antigenic polysaccharide side chain. Rough LPS contains no 0-antigen side chain. The liP.id A portion of LPS has been associated with most of the biolQgic effects of endotoxin (13). This lipid A subunit consists of a D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone substituted with four fatty acid side chains. Endotoxin is found in a wide variety of occupational settings associated with organic dusts derived from plants or animals, such as cotton, cereal grains, silage, rice, and poultry (14-18). In addition, airborne endotoxin has been found in sewage treatment plants, composting plants, offices with contaminated humidifiers, and showers or saunas (19-22)."

Jan 1, 1990