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This is the fourth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-363/. The second report gave the same data for motor gasolines sold during the summer of 19363/. The third report of the seriis gave the same data for motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1936-375/. This report covers 63 brands of gasoline represented by 1,136 samples excluding the Pacific Coast. Those from the Pacific Coast were averaged by the Pacific Coast technical group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were submitted. In some areas reports were received from five or six companies on the same brands of gasoline, whereas in other areas only one company reported on a brand. Thus, it can be seen that some of the data are more representative that others.

Jan 1, 1937

By L. L. Hirst

Liquid fuel oils possess certain advantages over solid fuels. Ease in handling, precision temperature control, and almost complete freedom from ash are among those considered when a liquid fuel is selected for use in industrial processing. In some instances these fuels are desirable because more heating units can e packed in a Given space where space is limited, as on snips. In other cases the' are chosen because of lower actual cost per British thermal unit absorbed, or for control of the flame to increase the capacity of furnaces, as in steel and refining.

Jan 1, 1948

By Russell Griffin

The current state of the art of fire and smoke detection technology is reviewed from the standpoint of suitability for use in under- ground metal and nonmetal mines. Detection modes, fire signatures, and environmental considerations are included. Preliminary results of long- term, in-mine tests are presented.

To provide an engineering solution to wood crib design and deployment strategies that will ensure safety for underground coal mine workers. This is accomplished by preserving necessary ground control requirements while minimizing support costs or by developing new support strategies to enhance ground support in difficult conditions. A secondary objective is to be able to quantify wood crib support performance to define support requirements for alternative support systems. These objectives have been achieved through a simple-to-use computer program called the wood crib performance model (wcpm).

Jan 1, 1997

By M. Carrales, C. J. Jirik, W. D. Dietzman

In view of the developments and recent interest in recovering heavy oil , this report was prepared to present general information on more than 2,000 heavy oil reservoirs in more than 1,500 fields in 26 states . Information given on each heavy - oil deposit includes the following items : Field and formation , location , average or range of depth , average API gravity of oil , average thickness of formation , areal extent of field , total productive wells drilled in field , discovery date of field , field status in 1963 , cumulative production to Jan. 1 , 1964 , and all known types of secondary - recovery operations initiated ( active and terminated ) in the reservoirs . The geographical location of heavy oil accumulations in the United States is shown by a map , and a brief discussion of 14 different areas is given in the text . As of Jan. 1 , 1964 , 75 percent of the heavy oil reservoirs in the United States had produced more than 10 billion barrels of oil and are estimated to contain over 90 billion barrels of oil in place . It is also estimated that if the deposits which have had little or no production history , such as the one in Missouri , were included , the total remaining heavy oil in place would be in excess of 150 billion barrels . To find economical ways of recovering this vast reserve of heavy oil , industry is developing technology in several types of thermal - recovery methods . Some of the general considerations and more suitable limitations in selecting a prospect to study for thermal - recovery techniques are : Lithology , depth , viscosity of reservoir fluids , gravity of oil , reservoir thickness , oil in place , and permeability and porosity .

Jan 1, 1965

By A. J. Kraemer, O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of commercial motor fuels sold in the United States is a continuation of a series of reports made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee of the Cooperative Research Council (C.R.C. ) and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior . The first report contained data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-364 . Further reports on motor gasolines sold during the succeeding summers and winters to the summer of 1941 have been issued . No reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942 . The present report presents analytical data for 1,120 samples , representing the products of approximately 88 companies . As in previous surveys , these companies include both large and small suppliers . In addition, the Pacific coast is represented by data averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were received . Conforming to previous surveys , the data cover three groups of samplesregular - price , premium - price , and third - grade gasolines and each group has been averaged separately. The number of samples , items and brands comprising each group, exclusive of those of the Pacific coast, are as follows : Regular price , 641 samples , 250 items , and 64 brands ; premium price , 439 samples , 222 items , and 68 brands ; third - grade gasoline , 50 samples , 50 items and 19 brands .

Jun 1, 1943

By Sam S. Taylor

[The discovery of many oil fields in Illinois since 1936, and their rapid development have brought the problem of brine disposal to the foreground in that State. The ultimate magnitude of the problem is not yet known, but already it is treat enough to warrant technical investigation. The Bureau of Mines, therefore, has made a general survey of the methods of handling oil-field b brines in Illinois rend has studied in detail three subsurface disposal systems.]

Jan 1, 1940

By L. C. IlsLey

"This paper is intended for State mining inspectors, safety engineers of mining companies, and others interested in electrical safety inspection in mines, It presents the important points that should be watched by inspectors, and briefly reviews the work of the Bureau of Mines in the testing of electrical apparatus or equipment to determine their permissibility for use in gaseous coal mines.Important Points in Inspecting Mine Electrical Installations or Equipment.The following questions are intended as suggestions to a safety inspector who may not have been specially trained in looking for defects in installations or in the maintenance of electrical equipment:1.,Is there someone in charge of electrical equipment who is fitted for this position by ability, training and experience?2.,Is a systematic recorded inspection of electrical equipment made at least once each month?3.,Is a plan map of the mine kept showing all permanently installed electrical machinery and apparatus, including cables, conductors light etc.?4.,Are there instructions for resuscitation from electric shock posted in each surface and underground electrical station, also at the entrance of the mine and in the first aid station and are employees working on electrical equipment trained to apply these instructions in case of accident?"

Nov 1, 1923

By C. B. DUTTON, W. F. RITTMAN, E. W. Dean, M. S. HOWARD

NOMENCLATURE USED IN THIS REPORT. In this report the ending ene has been used throughout, except in the bibliography and in quotations from the writings of previous investigators, for all aromatic hydrocarbons, as, for instance, benzene, toluene, xylene. The ending ol, though largely used in technical description, is not correctly applicable to these hydrocarbons, and should be used to designate the impure mixtures of commerce, as distinguished from pure chemical compounds. PRESENT STATUS OF PETROLEUM-REFINING INDUSTRY. Although petroleum is widely distributed, being found in many parts of the world, and although information as to its occurrence and general characteristics seems to have existed from vcry early times, our knowledge of the chemical nature of this substance has been acquired largely within the past 40 years. Within this period a voluminous literature has accumulated, which records work as painstaking as has ever been undertaken in the whole field of chemistry, such as that of C. M. Warren, F. H. Storer, S. P. Sadtler, S. F. Peckham, and C. F. Mabery. Despite this fact, the commercial method of treating crude petroleum for the purpose of procuring marketable products is, in the main, essentially empirical. Much knowledge has been acquired as to methods of separating from crude petroleum such products as are desirable commercially, but little has been done to attain the maximum recovery of such products.

Jan 1, 1916

By Oliver C. Ralston

[The NOJ'l..metals Division deals wi tt mi:leral n t inte .ded to be used a ra\o,f materials for extraction of metals. ~ _ ereas, a. materinl containing a chromite, if used' for production of c~1r()rrti1..1r.'l ::tetE' .. l or fcrrochromiu"1, 1,oJould be a chromi te ore, if used as 8. rcfrn.cto~J or for prod .1.ction of chromium chemicals, it is a chromi te-beari [. ~?oCl... Li;{eHise, a r:1a&neti te used for production of iron is a metallifero"'..ls ~in8re..i; if used 8.S a water-filtration granule in .:l magne.tically cleaned filter bed, it 'ould be a nonmetallic in-dustrial mineral.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Allan E. Martin

As part of a comprehensive investigation of tie mechanism of desufurization of iron and steel by slags, the Blast Furnace Studies Section, Metallurgical Division, Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Institute of Technology-, University of Minnesota, has made a study of the forms in which sulfur occurs in blast-furnace slag. This report presents data on the three sulfides most important in iron smelting, namely, ferrous sulfide, manganous sulfide, and calcium sulfide. The tendency of these sulfides to form colloids in the molten slag was determined by an examination of quenched samples with an ultramicroscope. Vogt5/ conducted experiments on sulfide silicate melts and examined synthetic blast-furnace slags in a partly crystallized condition. His conclusions were that FeS, CaS, and bins, or isomorphous compounds, such as (FexCay)S and (MnxCy)S, were precipitated Prom the melt, depending on the composition of the slag. In all specimens sulfides were visible and were spherical.

Jan 1, 1941

By William J. Campbell

Expansion measurements of platinum, added as an internal standard, are used for thermal calibration of X-ray cameras and diffractometers. Accuracy of the temperatures derived by this technique depends on the precision of expansion measurements and the reliability of reference expansion data. Temperature measurements to ± 1° C. require ?d or ?a to be determined within ± 0.001 percent. Selected expansion data are concluded to be reliable to 2° C., 5° C., and 25° C., over the temperature ranges 0° C. to 700° C., 700° C. to 1,000° C., and 1,000° C. to 1,700° C., respectively. Tabular expansion values from 25° C. to 1,700° C. in 2° C. intervals were calculated from the following equation; Expansion, percent = [8.91 + 1.28 x 10-3(t-25) + 0.04 x 10-6(t-25) ] [t-25.104 ] These tabular values facilitate future corrections of published temperatures as more reliable expansion-temperature data become available.

Jan 1, 1962

By William H. Lyon

In 1950 the Program Staff of the Department of the Interior undertook an exploratory study in the projection of energy requirements of the nation. This work was reported in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7582 by H. J. Barnett. In that preliminary study Mr. Barnett, after exploring the nature of the energy economy in some detail, evolved a method for estimating how much energy will be required in the future, based on estimates of trends in efficiency of energy utilization in specific applications, the physical output of specific energy-consuming industries, size of the population, productivity advances in the economy at large, consumer preferences, and other factors. Considerable new information was developed regarding the nature of energy demands and the possible levels of requirements for each fuel under various assumed business conditions. The study analyzed the interrelationships, including substitutions, among the fuels and emphasized the need for viewing the energy economy as an integrated albeit complex whole. This exploratory study showed a need for a single comprehensive statistical re-port that would assemble and show in a uniform manner the diverse published statistical data on energy commodities now scattered through many publications. A particularly important need was for a set of historical statistics showing the production and consumption of all energy on a B.t.u. basis. As the prospective size and nature of the future energy requirements of the nation are matters of continuing importance, this report was prepared to assist further investigations of the subject. In this report the authors undertake to assemble and present in tabular form, on a uniform basis, the production and use of each of the fuels and electric energy in the United states for three census years -1929, 1939, and 1947. The year 1947, rather than a later year, was selected because it is the most recent year for which census data are available showing the consumption of fuel by each of the manufacturing industries. It is hoped that making data for these 3 years available in one re-port will provide the needed statistical background for further studies of fuel requirements and supplies.

Jan 1, 1951

By Sean Gallagher, Thomas G. Bobick, William S. Marras

Twelve healthy, experienced underground cool miners performed lifting capacity tests in stooped and kneeling postures using a modified psychophysical procedure. Subjects adjusted weight in a lifting box to the maximum they could handle without undue fatigue in an asymmetric lifting task. Lifting periods were 20 min in duration and the frequency was 10 lifts/min. Tests were performed under a 48-in. roof that restricted the subject&apos;s posture. Psychophysical. physiological, and biomechanical dependent measures included the maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL), heart rate (HR), rate of oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation volume rate (VF), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and integrated electromyography (EMG) of eight trunk muscles. Results indicated that the MAWL was significantly lower when kneeling than when stooped (p < 0.05), Furthermore, metabolic demands were greater in terms of HR (p < 0.005) mid VO2 (p < 0.05) when kneeling. Left and tight erectores spinae muscles exhibited increased EMG activity- in the kneeling posture (p < 0.001). It was concluded that psychophysical lifting capacity is decreased, while the metabolic stress and internal load on the spine are increased, in the kneeling posture. Results of this Bureau of Mines study indicate that it may be advisable to reduce the weight of materials that are handled repetitively in the kneeling posture.

By Charlie Vaught, Bill Wiehagen, Lynn Rethi, Pamela Kidd, Lisa Steiner, Ted Scharf, Henry Cole, Kathleen Kowalski

The most hazardous work environments share one feature in common: constant change. Many different, but constantly changing hazards are found in agriculture, construction, mining, and transport. This dynamic feature of work-place hazards varies by: (1) degree of control, (2) predictability, (3) visibility, (4) movement, and (5) degree of speed and force. In some cases the actions of the dynamic hazards are required for production to take place, and in many cases,

A working understanding of present coal mine communications equipment and its usage is an essential prerequisite to the determination of future communications systems needs. As a means of gaining this understanding, a field survey program was planned and implemented. The plan formulated called for obtaining both qualitative and quantitative data from three main areas of interest: the types, physical condition, and performance characteristics of equipment presently used in the sample of mines to be visited; the relationship present communications has to safety and productivity; and the practical, future communications needs as de- rived through interviews with present mine management. In compliance with the original plan, the type and physical condition of equipment in use was found through at-mine interviews of personnel responsible for installation and maintenance. Further evaluation was made through the review of equipment instruction books and maintenance manuals and through in-mine inspection of communications equipment and signal distribution networks. The performance characteristics were determined through listening to conversations and noise levels and by talk-testing from randomly selected stations throughout each mine. System operation was evaluated by asking communication system users their opinions and by noting any difficulties personnel had using the systems. Plans in the second area of interest--that of relating communications to mining operations-- were to observe mining operations and usage of communications; to gain insight through interviews with mine management, from mine superintendents to section foreman; and to look for correlation between communications, production, and safety. Lastly the communication systems needs and requirements were determined from first hand interviews of mine personnel, from the analysis that lead to the individual reports on the eight mines, and from an overview of all of the mines studied. The latter was done to find commonality between the needs of the individual mines such that system requirements having the greatest universal value could be derived, thus lowering per-mine cost of equipment through economics of scale. Armed with tape recorders, backgrounds in communications technology, and with an interview questionnaire that was improved as experience was gained, engineers visited the eight mines to obtain the raw data from which the needs and requirements could be developed through analysis. During the first part of the program two days were spent at each mine so that interviews and tours could be completed, and so that full eight hour shift phone usage recordings could be obtained for statistical analysis. One day visits were sufficient for those trips where tape recordings were not made. During the later trips less attention was given to the statistical nature of communications, and more to how communications relates to the total mining operation.

Nov 15, 1974

By George T. Motock

The author prepared the following report as the result of a trip to Germany in the summer of 1945 for the Technical Industrial Intelligence Commitee Subcommittee on Metals and Minerals. The purpose of this committee, which functions under the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces and of which the Bureau of Mines

Jan 1, 1946

In 2006, a total of 7,178 sand and gravel mining operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).1 ? Sand and gravel mines were the largest mining sector, comprising 48.2% of all mining operations. ? Sand and gravel mines were found throughout all 50 states and Puerto Rico.

Sep 1, 2008

By D. Harrington

The greatly extended use of the underground trolley-locomotive system for hauling coal without doubt was one of the most important factors in the rapid progress of coal mining and the increased production of coal in American coal mines during the period 1910-20. Much of the superior efficiency of production of our underground coal and metal lines should also be credited to the trolley locomotive system. The trend to mechanization of mines during the past 15 years, mere particularly the past 5 years, with higher production per man employed and greatly accelerated advancement of working places, has required increased use of trolley locomotives, necessitating larger equipment, higher speeds, and more &apos;frequent turn over of pit cars. This is re¬flected in increased size of locomotives and the use of larger mine ears (some with a capacity up to or over 10 tons); moreover, heavier rails and larger-size trolley wires have boon or ought to have boon installed. Trolley-locomotive haulage has proved to be rapid; economical, efficient, and productive; nevertheless; in spite of these advantages, so-many hazardous features and, unsafe conditions are involved and the price paid in life and property is so high as to justify the statement that the system should be scrapped if it cannot be operated under reasonably safe conditions. Since bare trolloy wires were introduced into underground mines, they have boon responsible for the death of hundreds of diners, property damage totaling millions of dollars, an indeterminate loss of tonnage through the abandonment of mines or parts of mines, and loss of time after disasters caused by fires or explosions originated by the trolley haulage system.

Jan 1, 1945

By Leslie D. Marrus

This project and final report represent an effort to collect, analyze, and verify reliability and performance data on currently available medium -to-high seam models of continuous miners being used in underground coal mining. The analysis determined availability, mean time and tons between failures, amounts of down time associated with various failures, labor and part costs required to correct failures, and various indices of maintainability. Machine performance and reliability are discussed relative to cumulative tons (machine age) produced and production rates (machine loading). It was determined that performance can be significantly improved given preventive maintenance programs that will increase machine availability.

Jan 1, 1976