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By John S. Brown

AT opposite ends of a mineralized belt of northeast-southwest trend, and ten miles apart, are the Edwards and Balmat zinc minas, in St. Lawrence County, New York, west of the Adirondacks. The principal town is Gouverneur, fifteen miles west of Edwards, eight miles northwest of Balmat, and the area is often referred to as the Gouverneur district. (See Fig. 1.) At various times the district has been noted for its hematite mines, pyrite mines, and marble quarries, all now abandoned. At present, in addition to zinc, it is the country's largest source of industrial talc. A short distance to the east important magnetite mines are operating. Geologically the district lies at the southern margin of the Canadian shield, where this great expanse of Pre-Cambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks merges into the foothills of the Adirondacks. The rock formations in approximate order of areal extent and importance are as follows:

Jan 1, 1947

By Z. E. Arlin, R. D. Lynn

A deep well injection system is used by The Anaconda Co. for the disposal of uranium mill tailing water near Grants, N. M. A 2511-ft hole was cored and tested through Triassic, Permian, and Pennsylvanian (?) sediments and bottomed in Precambrian granite gneiss. The disposal well was plugged back to 1830 ft and completed in 563 ft of sandstones in the Yeso formation. The reservoir sandstones contain water similar to the injected waste water, and are isolated from overlying fresh-water aquifers by an evaporite barrier zone. Mill tailing water is decanted, filtered, and introduced into the well by gravity at an average rate of 400 gpm. The reservoir has a life expectancy of 10 years. The Anaconda Co. began uranium milling operations near Grants, N. M. in 1953 with a small mill that processed limestone ores. A larger second mill was built in 1955 to treat sandstone ores. In 1956 it became apparent that a large tailing pond would be required to contain the increased discharge of mill waste water. Research was begun on supplementary methods of disposal by which a minimal pond size could be maintained to avert excessive seepage losses. An intensive sampling program was begun to monitor the fresh-water wells in the area. The original limestone mill ceased operation in 1959. The present mill treats sandstone ores by sulfuric acid leach and a resin-in-pulp ion exchange recovery circuit that uses chloride elution. Process waste water is discharged to a tailing pond where, after evaporation losses, an annual average of about 400 gpm are available for injection into the disposal well. The waste water is a mildly acid solution that contains large amounts of manganese, iron, and the sulfate and chloride salts of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. It is a low-level radioactive fluid that contains small amounts of Uranium-natural, Thorium-230, and Radium-226. The average chemical and radioactive analyses of the waste water injected into the disposal well are shown in Column B of Table I. Disposal of the excess mill waste water by deep well injection was investigated after extensive research had proved that alternate methods were not satisfactory. A study of the regional geology and hydrology indicated that a disposal well was feasible, and a test well to basement rock was planned. Tentative plans for the test well and the results of the geologic and hydrologic studies were submitted to the New Mexico Dept. of Public Health, the New Mexico State Engineer's Office, the U.S. Atomic

Jan 1, 1962

By R. E. Stewart

The major mining companies of the world all face the problems associated with investing in new mining ventures. In particular, investment in foreign countries - whether these are advanced or developing countries - requires careful consideration. A thorough analysis of all the possible risks must be undertaken, so that realistic decisions can be made. Some of the points to be considered are outlined in this paper.

Jan 1, 1977

One-half fare return rate again available to members of the Institute and dependent members of their families. DON'T FORGET YOUR RAILROAD CERTIFICATE Over 300 members of the A. I. M. E. and dependent mem-bers of their families attending the last annual meeting se-cured return railroad tickets at half price by means of the railroad certificate, thereby saving several thousand dollars. DIRECTIONS 1. Be sure to obtain your railroad certificate when pur-chasing your railroad tickets for the meeting or you will lose money. 2. Purchase your tickets at regular one-way adult tariff fare between the dates specified for your territory in the accom-panying table. 3. Present your certificate for valida-tion at Institute headquarters in New York immediately after registration. Certificates will be validated on Feb. 21 and 22 between 9 a. m. and 5.30 p. in. 4. You must use your return half-rate tickets not later than Feb. 27. 5. Use the same route for both going and return trip. PLEASE REMEMBER THIS 1. Unless-250 certificates are validated at headquarters it will be impossible for anyone to secure the reduced rate. 2. Unless you secure a certificate you cannot take advantage. of the half-rate return fare, even if the necessary 250 certificates are validated.

Jan 2, 1928

R. U. Jackson (Conveyor vs. Track Haulage, P. 866) is the author of a previous work on conveyor systems, which was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Section of the AIME in December 1951. He has worked for the Carnegie Steel Co., Koppers Co., Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., and the Hewitt-Robins, Inc., the Robins Conveyor Div., for the past 30 years, as engineer, district manager, and manager of the mining div. Jackson is a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology, and was born in Steelton; Pa. His present residence is in Clifton, N. J., where in his spare time he devotes himself to hiking and photography interests. F. S. White (Co-author, Solids Fluidization Applied to Lime Burning, P. 903) is a Washington University, St. Louis, Graduate, who now lives in Stockbridge, Mass. He served as a technical apprentice at Mobile, Ala., for the Aluminum Ore Co., and after four years went to Bauxite, Ark, as technical superintendent of calcination and precipitation. After a year and a half, he became technical and operating superintendent of the sintering plant. White also worked for the Dorr Co., and is now with the New England Lime Co. serving as assistant to the president. For relaxation he collects stamps and plays the piano.

Jan 1, 1952

By John V. Beall

On weekends things get pretty interesting out our way because the fleet is usually in. Our No. 2 son is now based at New London, which Isn't far from here, and he brings his friends home. No. 1 son is a re- cent Navy veteran, and he lives at home. It is just as well that the Pentagon can't hear what is said. This is all aside from the point except that last Friday evening, Dave Meinhard, a redheaded nukie (nuclear sub crewman) from Indiana, commented on our late arrival home In obvious need of a pick-me-up. "Just like my dad; but he has it rougher than you. We live in La Porte, Ind., and every day he drives 35 minutes to work at Bridgeman, Mich., and loses an hour on the time zone. It's really exhausting. You should see him." We feel very sympathetic. He should receive extra pay. However, extra pay benefits are hard to come by although the reverse comes relatively easy. For example Grass Valley, Calif., was such a nice place to live 25 years ago that they compensated for it by making an appropriate deduction for the s

Jan 1, 1971

By C. H. Snyder

The paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented.

Jan 6, 1950

During the year 1915-16, the Mining Engineering Society of the, Massachusetts Institute of, Technology had five meetings, at which the following gentlemen addressed the society on the subjects Mentioned: Professor Richards-Memory and the Business World. Mr. Hutchinson-Mine Examinations. Mr. Packard-Mining Law, Necessity of Amendment. Mr. A. H. Rogers-Organization of Mining. Property. Mr. C. Hurter-Explosives. Mr. W. Macgregor-Organization of a Gold Mine and Mill. During the year 24 new members were admitted, making the present active membership 54. There was an average attendance of 34 members at the meetings. HAIG N. SOLAKIAN, Secretary, 1915-16. The Pick and Shovel Club, Case School of Applied Science, has elected the following officers for the current year: President, G: D. Welty, Secretary, C. E. David, Vice-President, E. G. Hollman, Historian, L. S. Kuehn, Treasurer, C. E. Althouse, Sergeant at-Arms, H. H. Smith.

Jan 2, 1917

ALBERT SAUVEUR, Chairman. A. A. STEVENSON, Vice-Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, William Kelly, J. S. Unger, William H. Blauvelt, Charles Kirchhoff, Felix A. Vogel, James Gayley, Richard Moldenke, Leonard Waldo, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph ANT. Richards, William R. Walker, Henry M. Howe, C. F. W. Rys, William R. Webster, Robert W. Hunt, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood. J. E. Johnson, Jr., For the meeting of the Institute which is to be held in New York City, Oct. 16 and 17, 1913, the following program has been arranged: October 16, 1913, 10 A. M W. A. Forbes, Blast Furnace Gas Cleaning. W. H. Blauvelt, The Slagging Producer. Prof. F. Peter (Leoben, Austria), The Generation of Steam by Waste Heat from Furnaces. G. C. Stone, The Generation of Steam by Waste Heat from Regenerative Furnaces. W. R. Shinier, Over-Oxidation of Steel.

Jan 10, 1913

By E. C. Reed

Drilling activity in Nebraska continued to decline during 1944. Nine tests for oil and gas were completed during the year and four wells were drilling at the close of the year. Four wells were drilled in Richardson County, three in Hitchcock County and single wells were drilled or drilling in Butler, Gage, Holt, Nemaha and Scottsbluff Counties. Only one of the completions resulted in commercial pro- duction, the others being abandoned as dry holes. A number of stratigraphic test holes were drilled in the state by the Stanolind Oil and Gas Co. and the Sinclair-Prairie Oil Co., in Johnson, Otoe, Chase, Dundy and Garden Counties. No new fields were discovered during 1944 but the limits of the Barada field, Richardson County, was extended a short distance southward. Oil production continued to drop and about two thirds as much oil was produced in 1944 as in 1943.

Jan 1, 1945

POSITIONS VACANT A steel manufacturing company is desirous of securing an assistant superintendent for its plant. Experience in open-hearth plants and in rolling mills particularly desirable. No. 112. Opening as assistant superintendent of a non-ferrous smelting plant. Man with metallurgical experience preferred but chief essential is ability to handle men. No. 114. ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, aged 41, mining engineer, manager or general superintendent, 20 years' experience, 10 years in Mexico, 5 years Western States, 5 years abroad. Guarantee results, fluent. Spanish, excellent references. New York interview. No. 282. Member, technical mining graduate, 10 years' experience, especially in design, erection, construction and purchase of power and mining equipment and supplies, desires position in purchasing department. Married, aged 32, employed at present, references furnished. No. 295.

Jan 7, 1916

By C. W. Parisi

Use of high-expansion foam for controlling mine fires was first made known in a published announcement in June, 1956, by representatives of the Safety in Mines Research Establishment, Buxton, England. In 1957, the United States Bureau of Mines, interested in this new method of controlling mine fires which could not be approached or extinguished by conventional methods, began to investigate the practicability of the foam-plug technique under American mining conditions at its experimental coal mine in Bruceton, Pa. Results of these experiments proved the potentialities of controlling mine fires with foam. The USBM conducted numerous demonstrations at its experimental mine to show this foam-plug method to groups of coal mining men, many of which were impressed by the action of the foam as it moved away from the netting toward an open fire and its ability to control the fire in a very short time.

Jan 2, 1961

By John F. Abel

"The most conservative persons I ever met are college undergraduates." Woodrow Wilson said that in 1905. No one is saying anything like it today. Chaos on the campus was a cliche of the sixties. Since 1905, education has expanded in every direction. Many more people are being educated for much longer periods of time. The school-leaving age has risen from 14 years to 20 years, on an average. Many are in school until after their 25th birthday. On the surface this situation appears all to the good. Our technical society needs a massive yearly infusion of semitrained (or educated, if you prefer) new blood. The efficiency of our economy and our standard of living are tied to high individual productivity which can be achieved only with an educated work force. Our democratic institutions are said to be founded on an educated electorate.

Jan 1, 1970

By B. F. Zwick

No new fields have been discovered in Ecuador during 1945, though Shell. Company of Ecuador's Vuano No. 1, near Arajuno in the Oriente concession, which was reported to have drilled to .5281 ft., tested a small, noncommercial quantity of 13° gravity oil. In the upper section, the well tested large flows of fresh water and has been abandoned. Shell is preparing to move to another location.

Jan 1, 1946

By Karl D. Libsch, Modesto E. Erneta

Both battery design and environmental pressures are forcing the secondary lead industry to consider new and different processes. Trends in battery design are making normal decasing increasingly difficult. Lead in air, sulfur dioxides, and solid/liquid waste heavy metal restrictions are tightening. There is no clearly defined industry trend toward a given process, but it is clear that plants will be larger, less labor-intensive, and automated.

Jan 1, 1977

By Lawrence A. Roe

The magnetic reflux classifier, which utilizes the combined effects of magnetic fields and a hindered settling classifier, is a new tool for determining the quantity and quality of middlings in fine-sized magnetite concentrates. Results are given for processing a typical taconite ore, and a sketch of the apparatus is included. IN examining magnetite ores and beneficiated products it often becomes necessary to make critical studies of the amount of grinding necessary to produce the desired degree of magnetite liberation. In the past this has been accomplished by laboratory heavy-liquid tests, which provide a method for selectively removing middling particles and free magnetite from various-sized fractions. Examination of the various products under the microscope results in fairly accurate determination of the degree of liberation. The method is quite efficient on sizes coarser than 325 mesh. Thus the heavy-liquid method of middling separation was satisfactory until the advent of present day magnetic taconite studies. When magnetite concentrates ranging from 70 to 100 pct —325 mesh are studied it becomes apparent that older methods of determining liberation size are not satisfactory and that there is need for a new method. For example, some of the low-grade magnetite ores of the Wisconsin and Michigan iron ranges require grinding to 100 pct —325 mesh to produce a magnetic concentrate containing less than 12 pct silica. Examination of concentrates from such ores often reveals that many of the middling particles consist of only very minor proportions of iron mineral. Thus it becomes important to be able to determine the degree of grinding necessary not only for complete liberation, but also for liberation of only 80, 85, or 90 pct of the total iron mineral content. Actually, complete liberation is never attained, but is often used to designate that degree of liberation necessary for production of high-grade concentrates. A rougher concentrate, produced after elimination of a coarse-sized tailing, can usually be subjected to a second grinding stage and concentrated into a higher grade product than could be produced from the same crude ore with one stage of grinding resulting in the same overall size reduction. This fact adds to the importance of being able to determine partial degrees of liberation on any magnetite ore. Standard laboratory methods such as heavy-liquid separation, microscopic grain counts, Davis tube magnetic separation, magnetic flocculation, classification, flotation, and others often are not applicable, or are prohibitive because of time requirements when large numbers of fine-sized magnetite samples are investigated. The Davis tube magnetic separator is an efficient tool to use in rejecting the non-magnetic mineral particles from an ore sample. The middlings discarded by the tube separator usually are so low in iron content that they can be considered relatively unimportant in liberation studies. This condition is caused by the extremely high flux density used in the Davis tube. This flux density ranges from four to eight times the flux density produced by most of the powerful commercial machines in use today. Thus the problem resolves itself into a search for a method of selectively removing middlings from Davis tube magnetic concentrates which will be both rapid and efficient. Those methods showing most promise in the development of a process for isolating middlings from extremely fine-sized magnetic concentrates were flotation and magnetic flocculation. The use of flotation to remove middlings from magnetic concentrates is reported in the literature.'.' The flotation process is effective in removing middlings from a magnetite concentrate, but physical entrapment of fine-sized free magnetite in the silica-bearing froth is an undesirable feature. The flotation method of removing middlings requires time, effort, and precise control of many variables, and does not meet the required degree of middling isolation. Magnetic Flocculation Magnetic flocculation has long been resorted to"-" in efforts to upgrade magnetite concentrates. One of the new magnetic taconite plants now under construction on the Mesabi Range includes magnetic flocculation in the flowsheet' as an accessory process to remove high-silica middlings and free silica which has been mechanically entrapped in magnetite flocs. The use of magnetic flocculation as a laboratory method of making precise separation of middlings was further investigated, since it offered a rapid, simple method of accomplishing the desired result. Magnetic flocculation involves the subjection of a magnetic concentrate to a strong magnetic field, passing the concentrate in a highly flocculated condition to a hydroseparator or other classifiers of various types, and removing free silica and middlings as overflow products. In an attempt to utilize simple

Jan 1, 1954

By J. E. Hilliard

It is proposed that shape anisotropy in the internal structure of materials be defined by distribution functions which specify what fraction of the total line length or boundary area lies in a given direction. Methods are descriibed for determinirg these distribution functions from measurements on sections through an opaque material. New derivations, that have certain advanifages over those given previously, are Provided for well-known expressions used in estinzating the total density of lineal or areal features. INCREASING attention is being given to the quantitative description of imicrostructures in metals and other materials. This interest stems from the recognition that the structure often provides a convenient half-way point between the properties on the one hand and the processing variables on the other. Such cross correlations become increasingly desirable as materials become more complex and the demands on them more stringent. One of the principal aims in structure analysis is therefore to find parameters that are readily measurable and specific enough to be correlated with other properties of the material. Certain properties, such as magnetic and mechani cal behavior, are strongly influenced by structural anisotropies; in order to relate such properties to the structure it is obviously necessary to have means of specifying and measuring the type and degree of anisotropy. For the determination of preferred orientations in crystal structure, X-ray diffraction methods are available and are widely used, but scant attention has been given to the estimation of anisotropy in the shape of grains and particles. It is the latter problem that will be considered in this paper. It is evident that shape anisotropy can be describe in terms of preferred orientations of lineal and area elements of the structure. It will be shown that these preferred orientations can, in turn, be specified by distribution functions that define what fraction of the total line length or boundary area lies in a given direction. Methods will be given for determining the distribution functions from measurements on sections through the structure. Even when the orientation distributions are of no interest per se, they still have an important bearing on the measurement of the total line length or boundary area by means of an intercept analysis. The treatment in terms of orientation distribution functions leads to new derivations, that have certain advantages of those given previously, for the well-known expressions used in estimating the total density of lineal or areal features. The treatment is divided into two main sections. The first deals with the orientation distribution of a two-dimensional array of lineal features such as occurs in the projected image of dislocations in electron transmission microscopy. The other section treats the estimation of the distribution of lineal and areal features dispersed in three dimensions.

Jan 1, 1962

By W. G. Jeffery, James F. McDivitt

THE FRAMEWORK Consider where you, the reader, would place the emphasis m your answer to the following questions on mineral supply. Do you think of the mineral resources of developing countries in terms of the contribution which they can make to world mineral supply or in terms of the contribution they can make to development of the country? Do you look upon developing countries as a source of minerals for world industry or as a potential enormous market for minerals? If you are from a developed country it would be surprising I£ you did not emphasize the first alternative in each case, but it is also possible that simply raising the questions will call for some mental adjustments, because usually we do not think in these terms. If you are among the two-thirds of the world's population which comes from developing countries, you might well emphasize the second alternative. And to a growing extent during the reaming decades of the 20th century this is where emphasis must be placed. Increasing amounts of the world's mineral production come from countries which are in the early stages of development. Mineral consumers of the world look to these regions for continuing supplies of material to help meet their ever-growing needs; the producing countries look to mineral exports as one means of stimulating and financing their economic development-this seems a happy and fortuitous relationship. But due to the complexities of world mineral supply, it is a relationship which is fraught with potential confusion and misunderstanding. That this is so is not surprising when one considers that many of the producing countries are new countries which are urgently trying to find the path along which they can move towards development; that the direction of the path is by no means clear because various theories of economic development, as a planned and deliberate process, are relatively recent in origin and none are well understood; and that the very concept of the less developed countries (LDC's) is a relatively new one. To further complicate the situation there has never been a clear under- standing of the full role which minerals play in economic development, either in the case of those countries which are already classed as developed, or in the case of countries which are in the process of development. Before embarking on an investigation of some aspects of the relationship between minerals and developing countries, it seems wise to establish broad terms of reference, which may not be totally valid but which will at least give an initial direction for a journey with no clearly definable goal. First it can be noted that the world has been divided somewhat arbitrarily into a group of countries that are termed developed or advanced and a group of countries which

Jan 1, 1976

By Hubert D. Keiser

AN observation that is finding fresh confirmation in the leadership of the Allied Nations is "When the need arises, a man will rise to fill it." Much the same can be said of industrial advances in the current emergency. Events and circumstances have created needs for new materials and stimulated the inventive genius of man to fill them. The timely development of fibrous-glass manufacture, in relation to present war needs, is a case in point. HISTORICAL SUMMARY It is probable that the first glass fibers produced by the hand of man were made about 4000 years ago. Successful production of glass fibers for manifold industrial and military uses, on any scale that could begin to meet present needs, has a history spanning a scant four years. The American processes that brought this young industry into being were developed between the years 1931 and 1937; research and manufacturing efforts were consolidated to create a commercially satisfactory operation as late as November 1939. In the 40 months that have elapsed since then, the industry has achieved commercial importance, supplied immense quantities of materials for pre-war industrial expansion to meet "defense" and Lend-Lease needs, and now has reached such importance that it has come largely under the control of the War Production Board for equitable distribution of its major products among 13 claimant agencies. It is worthy of note, however, that the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, began exploratory use of fibrous-glass products in 1932, within one year after the date of the first experimental trials of the new process. This early recognition of the military importance of fibrous glass gave impetus to further research work. The foregoing rapid scanning of historical development must be filled in, lest the impression be created that glass fibers were suddenly created out of thin air, with no antecedent trials, failures, and partial successes. The actual history of glassmaking is lost in antiquity. Probably some nomadic tribesman found molten glass beneath the bed of a hot campfire built upon sand of the proper composition. If his curiosity led him to poke the glowing, viscous pool with a green-wood stick or some handy weapon, it is probable that he drew a glass fiber on the end of his implement. Molten glass has much the same consistency as honey or molasses; it strings out tenuously. Thus, it is quite possible that the first form of glass shaped by man's action was a glass fiber. Artisans in glass, throughout the long history of glassmaking as an art, drew fibers from fine rods for many decorative applications, including "spun glass" decoration in beautiful stemware and the charming millefiori (glass flowers encased in solid glass), and even to create the blood vessels in glass eyes to match a bleary mate.

Jan 1, 1943

By Hubert D. Keiser

An observation that is finding fresh confirmation in the leadership of the Allied Nations is "When the need arises, a man will rise to fill it." Much the same can be said of industrial advances in the current emergency. Events and circumstances have created needs for new materials and stimulated the inventive genius of man to fill them. The timely development of fibrous-glass manufacture, in relation to present war needs, is a case in point. Historical Summary It is probable that the first glass fibers produced by the hand of man were made about 4000 years ago. Successful production of glass fibers for manifold industrial and military uses, on any scale that could begin to meet present needs, has a history spanning a scant four years. The American processes that brought this young industry into being were developed between the years 1931 and 1937; research and manufacturing efforts were consolidated to create a commercially satisfactory operation as late as November 1939. In the 40 months that have elapsed since then, the industry has achieved commercial importance, supplied immense quantities of materials for pre-war industrial expansion to meet "defense" and Lend-Lease needs, and now has reached such importance that it has come largely under the control of the War Production Board for equitable distribution of its major products among 13 claimant agencies. It is worthy of note, however, that the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, began exploratory use of fibrous-glass products in 1932, within one year after the date of the first experimental trials of the new process. This early recognition of the military importance of fibrous glass gave impetus to further research work. The foregoing rapid scanning of historical development must be filled in, lest the. impression be created that glass fibers were suddenly created out of thin air, with no antecedent trials, failures, and partial successes. The actual history of glassmaking is lost in antiquity. Probably some nomadic tribesman found molten glass beneath the bed of a hot campfire built upon sand of the proper composition. If his curiosity led him to poke the glowing, viscous pool with a green-wood stick or some handy weapon, it is probable that he drew a glass fiber on the end of his implement. Molten glass has much the same consistency as honey or molasses; it strings out tenuously. Thus, it is quite possible that the first form of glass shaped by man's action was a glass fiber. Artisans in glass, throughout the long Direc- of glassmaking as an art> drew fibers from fine rods for many decorative applications, including "spun glass" decoration in beautiful stemware and the charming millefiori (glass flowers encased in solid glass), and even to create the blood vessels in glass eyes to match a bleary mate.

Jan 1, 1948