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Before hostilities between the colonies and Great Britain began in 1775, most of the coal used in the northern colonies undoubtedly came from England, with some supplies for New England coming from Nova Scotia; in New York and Philadelphia the supply came from England with some from the Virginia mines. Table 4 shows data obtained from the Public Records Office, London, for the years 1768-1772. This table supplements Table 3, which records only a few shipments from Richmond in 1768 and 1769; as there was no coal shown in imports coastwise in 1769 in Table 4, and only two small shipments in 1769 in Table 3, there may have been a cessation of shipments then, for some reason not now known. In Table 5 are incorporated all the data in the first two, with a few earlier years, and an attempt is made to estimate the amount used during the period by allowing for coal exported. With the small total tonnages a carryover from one year to another makes a large difference in the annual figures, but over the period the result may be fairly indicative of the amount of coal used before the Revolution. According to present day ideas the quantity of coal used during that war was very small, but apparently it was badly needed for the manufacture of the small amount of munitions made in those troublous days. As Philadelphia was the leading city along the Atlantic coast, and as the southeastern part of Pennsylvania was the leader in making iron, as well as making rifles, it is natural that the first call for coal came from there. At first, procuring supplies such as coal, powder and sulphur was handled by a Committee of Safety, which later became a Council of Safety and later this committee's functions were turned over to a Board of War, functioning with the military organization of the colony. . The organizations of the several colonies were slightly different, but Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia followed this scheme generally. Later in the war the Congress began to make arms for the troops, and it is difficult now, with the few records available, to tell when the state functions ceased and those of Congress began. On December 5th, 1775, the Committee of Safety

Jan 1, 1942

Established as a Division February 22, 1928 J J Golden, Chairman M Tenenbaum, Past Chairman Gerhard Derge, Chairman-Elect R W Shearman, Secretary-Treasurer AIME, 29 West 39th Street New York 18, N Y

Jan 1, 1960

On June 1, the offices of the Engineering Division of the National Research Council were moved from Washington to the sixteenth floor of the Engineering Societies Building, 29 W. 39th St., New York City.

Jan 7, 1919

ROBERT F. MEHL, Chairman ALBERT J. PHILLIPS, Past-chairman ROBERT H. LEACH, Vice-chairman E. M. WISE, Vice-chairman W. M. CORSE, Treasurer - Louis JORDAN. Secretary 29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1938

The American Petroleum Institute, 250 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. Lacey Walker, Secretary. A complete price list of publications will be sent upon application. The American Petroleum Institute issues a variety of publications; in addition to the Daily Oil Digest ($25 per year) and a weekly Statistical Bulletin ($12.50 per year to nonmembers), a Quarterly is published ($4 per year to nonmembers). Books published by the Institute: American petroleum supply and demand, $3; A series of "Petroleum facts and figures" for each of the years 1928, 1929, 1930 and 1931, $2 for each copy; Function of natural gas in the production of oil, $1; Bibliography of organic sulphur compounds, $4; and "Oil" (Oil Industry Series in one volume), 50 cents per copy. Volumes of the first six annual Meeting Proceedings are out of print, but the Proceedings for the 7th annual meeting in 1926

Jan 1, 1933

If world oil prices stabilize at $ll/bbl, if the US decides on the "accelerated supply" case for domestic fuel resources, if investment capital is available, if environmentalists' demand become reasonable, if land withdrawals are halted, if government grants generous depletion allowances and fast depreciation write-offs, and if many other "iffy" conditions are met-then shale oil production may reach the 1-million-bpd level by 1985, according to the Project Independence Report. In the "base case" scenario, oil shale production would be, at best, about 250,000 bpd at $11 prices, and "much lower if expectations for $7 oil prices prevail." In this regard, the FEA study reflects the conclusion reached by companies engaged in oil shale development work. Thus, except for some new technological breakthrough in mining, the birth and growth of the US oil shale industry will occur only if oil prices stabilize at about $ll/bbl.

Jan 5, 1975

By L. D. Muller, C. P. Sayles

When minerals are mined in arid or semiarid areas where water is at a premium, dry processing is a natural route to take for concentrating or classifying the values. Until recently though, dry processing technique were limited by the lack of suitable equipment. With the advent of the pneumatic pinched sluice at Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England, a new tool emerged to fill this gap and it has the potential of providing industry with a high output concentrator or preconcentrator for dry natural ores and secondary materials. The pneumatic pinched sluice gives every indication of fulfilling these requirements with the added advantage that with homogeneous materials-such as crushed limestone or quartzose sands-it may alternatively operate as a high throughput dry classifier or sizing device. An industrial version of the equipment is now being manufactured by Dryflow Separators Ltd., as sole licensee for the National Re- search Development Corporation.

Jan 1, 1971

By C. F. Kelley

IT is no new experience for the distinguished subject of this presentation to be the recipient of honors conferred, to be eulogized for successful accomplish-ment, or to hear expressed with sincerity the admira-tion of his fellows. The objectives of his professional endeavor have taken him to many fields; the scenes of his labors have varied from the most remote corners of the globe to those which are close at hand; the universality of his experience is an epitome of modern life, impossible of occurrence in any other era. His career not only embodies to an unrivaled degree the opportunities of the contemporaneous epoch, but also exemplifies in the manner in which they have been transformed into successful accomplishments the pos-sibilities of our age. The many-sided career of our medallist is a composite. Tonight we deal chiefly with its phase for which this medal has been bestowed.

Jan 3, 1928

By T. B. Counselman

AFTER several years study, the Universal Atlas Cement Co. decided to rebuild its plant at Leeds, Alabama. The entire old plant, which was to operate during the new construction, was then to be scrapped with the exception of two kilns. The quarry was to be mechanized, new and larger kilns installed, with the most modern type of equipment all through the plant. Raw grinding operations at all of the Universal Atlas plants were dry. However, the dust hazard of this operation and the growing emphasis on occupational diseases made wet grinding attractive. Coal at Leeds is cheap, so that a slightly higher coal practice was unimportant. Power was cheap, so that waste-heat boilers were not desirable. Since new kilns were to be installed, these could be made long enough to make filters unnecessary. Wet raw grinding could be either the old practice of open-circuit compartment mills or closed-circuit grinding in accordance with metal-lurgical practice. The latter saved power and steel wear and saved initial investment. This had been demonstrated in cement plants. Also, the elimination of tramp oversize was a most important advantage. Ease of chemical control was another factor. Blending in the thickener, with elimination of slurry mixers had been found practicable. Therefore, if wet raw grinding were used at all, the advantages were clearly in favor of closed-circuit grinding. Detailed layouts of the most modern possible closed-circuit dry-grinding plant and of a closed-circuit wet-grinding plant were prepared, and careful estimates were made of initial invest-ment and operating costs. Full consideration of all the factors involved resulted in a decision to install wet closed-circuit grinding.

Jan 1, 1939

By Lauren A. Wright

General prosperity marked the industrial mineral industries of the U.S. and Canada in 1962. For most commodities, production and sales exceeded 1961 figures, and for several commodities, all-time production peaks were reached. Many millions of dollars were spent on exploration for and development of industrial mineral deposits, construction of new plant facilities, and expansion and modernization of existing plants. This generally satisfactory state is attributable mostly to a continuing high rate of building and heavy construction. However, for large segments of the industrial mineral field, 1962 was a year of increasingly severe competition and of problems, either existing or potential, of overproduction and overcapacity. Such problems are of particular concern to the asbestos, cement, potash and sulfur industries. As in years past, the trend continued toward larger-scale operations to permit lower production costs per unit of material mined, toward more stringent quality controls and toward marketing methods that provide greater efficiency and customer convenience.

Jan 2, 1963

[PRESIDENT GEORGE OTIS SMITH, District 4 WASHINGTON, D. C. PAST PRESIDENTS SAMUEL A. TAYLOR, District 3 PITTSBURGH, PA. E. DEGOLYER, District 0 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT W. H. BASSETT, District 1 WATERBURY, CONN.]

Jan 1, 1928

By W. S. Ayres

The construction of a new breaker at the Cranberry Colliery, Hazleton, Pa., was forced upon the operators, A. Pnrdee & Co., by a fire which destroyed the entire plant early in January, 1896. The loss included, in addition to the breaker, three boilerhouses and three engine-houses. The boilers were not injured, but the steam-pipes and connections were all broken and warped by the fire. The boilers were probably saved from injury by the presence of mind of the fireman., who started all his feed-pumps and filled the boilers with water. The hoisting-engines were more or less warped and cracked, but by patching and replacing the injured and broken parts, they were made to do satisfactory service in the new plant. It may be worthy of mention that the wrought-iron shaft of one of the hoisting-drums, 12 inches in diameter by 17 feet long, was so heated in the fire that the weight of the drum caused it

Jan 1, 1899

By S. F. Bartram, G. A. Chase

COMPUTED X-ray diffraction powder patterns of YNi3, YNi5, and CbBe3 are available on request from either author.

Jan 1, 1968

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Jan 1, 1938

By H. W. McCue, Henry Rogatz

Oil.—During the year 1939, there were 365 oil wells drilled in the Texas Panhandle, with a total daily initial production of 130,968 bb1.— that is, 69 fewer oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with a decrease. in total daily initial production of 61,738 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 5, 1939, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,344,677 bbl., an increase of 94,032 bbl. over the previous year. On Dee. 5, 1939, a daily allowable of 130,527 bbl., which was an

Jan 1, 1940

By Henry Rogatz, H. W. McCue

Oil.—During the year 1939, there were 365 oil wells drilled in the Texas Panhandle, with a total daily initial production of 130,968 bb1.— that is, 69 fewer oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with a decrease. in total daily initial production of 61,738 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 5, 1939, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,344,677 bbl., an increase of 94,032 bbl. over the previous year. On Dee. 5, 1939, a daily allowable of 130,527 bbl., which was an

Jan 1, 1940

By E. Mcl. Tittmann

Deep-seated human instincts urge us to positively mark the passage of time. We celebrate the passage of each year. Years give way to decades, and decades to half centuries and centuries. At all these mileposts we are inclined to pause, take a look around and catch our breaths before embarking on the next leg. We are at such a point now and this meeting I am sure will give direction to the road ahead into the decade of the seventies. In looking around at this point, 1973, it is obvious to all of us that the environment in which we must mine, mill, smelt and refine lead and zinc has radically changed. These changes have, of course, occurred over a long period of time. They have, however, all been in the same general direction. They have all had the same motivation. The period of greatest contrast is probably the fifteen years just before World War II and the fifteen years following the end of that war. I thought that I might review briefly with you what seems to me to be four of the more important changes that have developed since World War II that profoundly affect our activities in the lead and zinc industry. I mentioned before that all these changes have been in the same direction; that is, they have all tended to restrict our freedom of action in pursuing our objective of producing lead and zinc on a competitive basis at a profit. Consequently, in discus- sing them you may think that I am merely viewing with alarm. This is not the intent. This is merely supposed to be an objective analysis. I think it appropriate before discussing these trends in de- tail to examine the position of lead and zinc today.

Jan 1, 1970

FROM newspaper reports circulated in Indonesia, it seems quite obvious that many people, even the left-wingers, have serious doubts concerning the wisdom of the Indonesian Government in nationalizing the Bangka Island tin mines, formerly operated by the Dutch Billiton Co. Chief source of American dollars for Indonesia has been the 34,000 ton tin production of its mines. Right now, both left and right are concerned with whether the Government will be able to maintain and increase current production. The right wing Moslem party newspaper, Mimbar Indonesia, stated: "It will no longer be possible any more for radical labor leaders to find foreign scapegoats and tell the workers they are working only for foreign interests and foreign managements. It is up to labor now to increase its labors for the national good. It will be a new experience, and the problem is whether we are capable enough to manage these important mines."

Jan 4, 1953

By S. C. Suboleski, C. B. Manula

In a high risk venture such as mining where capital is committed and contracts are signed on a minimum of information, decisions are based primarily on production forecasts derived through consideration of such factors as management-labor relations, mining practice, variations in physical conditions, and the equipment applied. Among these factors, the physical conditions offer the least opportunity for control, and, due to the wide range of mining conditions experienced, little effort has been made to develop objective methods for measuring their effects on mine output. This paper's aim is to demonstrate a method for assessing these relationships that can be applied under a wide range of conditions both in new mines and in working sections where there is a need to determine the impact of proposed operational modifications. Using empirical data from active underground mines, a mathematical model was developed to derive a set of regression equations for predicting production as a function of mining conditions.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. L. Sebastian

ALUMINUM'S war history is the record of a successful race to expand facilities fast enough to meet the multiple increases in military requirements, principally for aircraft. From the beginning of the war program in 1940 through 1942, requirements estimates were repeatedly lifted to new high levels, and plans for increasing capacity had to be constantly revised. In 1943, basic metal supply caught up with and exceeded requirements, and by 1944, the surplus of primary production was large enough to force reduction in output and plant closings. In the past two years, ingot capacity has been ample, though periodic critical shortages have been experienced for a few fabricated shapes as a result of sudden shifts in demand. And now with all controls lifted we are faced with surplus capacity, surplus stocks, and surplus scrap. In 1938 the Aluminum Co. of America was the only U. S. producer of primary

Jan 1, 1946