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By W. A. Scheuch

DURING the present period of economic readjustment throughout the world, the daily press and technical journals have presented discussions km the control of production and its influence on expediting the return to normal times, and on preventing the recurrence of the present economic depression. The winning of materials from primary mineral substances includes the additional motive for controlling production be-cause the minerals represent a natural resource exhaustible by use and non-replenishable. The production of metals rep-resents one phase of the mineral industry's problem.

Jan 1, 1931

In accordance with the provision of the Constitution, notice is here given to all Members, Associates, and Junior Members, that the dues of the year 1918 will be payable on Jan. 1, 1918, at the office of the Secretary. The dues for Members and Associates are $12 per year and the sum of $3 additional is asked of those Members and Associates who desire to have the three volumes bound in the Institute's standard half-morocco binding. The dues of Junior Members are $5 per year.

Jan 1, 1918

The thirty-second annual meeting of the Montana Society of Engineers was held at Great Falls, Mont., on Apr. 10-12. The first day was given to the reception of visitors and the second day to the inspection of points of engineering interest. On Saturday, at the business meeting, the following officers were elected: President, Samuel Barker, Jr.; first vice-president, Charles A. Lemmon; second vice-president, George T. McGee; secretary and librarian, Clinton H. Moore; treasurer, Harry H. Cochrane; trustee for three years, Theodore Simons.

Jan 6, 1919

A. 0. ASHMAN, Palmerton, Pa. (written discussion?).-Owing to the conflict of the terms thermometry and pyrometry, in numerous cases the entire field of temperature measurements has been divided under these two headings. This confusion is probably clue to the fact that originally a pyrometer was understood to be an instrument for measuring temperatures above the range of a mercury thermometer. In modern practice, however, pyrometers are not only used to measure the temperature over the range of the thermometer, but also to a much

Jan 12, 1919

EVERY mould, of whatever kind it may be, must have an entrance appropriate to the material if it is wished to fill its inner space with bronze or other metal. It is likewise necessary that it have vents, that is, air holes, for there is nothing that is not full of air even though it be called empty. Now, molten bronze is a material that has an immediate effect because of its heaviness, and because it is as hot as fire or even hotter,

Jan 1, 1942

By I. P. Pardee

In our mixture at Musconetcong Iron Works we have an exceedingly hard, dense, magnetic ore, which contains some iron pyrites. The sulphur runs from 0.5 to 1.5 per cent. To prepare this ore better for the furnace, and with a view of making a softer iron, we tried roasting the ore in a Gjers kiln. When it worked well, the improvement in the iron was very perceptible ; but the ore was continually sintering and forming scaffolds across the bosh of the kiln.

Jan 1, 1887

By Burt C. Mariacher

Two AIME sponsored symposia to be held during the year 1970 will examine copper, lead and zinc metallurgy in considerable depth. MBD and the Extractive Metallurgy Division of The Metallurgical Society will participate in both. Thus, the full field of minerals and metals processing including milling, smelting, and refining will be covered. Since these symposia hold special interest to MBD members, it was felt that a useful purpose could be served by devoting this column to a description of what has been arranged for the registrants.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. M. Howe, W. E. C. Eustis

The processes which form the subject of this paper have been experimented on in the laboratory of W. E. C. Eustis, but have not passed beyond the experimental stage. The first is the invention of Mr. J. L. Thomson, of Capelton, Quebec, Canada, the others have been invented by the writers. Thomson's PRocess foR the Extraction oF Nickel. This consists essentially in first rendering the nickel magnetic, and then separating it from the materials with which it is mechanically vol. X.—20

Jan 1, 1882

By M. P. Sidorova, D. A. Fridrikhsherg

The surface charge, electrokinetic potential and surface conductance were studied for silica, alumina and rutile as the functions of PH and concentration of 1-1 electrolyte solutions. The adsorption potentials of potential-determining and specifically adsorbed ions were calculated from isoelectric and zero charge points on the basis of Stern equation and thermodynamic description. From surface conductance and charge data the mean ionic mobilities in double layer were estimated. The results give some information about the real structure of oxide-electrolyte interface and gel-layer concept.

Jan 1, 1980

“IT is decreed by Divine Providence that those who know what they ought to do and then take care to do it properly, for the most part meet ' with good fortune in all. they, undertake; on the other hand, misfortune overtakes the indolent and those who are careless in their work." These are the words of Georgius Agricola. to. those who are engaged in mining, taken from De Re Metallica, Book II, second paragraph. Safety in mining is just that simple, when considered on the basis of the individual. The words imply a .knowledge of what is to be done and how to do it. Armed with this knowledge it is only necessary to proceed with diligence and care to achieve the desired end without personal or financial mishap. Obviously the complication arises in the large company operating numerous mines and the consequent ramifications of company structure embodying management, supervision, engineering, and labor. Agricola stresses later on the importance of supervision and direction by the owners of the mine. We know that this principle is recognized today by the frequency with which the statement is repeated "a safety program must stem from management." People charged with responsibility for safety and management also stress the importance of securing the cooperation of the employees in formulating and carrying . out safe working practices. Safety committees consisting of employees, supervisors, and. representatives of management are recognized as the most practical method of achieving safety consciousness in all levels of mining company organization.

Jan 1, 1952

It was a pleasure listening to this paper. Gary Works' problems were a lot more extensive than the trunnion bearing problems encountered at the Weirton Steel Division. In our two-vessel shop bearing failures are critical in that with a bearing failure on an operating vessel and the second vessel under rebuild, we are down until the vessel rebuild is completed or the bearing is repaired. The first bearing problem at Weirton occurred after we had been operating three years. The failure occurred during the 8th heat following "bum-in" of the vessel. Immediate steps were taken to change the damaged float bearing without an extensive search for the reason the bearing failed. Once the campaign was run out the bearings were inspected and found to be damaged. Field checks revealed that the bearing pedestals were not properly located and as a result the freedom of the float bearing was restricted. The trunnion pin end to end dimension had decreased due to distortion and deflection in the trunnion ring. These dimensions were within tolerances. The damage to our bearing was similar to that in the exhibits from U.S. Steel-Gary Works. Steps taken to correct what was found in the field checks were as follows: 1. The pedestals were relocated to center the bearings. 2. 4" diameter pins were installed to locate the housing in the pedestals. 3. The bearing pedestals were opened up to allow the bearing housing to move slightly in the pedestal. 4. Lubrication fittings for greasing between the bearing housing and the pedestal were installed.

Jan 1, 1972

By P. C. Keith

IT is difficult to talk about atomic energy and the engineer without repeating a number of phrases that have been worn smooth with use Mr John M. Hancock has spoken to you of the two-sidedness of atomic energy, one useful, and the other destructive. If a control plan of the type that he has outlined is adopted it will be perfectly possible to go ahead with the peacetime development of atomic energy Failing the adoption of such a plan, emphasis will of necessity be placed upon the perfection of atomic energy as a weapon of destruction I want to speak, however, in the hope that atomic energy will be developed for peace-time use, and speak about the role of the engineer Before I can do that I must, outline the framework within which the engineer must work, and then I would like to go back and tell of some of the things that he has done, in the hope that that may throw some light on what he may be expected to do in the future Last year the McMahon Committee the Senate Committee charged with drafting domestic atomic-energy legislation-held extensive hearings in an effort to strike a balance between the negative attitude of what to do about atomic energy and the positive attitude of what to do with it Out of these hearings grew the United States Atomic Energy Act, calling for a civilian commission to exercise control over all atomic-energy activities in this country As you

Jan 1, 1947

By George E. Beavers

Under the title used for this paper, the converter practice of the Tennessee Copper Co. is described in the TRansactions of the Institute.l That article contains the following statement: "The limit in capacity of the Peirce-Smith converter in terms of concentrate has not been reached but approximately as high as one ton of concentrate has been handled for each ton of liquid matte charged and good working conditions have been maintained." It is not the intention of the writer to review the conditions leading up to the introduction of a Peirce-Smith converter at Copperhill, but, instead, to offer later data to show how satisfactory the installation has been. Converter Campaign, June 15, 1930 to August 23, 1931 Blowing time (converter days)............... 349.90 Number of blows........................... 427.00 Tons matte charged........................ 38,335.00 Copper assay of matte, per cent.............. 13.67 Tons blister copper made.................... 9,246.00 Time to blow one ton of copper, minutes...... 54.50 Air used per minute, cu. ft................... 12,500.00 Blast pressure, lb........................... 12.80 Air per ton copper, cu. ft.................... 681,330.00 Air per ton iron, cu. ft....................... 199,040.00 Tons flux used............................. 11,845.00 Tons flux per ton matte..................... 0.31 Tons flux per ton copper.................... 1.28 Tons flux per ton iron....................... 0.37 Tons concentrate treated.................... 28,960.00 Copper assay of concentrate, per cent......... 17.13 Tons concentrate per ton matte.............. 0.76 Tons material charged per converter day...... 235.70

Jan 1, 1934

The Marine Corps has found the Mining and Sapping Department one of the most efficient individual organizations of the Soldiers of the Sea. The men of the unit were assembled among "hard rock" miners from Montana, Idaho, and Utah; most of the detachment hail from Butte. It includes experienced gas-helmet men, blacksmiths, compressors, carpenters, timbermen, concrete and cement gun experts, diamond drill runners, civil and mining engineers, in fact, artisans of every craft in and around mines. Experienced miners with both technical college training in mining and engineering and the practical turn of actual work as mine superintendents and foremen are used as instructors in their craft, except thirty-eight who "shoved off" with the Eleventh Regiment to actually apply their skill in Marine trenches abroad. They are the "finishers" after the trenches are dug. Covering and camouflaging the tops for protection against attacks from the air, engineering the arrangement of the trenches for protection against shell fire, establishing listening posts by projecting "Russian saps" within a few yards of the enemy's trench; sapping or tunnelling into the very lines of the Teutons, and leaving pleasant little bundles of explosives there; are just a few of the high spots touched by these wizards of the soil. They make the trenches comfortable, plastering the interiors until the underground bunk houses not only look like hotels but are just as comfortable "with all the modern conveniences." Draining is another feature which the work of the Miners and Sappers at least partially assures.

Jan 1, 1919

C. H. BIERBAUM,* Buffalo, N. Y.--I agree with Dr. Merica that the eutectoid has a distinct effect upon the alloy and also that, as yet, it is difficult to say at just what point this eutectoid occurs or the conditions under which it appears; that is, the percentages of copper, tin, zinc, lead, and the other elements together with the temperature of pouring and the rate of cooling that is necessary; all seem to have a contributing effect. Some authorities, Law for instance, gives it as 9 per cent. of tin, yet under certain conditions I have found it with a lower percentage of tin to copper contents than that. The hard delta and the soft alpha crystals are both necessary for a bearing alloy; the one supplements the other. I am not inclined to think that phosphorus has any effect upon the eutectoid forming. The phosphide, PCu3, forms in and around the delta but is and remains distinct and separated from it. Etching with ferric chloride and then with nitric acid shows this very distinctly; it darkens the eutectoid and the other parts and leaves the phosphide bright. The rate of cooling determines the size of the crystals and the eutectoid together with their distribution and orientation. It is possible to chill the alloy to such an extent Where no eutectoid appears. I think it has been positively demonstrated that only an alpha and a beta appear. when this copper-tin alloy has been poured between two polished ingots

Jan 1, 1919

The name of this Committee, which was formerly known as the Committee on Increase of Membership, was changed in the revised Constitution adopted last year. At the same time, the form of organization and the functions of the Committee slightly altered. Previously it had concerned itself only with endeavoring to secure applications for membership from those who are, or should be, interested in the field of activities of the Institute and in a position to benefit from membership in it. The Committee was large and widely scattered, with the result that it was impracticable for it to hold meetings and discuss any of the larger problems involved in stimulating growth along sound and healthful lines. At the suggestion of last year's Chairman, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, an executive committee of the main committee, consisting of two past presidents and three other members, each a prominent figure in one branch of the mineral industry, and with the past Chairman as executive secretary, was created to make a study of the general problems of membership. The first problem it took up was the membership structure of the Institute in its relation to beginners in the industry. After reviewing the organization of the three other national engineering societies and the experience of the Institute during the past ten years with the Junior Associate grade of membership, the Committee recommended to the Board of Directors, on Nov. 21, 1928, that this grade of membership be abolished and the two grades of Student Associate and

Jan 1, 1929

By Lawrence Adler

MINE hoist ropes have hitherto been selected by successive approximation, a process both tedious and inexact. The proposed expression is a readily solved synthesis of existing data and the following standard equation:' [ W + Wr + (W + Wr) -a 9 (W + W)f + b] n=T [1] For convenience, a glossary of all terms appears on page 564. Since rope weight (W,) and bending load (B) are functions of unit rope weight (Wv), which in turn is a function of rope strength (T), W, and B can be expressed in terms of T. W, as a Function of T: A study of the curve in Fig. 1, unit rope weight vs strength, yields Eq. 2: W. = -f- [2] Therefore Wr = WvL = T. [3] iv B as a Function of T: From Fig. 2, unit rope weight vs diameter, Eq. 4 is obtained: W, = 1.6d2 [4] B is related2 to d and D, and d has been expressed in terms of W, by Eq. 4, so the curve B vs W, (Fig. 3) gives Eq. 5: 177,000 177,000 This may readily be checked from the expression3 for a 6x19 rope, i.e., d3 B = 288,000D Since d2 = 0.625 W, and N = substituting d into the above expression gives Ea. 6: 180,000 180,000 B T, which will be used. [6] Into Eq. 1 substitute Eq. 3 and Eq. 6, noting that f=0.02: W + T 1.02+=T. [7]

Jan 1, 1958

By S. P. Sharples

Having occasion a few weeks ago to investigate the subject of black band iron ore in West Virginia, I was surprised at being met at the outset with a denial of its existence. One gentleman went. so far as to offer one hundred dollars an acre for any land in West Virginia that contained a seam or vein of even a single foot in thickness, and when shown the ore he acknowledged that it was genuine, but declared it had been imported. That black band does occur in West Virginia is to-day well known to a number of persons. There is a seam on the Gauley River of about a foot in thickness of good ore, which I understand Mr. Lewis and others are making preparations to work. The great trouble with black band ores as heretofore found in this country has been their limited extent. At Fort Washington, for instance, they had a very fine show ing of ore, but it soon gave out. It has also been asserted that the black band ores of the Western Coal Measures were worthless in the furnace, and Fort Washington has been pointed out as an example of the fate of any one who should undertake to work them. But they have been successfully worked at Youngstown and in other parts of' Ohio, and I am assured by old furnace-men from Ohio that there is not the slightest difficulty in. working them if properly managed. The deposits to which I wish to call the attention of the Institute,

Jan 1, 1882

By S. P. Sharples

HAVING occasion a few weeks ago to investigate the subject of black band iron ore in West Virginia, I was surprised at being met at the outset with a denial of its existence. One gentleman went so far as to offer one hundred dollars an acre for any land in West Virginia that contained a seam or vein of even a single foot in thickness, and when shown the ore he acknowledged that it was genuine, but declared it had been imported. That black band does occur in West Virginia is to-day well known to a number of persons. There is a seam on the Gauley River of about a foot in thickness of good ore, which I understand Mr. Lewis and others are making preparations to work. The great trouble with black band ores as heretofore found in this country has been their limited extent. At Fort Washington, for instance, they had a very fine show ing of ore, but it soon gave out. It has also been asserted that the black band ores of the Western Coal Measures were worthless in the furnace, and Fort Washington has been pointed out as an example of the fate of any one who should undertake to work them. But they have been successfully worked at Youngstown and in other parts of Ohio, and I am assured by old furnace-men from Ohio that there is not the slightest difficulty it working them if properly managed. The deposits to which I wish to call the attention of the Institute,

Jan 1, 1882

A group of prominent engineers and contractors of Chicago and vicinity have cooperated in forming a Joint Committee on Military Engineering. The founders are members of all of the leading engineering and contracting organizations of Chicago, including the local branches of the national engineering societies. The purposes of the Committee are to further military preparedness among engineers, contractors and their associates by the following means: (1) Courses of lectures; (2) assigned reading; (3) studies and practical instruction in military engineering;. (4) assisting engineers to qualify as officers in the National Reserve Corps of Civilian Engineers; (5) urging enlistment in and support for engineer troops of the National Guard and such other organizations as the Government may create; (6) furthering instruction in military engineering in training camps and the attendance in them of those qualified; (7) by such other means as from time to time may be deemed advisable. The Joint Committee has already prepared a program covering the vital points outlined. To date the program is practically complete for a period extending from April 20 to July 25. Something of interest will be taken up each week, including lectures by Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Judson, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army; two lectures by Major P. S. Bond, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army; Lieutenant-Colonel Mason M. Patrick, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army, and several exhibition drills, terrain exercises and inspection trips under the direction and guidance of various officers of the Engineer Troops of the Illinois National Guard. Additions to the program will be made from time to time. '

Jan 5, 1916