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By Francis Flynn

MANY excellent papers, descriptive of the milling and smelting of every kind of commercial ores, the refining of virgin metals, the casting into various shapes demanded by the trade, the rolling into shapes best suited to the factory machinery and the making of composition alloys to suit every requirement have been issued by the many technical societies dealing with non-ferrous metals. It is a wonderful collection of papers, of which the mining and metallurgical engineers may well be proud, but strange as it may seem, metallurgists in general appear to take the stand that when they have delivered suitable alloys to the foundry and rolled products to the factory their duty to write papers has ceased, at least in so far as the A. I. M. E. is concerned. Still we read in the daily papers that the mining companies are absorbing metal-manufacturing industries. The purpose of this paper is to describe the reclaiming of non-ferrous scrap metals at manufacturing plants, taking as an example the automobile industry.

Jan 1, 1929

By Robert Mehl

IT has been shown that quenched iron of high purity exhibits a Widmanstätten figure much resembling martensite in appearance.1 This figure exhibits a maximum of four directions of the surface traces that characterize it, suggesting that a Fe forms from y Fe in plates parallel to the {111}, octahedral, planes in the y lattice. Because of this, and also because of the general similarity to the structural appearance of martensite and to the Widmanstätten figure obtaining in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels it has been suggested2 that the orientation relation-ships obtaining between the y and a phases in pure iron are identical with those demonstrated in martensite3 and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels,4 and indeed that the crystallographic mechanism of formation of a Fe from y Fe is the basic mechanism determining the orientation relation-ships found in both martensite and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels. This paper will present experimental evidence in support of this view.

Jan 1, 1934

E. M. BROHL. It seems as though the physicists in this crowd in the case of the cartridge cases have been a little in advance of the chemists in the crowd. What I am curious about here, and the way this appears to me, without too much study, is that in season cracking we get an atomic distortion so that both by sound means and by magnetic means we are finding a reluctance of the atomic planetary system to line up in accordance with the so-called good metal. The point that is brought up, or rather that has not been brought up-and I think perhaps we could think of that from the chemical point of view-is that this season cracking as I am used to the stress-corrosion cracking, appears to act much as though it were copper oxide. You remember when YOU take copper oxide films in which we again use this distortion of the atomic system to allow currents to pass selectively in one direction only, we get results almost identical with what we saw on the oscillograph report. In other words, on the one section of this season cracking we had a trace of one phase and if you notice on the sections three and four of the numbered oscillograph trace we had what appears 180 deg. out of phase.

Jan 1, 1945

By Charles M. Brinckerhoff

The Potrerillos mine of the Andes Copper Mining Co., a subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co., is 100 miles east of the coast town of Chanaral, in the Province of Atacama, Chile. In December 1926, the plant was placed in operation and has operated continuously ever since. Block caving is the only mining method used, as it is especially suited to the grade of ore, the position and shape of the ore bodies, and the character of the ground. At the present time there are three haulage levels, which handle oxide and sulphide ores, and production from them averages 31,000 short tons daily. The purpose of this paper is to describe the layout, equipment and systems used on the gathering or main haulage levels. Haulage Layout Because of the shapes of the ore bodies, their distances from the dumping pockets

Jan 1, 1946

By R. L. Grayson, Y. J. Wang

This paper presents an application of goal programming (GP) to major mining machinery purchases based on historical operating data on mechanical downtime and production. The GP technique, an extension of integer programming, is used to maximize an objective function comprised of deviations away from management-preferred financial goals. Different capital budgeting techniques are used to evaluate capital proposals, and the results of these analyses are combined and weighted in a maximization of profits objective function. The GP method gives an optimal solution to a multiple goal problem. A sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect of a variable production improvement condition or a variable budget control con¬dition on proposal selection.

Jan 1, 1984

LIEUTENANT MARTIN F. BOWLES Martin F. Bowles, born Apr. 25, 1893, at Bonne Terre, Mo., and graduated from the Neodesha, Kans., High School, had finished all but one month of a four-year course in metallurgical engineering at the Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Mo., when on May 12, 1917, he entered LIEUTENANT MARTIN F. BOWLES. the first Officers' Training Camp at Fort Riley, Kans. At the close of the training period, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant and as¬signed to Co. B, 355th Infantry, 89th Division, and stationed at Camp Funston. He left this camp with his company on May 21, 1918, and sailed from an eastern port on June 4, arriving in England on June 15, 1918. After a short stay at a rest camp there, he proceeded to France. On August 14, he wrote that he was with Battalion Headquarters as Scout Officer, 1st Battalion, 355th Infantry, 89th Division. The last letter received from him, dated September 2, was written in his dugout and contained the following: "Here it is 2.45A. M. Sitting in a dugout

Jan 1, 1919

1. A passenger rickshaw in China. 2. A Pekin cart carrying coal, on dirt roads; the cost works out to 15 or 20 c. per ton-mile. 3. Coolie with wheelbarrow. This one has a small load, but barrow men carry ordinarily 250 lb., occasionally 400 if with a helper. He goes about 18 miles a day and the cost is about 25c. gold per ton-mile, though it varies widely. 4. Coolie delivering coal balls in Pekin. He carries about 65 lb. On some roads with a different arrangement a coolie carries 133 lb., making about one ton-kilometer per day. 5. Truck used by the Government Fuel Yard at Washington. Carries 71/2 tons in an hour as far as a barrow man carries 1/4 ton in a day.

Jan 8, 1928

By Clement K. Chase

ION exchange recovery of uranium has been proved successful in many operating plants in various parts of the world. First used in column plants processing clear liquors, ion exchange has more recently been applied in basket resin-in-pulp systems. A logical further development is the application of truly continuous processing techniques to the ion exchange recovery of metals, since previous systems have been semicontinuous at best. Column ion exchange is a valuable technique and has been used extensively in South Africa and elsewhere. However, it requires clear liquors. To produce these clear liquors, considerable investment in filter plant and clarification equipment is necessary. In the cases where it is very difficult or impossible to produce clarified liquors, column ion exchange is not so useful. Moreover, some liquors suffer from post-precipitation after clarification, which can become a serious problem.

Jan 9, 1957

By B. R. Coil

One executive writing on capital equipment re- placement stated: "We keep extremely close watch over repair costs and when we reach the point of uneconomical operation, we replace the machine." This, of course, is most elementary, but a very basic premise. However, it seems advisable to set forth several equally obvious principles, so that all discussion will start from the same point. The subject is intended to deal with the point of uneconomical operation due to high operating costs in general and high repair costs in particular. This is not concerned with a similar problem of high costs because of an insufficient number of machines, be they trucks, shovels, or dozers.

Oct 1, 1955

By E. C. Winegartner, A. A. Ubbens

The company attempting to sell coal to large utility plants is faced with a confusing array of quality parameters and specifications which are often poorly understood by both the utility company and coal supplier. While these specifications are placed on the coal by the utility company, many of them originate with the boiler manufacturer who must guarantee that his product will perform satisfactorily on the design coal. A proper understanding of these parameters by both the coal supplier and utility company can lead to a better understanding of their mutual problem. This paper brings together most of the parameters in common use today and attempts to show what the parameters mean to the boiler designer, particularly in the area of boiler slagging and fouling.

Jan 1, 1977

By William G. Fricke

MaCROSEGREGATION, as distinct from microseg-regation, is often inverse in nature. That is, the eu-tectic solute elements, which are expected to be con-

Jan 1, 1970

By Joseph Pogue

THE prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trend from 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Over the former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demands and inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latter period oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by the conditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recent price movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basic economic conditions in the industry.

Jan 3, 1924

Jan 1, 1911

By John J. Childress, Russell L. Cook

Stringent environmental regulations, which have limited the use of sludge ponds, coupled with the economic incentive to clean more coal or to add fine coal cleaning additions to existing preparation plants have increased the use of static thickeners in preparation plants. The Lamella Gravity Settler, sometimes designated Lamella Thickener, is a shallow depth sedimentation device which has been applied in a variety of industrial process and wastewater control projects in place of the conventional raked thickeners. This paper presents the theory and design of the Lamella Thickener, as well as describing the operating results from several full scale installations in a variety of Appalachian preparation plants.

Jan 1, 1979

By H. M. Morse

During the year of 1940, wildcat wells were drilled in 32 counties of Mississippi; 85 wells in all. These were scattered over the state from the most northern county to the southern counties and from the Mississippi River on the west to the Alabama line on the east. Yazoo County, with 19, received the largest number. The average depth of all the wells was 5333 ft. The shallowest well completed as a dry hole was in Yalobusha County, aban-doned at 1392 ft. in the Selma. The deepest well drilled was in Scott County, abandoned at 10,365 ft. in the Lower Cretaceous Paluxy. G. C. Grasty drilled the Kentucky Lumber Company No. I well, sec. 7, T. 10 S., R. 10 E., Itawamba County, to a depth of 3530 ft. and bottomed his hole in the Ordivician. Tinsley Oil Field.—In the Tinsley oil field 104 wells were completed as producers during 1940. Five producing sands have been logged with a total average thickness of I57 ft. of oil sand. One of these sands is in the Selma, three in the Eutaw, and one in the Tuscaloosa. Vaughan-Pickens Field.—The Vaughan-

Jan 1, 1941

By Marshall B. Standing, Donald L. Katz

DENSITY data are reported on 15 saturated hydrocarbon liquids in the range of 35° to 250°F. and 1000 to 8220 lb. per sq. in. The apparent liquid densities of methane and ethane are shown to vary with the density of the system in which they are present. A method is proposed whereby the densities of liquid hydro- [ ] carbon mixtures containing both methane and ethane in solution may be computed at elevated temperature and pressures within the accuracy of usual engineering computations. A method of computing the shrinkage of crude oils based upon the gas-oil ratio, gas analysis, and crude gravity is outlined. INTRODUCTION The densities of naturally occurring liquid hydrocarbon mixtures are important [ ] in many petroleum engineering computations. Calculation of the shrinkage of a subsurface sample of crude oil as the natural gas is evolved is one example of the use of liquid-density data. Sage, Hicks, and Lacey5 have presented a method of computing the density of hydrocarbon liquid mixtures based on partial molal volumes. Katz1 has indicated a method based on the principle of additive

Jan 1, 1941

By Octavio G. Echavarria

HISTORY The Santander Mine is located on the western flank of the Central Andes of Peru, about 100 miles northeast of Lima, at an elevation of 15,000 ft. This complex sulphide orebody, whose predominant minerals are sphalerite and marmatite with recoverable amounts of galena and chalcopyrite, was discovered around 1920. In 1956 Compania Minerales Santander, a subsidiary of St. Joe Minerals Corp. acquired the property. Construction of the camps, concentrator and power facilities started in 1957. The mine, at first an open pit operation, and mill began production in January 1959. The initial capacity of the mill was around 120,000 short tons per year (stpy). Production has increased steadily to about 312,000 stpy at present. Production statistics are shown in Table 1. [ ]

Jan 1, 1970

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. Normal Class (28) Gypsum Type 2. Hemimorphic Class (29) Tartaric Acid Type 3. Clinohedral Class (30) Clinohedrite Type Mathematical Relations of the Monoclinic System Crystallographic Axes. - The monoetinic system includes all the forms which are referred to three unequal axes, having one of their axial inclinations oblique. The axes are designated as follows : the inclined or clino-axis is a; the ortho-axis is b, the vertical axis is c. The acute angle between the axes a and c is represented by the letter 0; the angles between a and b and b and c are right angles. See Fig. 331.

Jan 1, 1922

By T. C. Desollar

THE group of iron-ore mines known as the Red Ore Mines, owned and operated by the Woodward Iron Co., is on Red Mountain approximately ten miles southwest of Birmingham, Ala. At the, present time No. 1 and No. 3 mines are active, No. 2 mines having been abandoned in 1928. Ore from this group of mines was first mined in 1882, and originally came from open cuts along the outcrop, but, when the "soft ore" (weathered hematite) was mined out and the harder ore was encountered, it became necessary to develop the orebody by means of slopes driven in the ore formation. The three mines to date have produced more than 22,000,000 tons, and the two operating mines now have a capacity of over 1,000,000 tons per year.

Jan 1, 1933

By Graham MacFarlane

The eastern coal-field of Kentucky covers about 11,000 square miles of territory. On the east and south it extends to the State lines of West Virginia, Virginia and Tennessee. Its western boundary may be roughly described as an irregular line beginning at the Ohio river, in Greenup county, thence through the counties of Carter, Menifee, Wolfe, Estill, Jackson, Rockcastle, Pulaski and Wayne, to the Tennessee line. The changes in the rock-intervals and in the coal-seams from the northeastern end of the field to the south and southeastern end are so great that no satisfactory identification of the coals has yet been made, and the correlation of the Kentucky coals

Jan 1, 1896