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By R. G. Whittemore, R. Derry

Nickel metal, in powder form, has been produced by pressure reduction, with hydrogen gas, of slurries of nickel hydroxide at temperatures up to 250°C. The nickel hydroxide was obtained by precipitation from nickel chloride and nickel sulphate solutions, using both magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. Rates of reduction and yields were determined as a function of temperature, hydrogen overpressure, seed addition, and the amount of alkali used. The mechanism of reduction of slurries obtained from the sulphate system was studied, and major differences between the sulphate system and the previously examined chloride system investigated. Specifically, in the sulphate system, contra the chloride system, no seeding was necessary, plating and densification were virtually absent and only short induction periods occurred. Grades of product are given and the use of this process in the recovery of nickel from laterites is discussed. The selective reduction of nickel from mixed hydroxide slurries and effluent treatment plant sludge has also been examined.

Jan 1, 1973

By Geo. H. Eldridge

This sketch of the Florence oil-field, presented to the Institute by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, is accompanied with a map, Fig. 1, the topography of which has been taken from a field-manuscript of the Survey. The scale of the map and

Jan 1, 1892

By I. Plaskin

Interaction of sulfide minerals and native metals I with reagents in flotation is largely determined by particle-surface changes resulting from action of the medium and dissolved gases. A number of early studies were devoted to the selective action of various gases on minerals.' Mc-Lachlan' paid attention to oxygen as the most active gas affecting flotation properties of sulfide minerals. Opposing views were expressed concerning the influence of sulfide oxidation on xanthate flotation: Taggart3 recognized the positive influence of oxygen, and I. W. Wark4 rejected it. Shvedovh ffered the hypothesis of partial oxidation. As to the influence of such gases as hydrogen" and carbon dioxide on mineral floatability, opinions also differed. Effect of Oxygen on Sulfide Mineral Flotation: Research on the influence of oxygen and other gases on the floatability of sulfide minerals and native metals has been carried out at the Institute of Mining of the USSR Academy of Sciences in

Jan 1, 1960

By Osamu Fukuta

The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Japanese iodine-rich brines are outlined. The iodine-rich brine in Japan is primary in its origin and its occurrence is limited in the younger marine sediments. The iodine-rich subsurface water is saturated or over- saturated by natural gas, but the water saturated by natural gas is not always rich in iodine. The iodide and bromide contents decrease with time. The bromide content decreases much more rapidly than that of iodide. It should be emphasized that the genetic environment of the Japanese type of dissolved gas and iodine deposit is not peculiar to the Japanese islands.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. H. Roberson, L. H. Banning

DURING the past few years, a considerable tonnage of ilmenite has been produced as a byproduct of a monazite dredging operation and stockpiled near Boise, Idaho. This ilmenite has not been marketed because of the long distance from ilmenite-consuming areas and its comparatively low TiO2 content. Production of monazite from the alluvial sand deposits of Idaho is a mar- ginal venture when it is the only marketable product, and it will be necessary to establish a byproduct market before the operation becomes economically stable. Early in 1954, the Bureau of Mines Northwest Electrodevelopment Laboratory at Albany, Ore., conducted a series of tests which demonstrated that arc furnace smelting could be utilized to produce commercial quality pig iron and a high titanium content slag from these ilmenites. Additional studies showed that the slag chlorinated readily to produce a satisfactory yield of TiCl4. The investigation was carried out by two research teams. The Ferrous Metals Branch, with adequate

Jan 1, 1956

By James M. Barker

Jan 1, 1985

By S. Wiederhorn

The energy and force of interaction between a crack and a slip band have been calculated. When the distance between the crack and the slip band is greater than the dislocation spacing of- the slip band, the force on the cgrack is perpendicular to the slip band. The energy needed to propagate a crack against this force can be lawe enough to pevmit crack propagation parallel to noncleavage planes. SEVERAL recent experiments have demonstrated the occurrence of crack-slip band interaction in ionic crystals having a NaC1-type structure. Stokes, Johnston, and Lil have studied the nucleation and growth of cracks in MgO. From their observations, they conclude that slip bands have the ability to halt and stabilize cleavage crack nuclei. Gilman2 has shown that a crack, propagating along a (100) cleavage plane in a previously deformed LiF crystal, tends, at certain points within the crystal, to switch to (110) planes. He reasons that plastic deformation reduces the cohesive energy of the (110) planes below that of the (1130) planes, making possible (110) crack propagation. Keh3 has demonstrated that when indentations are made in MgO, crkcks form along (110) planes at the indentations. Gilman2 attributes the formation of these cracks to plastic cieformation. There is some doubt as to the formation of cracks on (110) planes. Kuznetsov4 in his discussion of crack propagation in rock salt, shows that splitting along (110) planes requires 1.76 times as much energy as splitting along a stepped (100) surface. Therefore, the observed (110) cracking in LiF and

Jan 1, 1962

By V. T. Stringfield

ONE of the earliest investigations of ground water in Florida was made in 1513 when Ponce de Leon arrived at St. Augustine in search of the Fountain of Youth. The history of the development of the water resources of the State shows that the large artesian reservoir that underlies Florida was discovered in the latter part of the last century. Part of that history is given by L. C. Johnson1 who states that the first successful artesian well in Florida was drilled at St. Augustine between 1880 and 1882. After the City of Jacksonville failed to obtain a flow of artesian water at a depth of nearly 400 ft and abandoned the drilling, R. N. Ellis, City Engineer, and L. C. Johnson, using Johnson's knowledge of the geologic structure of the artesian reservoir, estimated correctly that artesian water could be obtained at a depth of about 500 ft. Thus began the development of the large artesian system in the northeastern part of the State. In 1908, the Florida Geological Survey issued its first report on the ground water of central Florida.

Jan 6, 1951

By M. N. Shetty

LARGE copper whiskers were grown from cuprous iodide by reduction with hydrogen at about 500°C. Carefully selected single-crystal whiskers of [loo], [110], and [Ill] orientations were used and the whisker shapes and cross sections are shown in Fig. 1. Spec-trographic analysis of a typical batch of whiskers showed that the composition was better than 99.9 pct with iron and silicon as the major impurities. The test specimens varied from about 70 to 400 u in diam and they did not show a conspicuous yield drop as observed in very fine whiskers (diam <25 u), tested by Brenner.1 The characteristics of the stress-strain curves were similar to those of bulk single crystals, even though the maximum flow stresses reached in some orientations were comparable to the yield stresses observed in fine whiskers. Mechanical properties of whiskers of different materials and copper whiskers up to about 100 u in diam have been reviewed,&apos; and a mechanism of slip band propagation in fine whiskers has been recently suggested.3 Whiskers in this work were tested in a floor-model Instron testing machine using low strain rates. (Details of the testing procedure, diameter dependence of the yield stress, and the characteristics of the load elongation and stress-strain curves have appeared esewhere.4) Due to the extensive deformation, >50

Jan 1, 1970

Jan 1, 1964

By John Chipman

RECENT developments in iron alloys containing nitrogen have indi-cated that this element may exert a considerable influence on the proper-ties of the metal. This influence is not always in an undesirable direction and the indications are that nitrogen should be regarded as an alloying element, the amount of which should be subject to control, rather than as an inherently deleterious impurity. In controlling this element in liquid iron to the best advantage, it is necessary to have a reliable background of fundamental data pertaining to solubilities, rates of solution and chemical reactions of nitrogen in liquid iron. Obviously, the first step in such an investigation is the determination of the solubility of nitrogen in pure iron, and this has been the object of the experiments described in this paper. The solubility of nitrogen in solid iron has been measured by Jurich,1 Sieverts,2 Martin,3 and Iwasé4 and the agreement among the first three inspires confidence in their results. No accurate determinations of its solubility in liquid iron have been recorded though several investigators have obtained approximate results. Strauss5 was able to introduce 0.03 to 0.04 per cent nitrogen into steel by the action of either ammonia or nitrogen on the liquid metal. This was accomplished by Eilender and

Jan 1, 1935

By John Gross

The building of reverberatory furnaces (Fortschaufelungsofen) where ordinary brick, fire-brick and iron are comparatively cheap, is quite a different matter from the building of such furnaces in isolated camps, where proper material is only to be obtained at high cost and with long delays. Time is always a large factor in metallurgical operations, and the metallurgist may find himself in a position where it becomes necessary to erect apparatus and have it running in less time than it would take to obtain material from outside. It is here that he must make use of makeshifts. In Mexico, one of the most important of these is the alluseful adobe. Employed from prehistoric times, it still has its sphere of application in a surprisingly large number of instances requiring an article that can be quickly and cheaply produced. It is quite possible to erect serviceable reverberatory furnaces with no other materials than adobes, stone and wood. The old Mexican smelting shaft-furnace was an example of what can be done with adobes, and the large number of ruins of this class of furnace scattered through the mining districts of Mexico are silent testimony to the genius of a people who demonstrated their capability of adapting material at hand to their needs. The present paper will describe briefly the construction of an adobe reverberatory furnace which is giving good results, can be quickly erected at a low cost, and, if properly built and handled, will last a long time. The material being simply sun-dried, it naturally follows that the construction must be quite heavy. The adobes should be evenly made, with just sufficient straw to hold them together, and not too large in size (9 in. wide, 18 in. long and 4 in. thick

Jan 1, 1902

By M. C. Fuerstenau, D. N. Collins, R. B. Bhappu, D. N. Moir

D. N. Moir (Senior Scientific Officer, Warren Spring Laboratory, D.S.I.R. Stevenage) and D. N. Collins (Scientific Officer, Warren Spring Laboratory, D.S.I.R., Stevenage, England) — During work on the petroleum sulphonate flotation of beryl in 1959 at Harwell, and subsequently at Warren Spring Laboratory, effects similar to those mentioned by the authors were noticed. Brief details of some of this work were given to the 6th International Mineral Processing Congress at Cannes.&apos; It is interesting to note that the authors experienced strong activation effects with Fe+++ ions on beryl when using petroleum sulphonate collectors. This phenomenon was of interest in our work when

Jan 1, 1963

By Paul Billingsley

The Georgetown mining district is located in Deerlodge county, Mont., about 20 miles west of Anaconda. It lies along the divide between the headwaters of Warm Springs creek, draining eastward, and Flint creek, flowing west and north through the Philipsburg valley. The actual divide is formed by Cable mountain, a narrow ridge running north and south, terminating to the south in low hills overlooking Georgetown lake, and to the north in a high, rugged plateau that falls off to the west to the wide valley of Flint creek. On the eastern, or Warm Springs, slope of Cable mountain is the Cable mine, with the Hidden Lake mine a few miles north. On the western slope is the Southern Cross group, with smaller mines, the Twilight, Cincinnati, Red Lion, and Big Bill, at intervals to the northward. The Georgetown mines lie in the hills south of Cable mountain; the Philipsburg mines, of which the Granite Mountain, Bimetallic, Hope, and Trout are the chief, form a separate group to the north, overlooking Flint Creek valley and Philipsburg. (See Fig. 1.) The region ranges in elevation from 5,000 to 9,000 ft. It is, with the exception of the lower valleys, well timbered with small fir and pine, although Cable mountain and the higher summits to the northward rise slightly above timber line. The main valleys have the smooth contours of glaciation, and their mouths are frequently choked with morainal deposits. General Geology. In a very general way the valley of Flint creek coincides in this region with the boundary between the pre-Cambrian slates of western Montana and the folded Palaeozoic rocks of the Rocky Mountain system. The great limestone formations of the Carboniferous and Devonian, lying at flat dips, extend from Anaconda well toward the head of Warm Springs creek, but on the divide the Cambrian appears, closely folded and intruded

Jan 1, 1914

By E. I. Larsen, A. S. Doty, F. R. Hensel

The alloy under discussion is a Pig. I shows results of heat-treating tests nickel-silicon bronze and is one of many on two typical nickel-silicon bronze castings age-hardening or precipitation-hardening of the type on which the observations were copper-base alloys. The hardening constituent is a nickel-silicon compound.l The quenching temperature necessary to produce hardening by a subsequent aging treatment is a function of the composition and extends from about 700°C. to 950°C.; the aging temperature range extends from 4000 to 600°C. The work carried out by the authors of this paper was confined to cast alloys having compositions within the ranges of: 1.5 to 3.00 per cent Ni; 0.4 to 0.75 per cent Sj: balance. comer. made. A quenching temperature of 750°C. produces almost as high a hardness on subsequent aging as do quenching temperatures of 850&apos; and 900°C. Several foundries have spent years of active and intelligent effort in trying to control the casting and heat-treating variables of nickel-silicon bronzes and finally gave up the attempts because of the inconsistencies of results.2 This undesirable characteristic was not manifest in the ultimate hardness or conductivity but primarily in tensile strength and ductility, as shown in Table I. The variation in tensile properties was often much greater than that existing on the alloys

Jan 1, 1941

By V. Sobitsky

In open cast mining of coal, the cost per ton of output is four to five times less and labor productivity five to six times higher than in under- ground mining. This is why the coal industry of the USSR is oriented toward giving priority to the development of open cast coal mining. Deposits of coal which lend themselves to open cast mining in the USSR are enormous, with 90% of them located in the eastern part of the country. The technique is by no means limited to the eastern part, however-despite wide variations in climate, other parts of the Soviet Union also use open cast mining. The occurrence and type of coal deposits in the USSR vary greatly. Some of them are flat coal seams 2 to 40 m thick, and a few are even thicker. There are also deposits having a complex mode of occurrence, such as a series of seams of different thicknesses with angles of dip varying from slightly inclined to steep, often with dislocations. Overburden materials are quite diverse with regard to physical and mechanical properties. There are three kinds encountered-loose or unconsolidated overburden, medium-hard material, and hard rock. The stripping ratio, i.e., the amount of cover per ton of mined coal, varies from 1 to 12 cu m per ton. SYSTEMS OF MINING The great diversity of natural conditions has brought forth a variety of technologies and techniques in the open cast mining of coal. In open cast practice, the following systems of mining are used : (1) a transportation system in which the overburden is transported to spoil banks by rail or by truck; (2) a system with direct disposal of overburden, the rocks being dumped on spoil banks with a stripping excavator; and

Jan 1, 1969

ALTHOUGH everybody is familiar with coal, few persons have an exact idea of, the great impor-tance of this precious fuel. Coal is the black bread of industry. Without it, industrial activity is much restrained; and so the great industrial countries of Europe and the United States of America are the great producers of coal. The 1913 production of coal in Belgium was 22,842,-000 tons, valued at 418,700,000 fr., nearly a half billion. In 1919, it was 18,483,000 tons, about 81 per cent. of the production before the war; in 1920, it had reached 22,414,000 tons, approximately the production before the war. To show the importance of coal production of Belgium, let us say that the coal industry employed 168,000 workers in the year of 1920, the metallurgical industry only 129,000 and the textile industry 103,000. The coal industry, then, employs the greatest number of workers. The value of the coal production in 1919 is estimated at 1,121,000,000 fr. On the basis of the production before the war, the value of the production of iron in 1919 would have been 701,000,000, of finished steel 1,086,000,000, and of zinc 415,000,000; therefore, in 1919 the value of the coal industry was greater than that of the metallurgical production.

Jan 8, 1922

By Mowry Bates

The following example of the practical application of engineering geology is of interest in that it demonstrates the advantage of keeping accurate records of all wells, whether drilled by onn&apos;s self or by others, together with the advantage gained by gathering such data during the process of development. The fault described was found in the autumn of 1915, during the hurried development caused by the discovery of the famous Gusher Bend pool in Red River Parish, Louisiana. The writer was at the time employed by one of the operating companies as geologist, and the example is a portion of the routine work. Location The oil fields of northern Louisiana and east Texas are located in Caddo, Bossier, De Soto and Red River Parishes, Louisiana, and Marion County, Texas. A very narrow strip of the eastern portion of the latter is productive. The producing oil pools are known as the Caddo Field, in the northern part, and the De Soto-Red River Field, in the southern. The two fields are 60 miles apart. There are several gas fields between them, but no important supply of oil has been found, though there are several producing wells in the Anona chalk, locally called the Chalk Rock, in the Elm Grove gas field in Township 16 North, Range 11 West (see Plate 1). General Geologic and Structural Features The general geology of northern Louisiana has been excellently described by A. C Veatch in Professional Paper No. 46, U. S. Geological Survey; by G. D. Harris, Bulletin No. 429, U. 8. Geological Survey; and later by George C. Matson and Oliver B. Hopkins in Bulletins No. 619 and 661C, U. S. Geological Survey.

Jan 1, 1920

By George F. Becker

Complexity of Rock-Fractures.—The strains to which rocks have been subjected are manifestly very complex, and it is entirely safe to presume that every possible mode of deformation and rupture is exemplified. The most superficial inspection of any ordinary mountain region is sufficient to assure the observer that the rocks have been pressed, stretched, bent, buckled, twisted, and shorn. The study of torsional rupture cannot fail, therefore, to throw light on geological phenomena. The question is how areas which have been broken in this manner are to be distinguished from those which have yielded to other systems of forces. Phenomena of Joints.—It is well known that a large part of the more homogeneous rocks and some very heterogeneous rocks are intersected by partings often ailed joints. These partings are frequently flat surfaces even when seen in very large exposures, but are sometimes surfaces of moderate, single, or double curvature. Joint, usually occur in groups, in each of which the several partings are parallel to one another, and several such groups often intersect the same rock-mass. In such cases the different systems make large angles with one another. Nearly all students of the subject of jointing have reached the conclusion that joints are faulted surfaces, the dislocations usually being of small amplitude; and this conclusion receives abundant support from the study of thin sections under the microscope. It has thus been shown that much even of what would be regarded in hand specimens as mere slaty cleavage

Jan 1, 1895

By J. H. Wiggins

This paper first pictures the economic phase of evaporation losses and the actual evaporative conditions in handling and storing crude and gasoline in the United States; then follows a discussion of some of the theories of physics involved in evaporation loss and lastly an application of these theories to handling oil and gas on producing properties. GRANTING that about 600,000,000 bbl. of light oil will be produced in the United States this year and taking the Bureau of Mines&apos; statement that 7 1/2 per cent. of the total crude production will be lost before the finished gasoline is shipped from the refinery, the volumetric evaporation will be 45,000,000 bbl. of the cream of the gasoline. This is a conservative figure and is equivalent to 1,890,000,000 gal. The real value of this liquid is at least 150 per cent. of the value of an equal volume of motor fuel. At only 10 c. per gal., the value lost is $189,000,000; at 15 c. per gal. the loss is $283,000,000. If 750,000,000 bbl. of light and heavy oil are produced here this year and the average price per barrel is $1.333, the gross return to producers will be $1,000,000,000 and the net returns about $200,000,000, if the cost of production is only $1 per barrel. Thus, the evaporation bill is about 20 per cent. of the gross income and is equal to the net income of the crude-oil producers. Two other comparisons with popular phases of the petroleum industry will help give an adequate conception of the evaporation problem. These are: cost of preventing evaporation compared to cost of cracked gasoline and volume of gasoline evaporated compared to volume of gasoline manufactured from natural gas.

Jan 7, 1924