Search Documents

By Frank Clemes Smith

In describing a certain class of ores, of ever-increasing importance in the Black Hills, they are variously called " refractory,)' "siliceous," or Potsdam;" the first name serving to distinguish them from the other important class—the free mill-

Jan 1, 1898

By Paul G. Raffinot

I. INTRODUCTION We are aware that as a general rule zinc and lead deposits located by the Mediterranean Sea contain important proportions of oxidized ores of lead and zinc (cerussite, anglesite, smithsonite, hemimorphite). Although their economical significance is decreasing in favor of totally sulphurous ores*, la Societe Miniere et Metallurgique de Penarroya and its subsidiaries are still operating four small oxidized ore-bodies in Morocco, Spain, France, and Italy (see Figure 1). Not all of these deposits contain exclusively oxidized lead and zinc ores but also sulphides such as galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. However, the very presence of the oxidized ores gives the treatment methods their characteristics and it is bearing this in mind that we think the description of these four mills worthwhile. Flotation remains the basic process. It uses sulphurization in alkaline medium and long chain xanthate in order to concentrate lead minerals (amylxanthate) and fatty amines (sterarylamine acetate) to concentrate zinc minerals.

Jan 1, 1970

By F. L. Ransome

The dike here described is exposed in the workings of the Wedge and Bachelor mines, on the southern side of Red Canon, north of the town of Ouray, Colorado. Its course is north 80° east, or nearly east and west, and it hades to the north about 10°. It rarely outcrops, and was nowhere seen at the surface near the mines. A specimen collected by Dr. A. C. Spencer about two miles to the westward, near the mouth of Red Creek, indicates, however, a probable exposure of the dike near this point. The Wedge and Bachelor mines lie in a nearly horizontal series of fine-grained, light-grey sandstones, alternating with beds of very fine-grained shale of the same color. The shale as encountered underground is unusually compact and massive, but weathers readily on exposure, and splits much after the manner of ordinary shale. When fresh it closely resembles some finely arenaceous limestones, but it does not effervesce with acids, and is eseentially a fine, indurated, siliceous silt. Near the surface, and near the top of the sedimentary series as

Jan 1, 1901

Jan 1, 1883

By Richard L. Coleman

Metallurgical testwork to develop a flowsheet is described, beginning with background information required right through to a final process flowsheet. Both laboratory and pilot plant testing are reviewed with emphasis on the former.

Jan 1, 1978

By José G. Aguilera

With the imperfect knowledge that me have of the geology .of the country in general, and of the numerous mining districts in particular, it is impossible to present an accurate idea of the geographical and geological distribution of the mineral deposits of the Mexican Republic. But, notwithstanding this, it is elear that the deposits are concentrated in limited regions of the country, and that certain deposits are so closely associated as to indicate, beyond doubt, a genetic relationship. The mineral deposits are numerous, and the most of them are found in the western part of the country in a zone following a SE.-NW. direction from Oaxaca to Sonora. In the eastern

Jan 1, 1902

Jan 1, 1899

By Robert Mehl

METALLURGISTS are properly interested in papers dealing with subjects ranging from the theories of the metallic state to very practical details on the use of metals. A review of theoretical metallurgy naturally excludes papers concerned with the usefulness of metals and limits itself to those concerned purely with the science of metals. Even in this more limited field the reviewer is confronted with thousands of papers dealing with facts and theories of metallic behavior, from which he can select only a few hundred. The selection is necessarily highly arbitrary. Certain classes of papers definitely fall within the scope of this review. Thus, papers on the deformation of metals, on the structure of alloys, on recrystallization, to select only a few, are fully represented. Other subjects, which verge on what is generally accepted as the science of metals, such as the magnetic properties of metals, the less familiar electrical properties and theories, adsorption of gases by metal surfaces, and the like, are treated scantily. Particular attention is given to reviews of subjects that fall with in the groups chosen; in a summary such as this, which is largely in the nature of a progress report, capably written reviews are of importance, particularly since the monograph and text book literature is so meager in this field.

Jan 1, 1935

Uranium was the prima donna of 1978, and the exploration pace was fast and furious in traditional uranium producing areas such as the Powder River Basin, Grants mineral belt, San Juan Basin, and Uravan mineral belt. Adding fuel to the fire were several significant discoveries: The Date Creek Basin of western Arizona, the McDermitt caldera of northern Nevada, and Tallahassee Creek in Colorado's intermontane basin. Advances in solution mining haw resulted in deeper drilling on the Texas Coastal Plain, and the price of uranium has encouraged widespread exploration in frontier areas and non-sandstone environments.

Jan 5, 1979

By R. P. Ehrlich, D. A. Dahlstrom

In the hydrometallurgical circuit, many phase separation steps are usually necessary. Typical steps are pregnant liquor - leach residue separation by counter- current decantation or continuous vacuum filtration, clarification of liquids prior to precipitation, ion exchange or solvent extraction, dewatering of final product, etc. The paper discusses the more recent advances in these areas and considers general operating parameters and cost factors. In addition, emphasis is placed on future needs because of the growing importance and necessity of hydrometallurgical processing of minerals.

Jan 1, 1973

ALABAMA. Aldrich, Aldrich, W. F. Anniston, Noble, A. E Bessemer, Abbott, C. E., Fer¬gusson, V. Birmingham, Aldrich, T. H., Jr., Bowron, C. E., Bowron, J., Collord, G. L, Crockard, F. H., Davis, F. H, Dimmick, F. D., Hillman, Ludwig, C. P., McCarthy, M. E., McCormack, G B., McCrery, Ramsay, E., Shook, A. M. Car¬bon Hill, Pill, J. R. Coal City, Lydecker, I. S. Gannts Quarry, Hiller, E. Helena, Squire, J. Holt, Shook, J. \V. Huntsmlle, Moss. Lehigh, Toulmin. Oxmoor, Green¬amyer, A. G. Rock Run, Garvin, J. M. Sheffield, Miller, D. I. Woodward, Lodge, J., Woodward, A. H. ALASKA. Ellannar, Stevens, B. Fairbanks, Hamilton, A. L, Robe, L S. Hadley, John¬son, P. Jualin, Hoggatt, W. B. Juneau, Denby, Thane, B. L., Whipple, J. R. Katalla, Hampton, W. H. Ketchihan, Barber, J. C., Geiger, A. \V., Parker, J. L. Niblack, Finck, W. N., Niedling, B. B. Nome, Garfield, C. D. Tin Oity, Fay, A. H. Treadwell City, Kinzie, Stow, H. P. Valdez, Esterly, G. M., Hazelet.

Jan 1, 1910

By Arthur F. Taggart, Herbert H. Kellogg, Nathaniel Arbiter

The experimental work herein described is presented in support of the following broad hypothesis: Conditioning of metals and metallic sulphides by amine collectors involves metathetic reaction at the solid surface between the collector and an oxidized metallic compound, to produce a coating comprising an amine-bearing compound of low solubility in the system. The type of reaction is different in acid and in basic solutions; both types may occur simultaneously in near-neutral pulps. Experimental The experiments comprise contact-angle tests with a variety of metals and metallic sulphides and extraction teats on ground chalcocite. Contact-angle tests were made principally on metals. Covellite paralleled metallic copper in amine solution at pH 8.8 (Table 3) and in alkaline water, but maintained an angle of about 70° in Io-3 HCl solution, where metallic copper lost its angle. The tests with anionic collectors (Table I) indicate that the behavior of metals in general is parallel to that of their minerals in anionic solutions. It is believed that this is generally true with cationic collectors also, but the covellite test is a warning against a broad assumption to this effect. All test specimens were mounted in Transoptic.* All tests in conditioning solution were preceded by a test in distilled water; cleaning and polishing were continued in every case until the angle in water was zero. Subsequent transfers into and out of solutions and test cells were made in such a way as to prevent exposure of the surface to air.1 The amine used was primary laurylamine, Armour and Co., AM-1120. It was used in the form of the hydrochloride, obtained by precipitation with gaseous hydrochloric acid from an ether solution of the amine, and purified by two recrystallizations from ether-alcoho1.2 Inorganic and other test reagents were standard laboratory grades. Temperatures were not controlled; the probable range of test-solution temperatures is 650 to 80°F.

Jan 1, 1943

By David W. Brunton

The list of our past-Presidents comprises the names of many who, in their official addresses, have sketched the current progress of the arts and professions with which they were familiar. Such addresses are, in my judgment, highly useful, setting forth the results of our own work as a society, and recalling to our minds the particular lines in which discussion would prove most fruitful. Following this course with some hesitation, I venture to offer an outline of the recent improvements and the present situation in mining and metallurgy in the Western United States. The wonderful advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity have all combined to aid these arts to such an extent that progress during the last decade has undeniably been more rapid than ever before in the history of the profession. In all mining countries improved transportation-facilities, in many instances called into existence by the traffic created by the mines themselves, have done much to enlarge the field of operations by the reduction of freight-, operating- and living-expenses, thereby bringing lower-grade properties into the producing class. Under normal conditions, as the age of a district increases, all these different factors should combine to off-set the augmented costs attendant on deep mining, and greatly tend to prolong the profitable life of the mines. The more recent and important improvements in our Western mining-practice which have contributed most towards the advancement of the art may be briefly summarized as follows; but, before beginning this portion of my address, I wish to thank most heartily the many engineering friends who have so

Jan 1, 1910

By Herbert H. Kellogg, Nathaniel Arbiter, Arthur F. Taggart

The experimental work herein described is presented in support of the following broad hypothesis: Conditioning of metals and metallic sulphides by amine collectors involves metathetic reaction at the solid surface between the collector and an oxidized metallic compound, to produce a coating comprising an amine-bearing compound of low solubility in the system. The type of reaction is different in acid and in basic solutions; both types may occur simultaneously in near-neutral pulps. Experimental The experiments comprise contact-angle tests with a variety of metals and metallic sulphides and extraction teats on ground chalcocite. Contact-angle tests were made principally on metals. Covellite paralleled metallic copper in amine solution at pH 8.8 (Table 3) and in alkaline water, but maintained an angle of about 70° in Io-3 HCl solution, where metallic copper lost its angle. The tests with anionic collectors (Table I) indicate that the behavior of metals in general is parallel to that of their minerals in anionic solutions. It is believed that this is generally true with cationic collectors also, but the covellite test is a warning against a broad assumption to this effect. All test specimens were mounted in Transoptic.* All tests in conditioning solution were preceded by a test in distilled water; cleaning and polishing were continued in every case until the angle in water was zero. Subsequent transfers into and out of solutions and test cells were made in such a way as to prevent exposure of the surface to air.1 The amine used was primary laurylamine, Armour and Co., AM-1120. It was used in the form of the hydrochloride, obtained by precipitation with gaseous hydrochloric acid from an ether solution of the amine, and purified by two recrystallizations from ether-alcoho1.2 Inorganic and other test reagents were standard laboratory grades. Temperatures were not controlled; the probable range of test-solution temperatures is 650 to 80°F.

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1917

By Ralph Hayden

PAGE I. IntRoduction........239 II. Definition of Anaconda SLime....240 III. The Source of Slime......240 Remodeled Flow Sheet......240 Old Plow Sheet,.......242 IV. ConStitution of Slimes......243 Chemical........243 Physical.........243 V. The Slime Problem.......247 VI. THe Experimental Slime Plant....248 VII. Slime Thickeners. ETc .......249 Slime Ponds........249 Tanks.........249 Comparative Efficiency of Open and Baffle Tanks .260 Callow Tanks........252 Kuchs-Laist Centrifugal Separator....253 Garred Filter........256 Dorr Continuous Thickener.....256 VIII. Concentrators........257 Round Table........558 Peck Centrifugal Concentrator....259 Competitive Tests.......260 Twenty-Deck Round Table..... 260 Slime Feed Distributor......261 IX. ConcluSion.........262 I. Introduction. In the wet concentration of ores there is always a certain amount of very fine material with which to contend. and which invariably carries such quantities of value that the treatment of it is worth while. commercially. This fine material usually contains that portion of the ore which hinders the separation of the mineral values: namely. the colloidal material resulting from the decomposition of certain constituents of the ore. The object of this paper is to show what efforts have been made to solve the slime problem as it occurs in the concentrator of the Washoe

Jan 1, 1914

By Waldemar Lindgren

THE purpose of this paper is to present certain facts relating to Cordilleran differentiation and metallization. Theoretical discussions concerning the exact modus operandi of differentiation, the causes that led up to it, and the original distribution of the magmas have been omitted because the author feels that his knowledge is deficient. These subjects have been adequately treated in the admirable works of Iddings, Daly, Harker, Tyrrell, Shand, and Wolff. The facts here set forth seem to indicate that differentiation and metallization form one continuous process during the eastward movement of the magmas, culminating in the alkaline province of the eastern border of the Cordilleran Ranges.

Jan 1, 1933

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

IN the representation of crystals by figures it is customary to draw their edges as if they were projected upon some definite plane. Two sorts of projection are use8; the ah- graphic in which the lines of projection fell at right angles and the chirographic where they fall at oblique angles upon the plane of projection. The second of these projections is the more important, and must be tr2atcd here in some detail. Two points are to be noted in regard to it. In the first place, in the drawings of crystals the point of view is supposed to be at an infinite distance, and it follows from this that all lines which are parallel on the crystal appear parallel in the drawing. In the second place, in all ordinary cases, it is the complete ideal crystal which is represented, that is, the crystal with its full geometrical symmetry as explained on pp. 10 to 13 (cf. note on p. 13). In general, drawings of crystals are made, either by constructing the figure upon a projection of its crystal axes, using the intercepts of the different faces upon the axes in order to determine the directions of the edges or by constructing the figure from the gnomonic (or stereographic) projection of the crystal forms. Both of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. By drawing the crystal figure by the aid of a projection of its crystal axes the symmetry of the crystal and the relations of its faces to the axes are emphasized. In many cases, however, drawing from a projection of the poles of the crystal faces is simpler and takes less time. The student should be able to use both methods and consequently both are described below.

Jan 1, 1922

By W. L. Honnold

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) OWING to a unique labor situation and other unusual circumstances, the mining methods of the Rand are hardly comparable with practice elsewhere. They are' of considerable interest, however, and their impor-tance is increased by the magnitude of the industry with which they are identified, gold of $166,186,000 value, say 40 per cent. of the world's production, having been recovered from 25,701,954 tons of ore milled in 1914. In the sketchy remarks to follow, attention will first be drawn to some influential factors of general bearing, after which certain features at two mines of the writer's group will be referred to. It is hoped that engineers associated with similar or different conditions and practice will contribute to broaden the discussion. Before proceeding, recognition is due the generous assistance of C. E. Knecht and F. A. Unger. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS The principal mines are situated along the northern limit of an irregularly shaped geological basin, and extend in almost unbroken continuity over a distance of about 60 miles. As the boundaries are defined by vertical planes there are both "outcrop" and "deep-level" properties, all differing in size and in technical features. So much has been written in regard to the geology of the Rand that only a few pertinent features need here be recalled. Briefly, the ore deposits are profitably enriched portions of certain conglomerate beds or "reefs," rarely more than three, which are interposed between quartzite, or quartzite and slate, and lie so closely together that where more than one are mined they are dealt with as a work-ing unit, although they may lie stoped separately. Their collective extension is locally referred to as "the Reef."

Jan 8, 1915

By Stephen Taber

INTRODUCTION THE term asbestos, as commonly used, includes half a dozen minerals all having a well-developed fibrous structure, but differing in chemical composition and in some of their physical, properties. In its strict application the name is limited to the fibrous varieties of the monoclinic amphiboles. Commercially, however, the most important of the asbestiform minerals is chrysotile, a fibrous variety of serpentine. About 95 per cent. of the asbestos used in manufacturing is chrysotile, and it commands a much higher price than any of the other fibrous minerals now on the market. Although the production of asbestos has increased rapidly in recent years, comparatively little has been published concerning its origin. The present paper is preliminary in its nature, and therefore does not pretend to exhaust the subject. The ideas herein developed are the result of field investigation, laboratory experiments in the growth of fibrous

Jan 10, 1916