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By L. Massé, Th. Koulomzine

Note on Haalck's Formula Quantitative interpretation of magnetic anomalies is admittedly a difficult process. Few authors have attempted a general approach to this problem. A number of publications can be found widely scattered through scientific periodicals, which present particular solutions obtained by the introduction of simplifying assumptions, such as the reduction to an equivalent magnet or pole, or the hypothesis of a very thin vein. The practical applications of these solutions are necessarily very restricted though they have given satisfactory results in isolated cases. Probably the most widely known equation of this type was given by Haalck.' His classic work contains curves calculated for typical conditions, and has now become a standard reference. However, a close scrutiny of Haalck's derivation reveals that, aside from the hypothesis of a thin vein, it rests on the

Jan 1, 1949

By G. W. Mao, A. M. Gaudin, D. W. Fuerstenau

Activation of sphalerite with copper salts has long been thought of as a chemical reaction of the following form: ZnS + Cu++ [=] CuS + Zn++ [ 1 ] Early experimentation1-3 showed that the reaction seemed to be stopped by the coating of insoluble copper sulfide, but since the analytical methods were crude, it was only surmised that the reaction could proceed by diffusion. Probably the most conclusive evidence for reaction (Eq. 1) was obtained by Cooke,4 who found a stoichiometric replacement of Zn++ by Cu" after 50 days' reaction at about 100°C. Cooke also found the sphalerite to be covered with a rather thick coating of covellite, which in¬dicates that activation is a continuing replacement of Zn++ by Cu" rather than diffusion of Cu" throughout the sphalerite lattice. However, the occurrence of diffusion at high temperatures has been observed.5,6

Jan 4, 1959

By J. R. Schneider

INTRODUCTION Landowners in Texas for many years have freely granted, reserved and leased "oil, gas and other minerals" or interests therein. In recent years we have witnessed much litigation concerning what sub- stances should be included as "other minerals" within the phrase "oil, gas and other minerals," and this question has received the attention of numerous legal scholars. At the South Texas Uranium Seminar held in Corpus Christi, Texas, in September, 1978, Mr. William R. Dodson presented a paper dealing with this very subject and entitled "Uranium - Mineral or Surface? Who Owns It?" In his paper, Mr. Dodson reported on two recent Texas Supreme Court decisions, Acker v. a, 464 S.W.2d 348 (Tex. 1971) and Reed v. Wylie, 554 S.W.2d 169 (Tex. 1977). which held that the particular substance in question in each case is not a mineral within the phrase "oil, gas and other minerals" if substantial quantities of the substance lie so near the surface that production will entail the stripping away and substantial destruction of the surface. Since that time another chapter has been written in the Texas saga of "When is a Mineral not a Mineral?" and it is the intent of this paper to present an update of the Texas law. A review of the early Texas cases so ably covered by Mr. Dodson in his paper will not be repeated, except as is necessary to illustrate the evolution of the legal doc- trine which has been so aptly named "The Surface Destruction Test". BACKGROUND In order to appreciate the genesis of the problem, one must consider that oil and gas production commenced in Texas many years ago, Spindletop came in in 1901. As oil and gas became more valuable, land- owners with considerable frequency sold interest in the oil, gas and mineral estates in their lands, and reserved interest in the oil, gas and mineral estates in their lands when they disposed of their property. Due to the oil and gas background, and perhaps be- cause oil and gas was paramount in the minds of the parties, the traditional language employed in these grants and reservations was "oil, gas and other minerals" or variations thereof. There are literally hundreds of instruments employing this language constituting a link in the chains of title to thous- ands of acres of Texas land. In addition, there are thousands of acres of Texas land held by oil, gas and mineral leases, the primary terms of which have been perpetuated by production, containing similar language in their granting clauses. The severance of the mineral estate from the surface estate results in two separate and distinct estates, each having all of the incidents and attributes of an estate in land. with the surface estate being the serviant estate, and the mineral estate being the dominant estate and having certain easements in the surface estate to explore. produce and remove the minerals. Harris v. Currie. 176 S.W.2d 302, 305 (Tex. 1943). As observed by the court in the Harris case, this is because a grant or reservation of minerals would be wholly worthless if the grantee or reservor co~lld rwt enter upon the land in order to explore for and extract the minerals granted or reserved. Although the Texas law has recognized that an oil and gas lessee has the right to use so much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to produce the minerals. Warren Petroleum Corporation v. Monzingo, 304 S.W.2d 362, 363 (Tex. 1957), recent decisions of the Court have qualified this doctrine. In Getty Oil Company v. Jones. 470 S.W.2d 618 (Tex. 1971). Getty's pumpine, units were interfering with ones self-propelled sprinkler system utilized for irrigating the premises, and Jones sought to require Getty to install the-pumping units in cellars so that the sprinkler system could pass over them. In an effort to accommodate both the surface estate and the mineral estate, the court held (page 622) "...where there is an existing use by the surface owner which would otherwise be precluded or impaired, and where under the established practices in the industry there are alternatives available to the lessee whereby the minerals can be recovered, the rules of reasonable usage of the surface may require the adoption of an alternative by the lessee". Bearing in mind that the "reasonable use doctrine" grew up in the oil and gas industry involving sub- stances which can be produced by methods that do not destroy or deplete the surface estate, the question presented is whether the Texas courts will extend this doctrine to situations where claimants of "other minerals" seek to produce shallow deposits of iron ore, coal, lignite and uranium by surface mining methods which do destroy or deplete the surface estate? The surface destruction test has answered this question in the negative, at least as to iron. coal and lignite. However, the multitude of mineral estates in Texas which have been created by a grant. reservation or lease of "oil, gas and other minerals" will, doubtlessly, continue to fuel the fires of litigation. EARLY TEXAS DECISIONS In view of the evolution of the Surface Destruc- tion Test, an exhaustive review of the early Texas

Jan 1, 1980

By H. M. Roberts

H. M. ROBERTS, Minneapolis, Minn. (communication to the Secretary*). -The rifling of drill cores is a frequent source of interest to men engaged in diamond drilling. Previous to the appearance of Dr. Crane's paper, there has been little record of connected observation or rigid speculation as applied to the cause of rifling. Replying to one of Dr. Crane's letters of inquiry, I ventured my opinion that the cause of rifling was a complex problem in physics, which I had not attempted to solve up to that time, except to ascribe it to the general cause of rotation and vibration of the rods. The question is worth attention not only as a matter of curious scientific interest but also for the reason that it stimulates thought on

Jan 10, 1916

By Walter R. Hibbard, Robert I. O’Herron, Fred D. Rosi, Howard T. Clark

INTRODUCTION AND PREVIOUS WORK IN the search to find a copper-base alloy with high strength properties, it was considered that the addition of a small amount of an age-hardening element to a binary system with useful strength properties might result in a series of alloys of theoretical and practical importance. [ ] The copper-nickel system was selected for its basic properties and chromium was added as the age-hardening element in view of the small percentage involved and its decreasing solubility with decreasing temperature. A study of the Cu-Cr binary alloys was undertaken as a preliminary investigation. However, in view of the response of these alloys to heat treatment, the scope of this phase of the investigation was widened. [ ]

Jan 1, 1948

By Arne Paus-Jenssen

Some aspects of the policies developed by Saskatchewan with respect to the provincial potash industry are discussed. The provincial potash policy was developed initially to deal with problems associated with an excess supply and consisted of output restrictions and floor prices. Changing market conditions led to a situation of rapidly increasing prices and revenues for the potash producers, and the nature of the policy problem switched from one of stabilizing the industry to one of levying increased taxes to enable the government to capture a portion of the revenues. The first part of the paper explains why a provincial potash policy was developed, the problems it attempted to deal with and how. The second part is an attempt to examine, from a public policy point of view, the impact of these policies on the potash industry.

Jan 1, 1977

Henry Carlisle: This is June, 1961, and my friend Arthur Bunker is on the other side of the tape recorder. I, Henry Carlisle, am pursuing the hobby of chronicling the interesting parts of the mining careers and the lives of well-known mining engineers. Now, Arthur, supposing we skip, for the time being, where you were born and brought up, and start right in with where you went to school. Arthur Bunker: I graduated from Taft School and then went to Yale, Sheffield Scientific School, and took a course in electrical engineering. I was quite fascinated by higher mathematics and physics, and this offered more in mathematics and physics than any other one of the engineering courses at that time. The school was only a three-year course, and so I graduated from there in 1916.

Jan 8, 1963

By Daniel Houdouin

Data is frequently collected in mineral processing plants in order to evaluate operating performance or to model process units. Metal concentrations, circulating loads, products flow rates, classifiers efficiencies, flotation units recoveries, grinding mill efficiencies are typical parameters calculated from plant data. The validity of these calculations depends strongly upon the reliability of the data used for that purpose. The objective of this paper is to illustrate that flowrates, efficiencies and rate parameters of mineral processes are more reliable when calculated from balanced data rather than from raw data. Using variance-covariance matrices of balanced data produced by automatic mass balance packages (including flow rates, concentrations, percentage of solids and size analyses), variances of separator efficiencies (flotation or classification) and of mill grinding rates are derived. The variances are compared with those of variables calculated from raw data. The advantage of using balance data is illustrated with real data from flotation, grinding and classification units.

Jan 1, 1984

By Norman Visnes

EARLY in 1954, as initial development of the Galena mine was being finished, plans for stoping operations became the foremost consideration of the operating management. The Galena is being operated under lease agreement with the owner, Vulcan Silver-Lead Corp. Started in 1947, the Galena is a deep level development of American Smelting & Refining Co. and Day Mines Inc. under the management of ASARCO, in the Coeur d'Alene mining district. Lead mineralization was found on the 3000 level in 1950. In 1953 development on the 3000 level disclosed a siderite vein, later known as the Silver vein, which contains commercial quantities of silver in Tetrahedrite. This vein was explored on the 2800 and 2400 levels and later on the 3400 level, the lowest in the mine. Work above the 2400 level to date has indicated that the vein dissipates to weak mineralization, and ore values are uncertain above the 2200 horizon.

Jan 1, 1957

By Strathmore R. B. Cooke, Iwao Iwasaki, C. S. Chang

PYRRHOTITE has long been considered a gangue mineral to be eliminated as tailing in the treatment of various sulphide ores. However, in recent years the world-wide lack of sulphur resources has called attention to this mineral as a potential source of both sulphur and iron. Its importance as an economic mineral, however, has not been particularly emphasized. For this reason very little is known about its response to flotation, except that it can be depressed easily in alkaline circuit, by long aeration,1,2 addition of oxidizing agents3 or by starch.4 The object of this work was to study the floatability of pyrrhotite. This includes the effect of oxidation by aeration, of copper activation, and of change in pH.

Jan 2, 1954

By R. D. Irving

THE object of the present paper is to give an outline account of the mineral resources of the State of Wisconsin, so far as they are now known, including both metallic ores and non-metallic useful mineral substances. The only previous publication making any attempt at such an account is one of a popular nature, prepared by the writer for Snyder and Van Vechten's Historical Atlas of Wisconsin, which was published at Milwaukee in 1878. The data upon which the statements of the following pages are based are chiefly from the

Jan 1, 1880

By K. D. Snyder

Barite deposits occur in the Iglesiente-Sulcis district of southwestern Sardinia, an historically important lead-silver-zinc district. Barite, often genetically associated with the base metal deposits, has become an independently important economic commodity. Barite deposition in southwestern Sardinia was related to Caledonian, Hercynian, and Alpine orogenic cycles. A model is presented that relates synsedimentary, karstic, vein, and residual deposits. Synsedimentary deposits are widespread, have common depositional characteristics, and act as sources, along with hydrothermal systems, for other barite deposit types. Caledonian-, Hercynian-, and Alpine-related secondary enrichment processes resulted in residual and karstic deposits that are complex in terms of their geometry and texture, but are more economically important than those of synsedimentary or hydrothermal origin.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. E. Hunt, G. P. Clapp

This paper constitutes in substance a part of a more elaborate chapter, accompanied with extended tables of analyses, prepared for the book of Mr. Fred. H. Whipple on " Water-Supply." In advanee of that use of the material, however, it seemed appropriate to lay a portion of it before the Institute; and this opinion of the authors, the Council, by accepting the paper, has ratified. It may seem at first glance, nevertheless, that a paper dealing chiefly with this subject in its sanitary aspects, and only treating in a subordinate way of the one subject (boiler-scale) usually deemed to concern our professions, is somewhat out of place in our Transactions. But reflection will, we trust, correct this impression. In recent periods, and in continually increasing degree, the managers

Jan 1, 1889

By Wolfgang Pietsch

Direct Reduced Iron is a product obtained during solid state reduction of iron oxides into metallic iron. General chemical and physical characteristics of all direct reduced iron materials result in a noticeable reoxidation tendency and a relatively low ignition temperature. As most of the chemical reactions are exothermic, normally heating occurs and if water is present hydrogen evolves. Dry direct reduced iron deactivates quickly in air but is still reactive if it comes into contact with moisture. Because of these characteristics, special requirements are necessary for safe storage, shipment, and handling. In an effort to improve this situation passivation techniques were and still are being developed. The paper discusses the properties of direct reduced iron, presents past experience with storage, shipment, and handling of MIDREX® Iron, a direct reduced iron material produced in the MIDREX® Direct Reduction Process, and evaluates benefits derived from different passivation techniques.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. M. Toguri, H. Flood

The application of the mass action law to the thermodynamic treatment of metal-slag equilibria is discussed. The consideration of the reactions essentially as ionic exchange equilibria is shown to be both an advantage and an aid for the elucidation of the theoretical treatment. This is illustrated by several examples. In general two different methods of application of the mass action law to metal-slag equilibria have been used by different groups of investigators. These could be called the oxide reaction and the ionic reaction approach respectively. At the recent discussion in the metallurgical section of the I.U.P.A.C. Congress in Montreal, 1961,' divergent opinions prevailed regarding the most rational way of applying the mass action law to metal-slag equilibria. This question is of fundamental importance in the treatment and understanding of theoretical chemical metallurgy. Consequently, the following is an attempt to contribute towards its clarification. As an example, the distribution of iron and manganese between molten iron and slag will be considered. I) THE OXIDE EXCHANGE REACTION APPROACH The equilibrium between iron and manganese between molten iron and slag is frequently formulated as an oxide metal exchange reaction as follows:

Jan 1, 1963

By M. M. Austin

PURE metallic tantalum, from a practical standpoint, is one of the newer developments in the metal field. Although it was used as filament in incandescent lamps in 1906, only within the last five years has the metal been available in sufficient quantity and suitable form for more general application. In addition to corrosion-resisting properties and high melting point, the metal has an ability to withstand unusual amounts of cold working. It affords some striking demonstrations of block movement during plastic flow.

Jan 1, 1930

By Chase Palmer

INTRODUCTION. WHILE the reducing action of organic matter, of ferrous sulphate, and of hydrogen sulphide has frequently been invoked to account for the deposition of native gold and silver from ore-forming solutions, the high efficiency in this respect of certain of the metallic minerals which form the ore itself has not been sufficiently recognized. If a little finely powdered chalcocite is placed. in a test-tube and 2 or 3 cc. of a dilute solution of gold chloride are poured over it, two or three shakes of the tube suffice to remove all the gold from the solution. The color of the solution changes from yellow to pale green, showing that copper is dissolved simultaneously with the precipitation of metallic gold. If a piece of chalcocite is hung in a dilute aqueous solution of silver sulphate (1 normal), a coating of silver begins immediately to form on the mineral, and within a few moments a beautiful silver tree has developed, similar to that formed when metallic zinc is immersed in a similar solution.

Jan 5, 1913

By Shrikant Lele

INTRINSIC and extrinsic stacking faults may be formed in fcc structures by similar processes with bounding S-and D-Shockley partial dislocations respectively.' The only difference between these two dislocations is that the side on which the fault lies is reversed. The number of nearest and next nearest neighbors of atoms is identical for the two faults, but that of next next nearest neighbors is different. Thus, the energies associated with intrinsic and extrinsic faults may be expected to be different but of the same order of magnitude. An extrinsic fault can be constructed from two intrinsic faults on adjacent close-packed planes. This suggests that the extrinsic fault energy is higher than the intrinsic fault energy. It is, therefore, surprising that extrinsic faults have not been detected in X-ray studies2 of deformed alloys of low stacking fault energy. These have, however, been observed in cerium3 by X-ray diffractometry and in Au-4.8 at. pct Sn4 and Cu-16.6 at. pct A15 alloys by transmission electron microscopy.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. Richard Lucas

The coal industry, one of the great basic industries in the nation, plays a major role in the American economy. Coal is the principal fuel used in generating tremendous quantities of low-cost power so necessary to the nation. Two-thirds of the electrical energy and one-fourth of all energy consumed in the nation is produced from coal. Large-scale production of steel, cement, and chemicals is vitally dependent upon this natural resource. Because of extensive reserves and low mining cost, it is one of the few natural resources in which the United States is a significant exporter. During 1965 in excess of 500 million tons of coal were produced, almost 10% over the previous year; more than 50 million tons were shipped to foreign markets. The utility market gained approximately 8% during the year for a total of 242 million tons.

Jan 2, 1966

Some years ago it was my good fortune to inspect some coal properties in Germany, and the most striking impression I received on my trip was that in that country every one in the coal industry, miners and operators, was proud of the fact-not apologetic about it-and that industrially coal was looked upon as a King. The explanation, of course, was that at least 90 per cent of the entire mineral value produced in Germany was from coal, and that it was the very foundation of the nation's industrial life. The feeling was so different from that existing in the United States among those engaged in producing coal that it made a profound impression on me, and many times since then I have speculated about the reasons for the difference in opinion in the two countries. Here, of course, our units are much smaller and more numerous, there is not so large a proportion of technically trained men, and we have the American trait of depreciating the things we do at home; but among those not actively

Jan 1, 1935