Search Documents

Jan 1, 1991

Overview ?Oil Sands Background ?Water Use in Surface Mining ?Tailings Disposal ?Water Balance for Surface Mining ?Implications of Emerging Regulations ?Water Management Framework ?Tailings Performance Criteria (Directive 074)

May 1, 2009

By R. H. Fernald

In 1900, as far as available records show, there were only two producer-gas power installations in the United States. In June, 1915, the number probably exceeded 1,000. Of this number, some 84.5 per cent comprised small plants using anthracite, and only about 15 per cent of the total number utilized bituminous coal and lignite. In addition to these, two plants used wood, and three or four used oil. In the main, however, the larger sized units are operating on bituminous coal and lignite. During the early years of these plants little success was anticipated from the use of bituminous coals and lignites, but in 1904 and 1905 it was fully demonstrated at the Government testing station at St. Louis that these fuels could be utilized to excellent advantage. However, although many producer-gas plants in daily operation are using bituminous coal and lignite, many power-plant men are still skeptical regarding the successful commercial use of these fuels.

Jan 1, 1916

By R. E. Wilmot

This paper is based on the experiences, over many years, of numerous authors in the South African mining industry and of the hot dip galvanizing process and its application as a corrosion protection system. The paper sets out the extensive development, financial resources and stringent operating requirements of the South African mining industry. After many years of research and operational experiences, hot dip galvanizing and, when necessary, duplex systems, have been found to meet the demanding requirements of this particular industry. The paper sets out the requirements from the standpoint of corrosion criteria and is followed with a case where the corrosion protection properties of hot dip galvanizing are demonstrated. This case history traces the early investigation of the expected corrosive conditions in a new mining operation and concludes with two follow-up visits to the mine in order to examine actual performance of the corrosion protection system after ten years in service.

Jan 1, 2007

By L. P. Purtell

The performance of ten anemometers of several types has been measured at low air speeds. Multiple calibration runs provided sufficient data for measuring random error about the mean calibration curve in addition to the difference between indicated and true speeds. Measurements were also performed of the minimum operating speeds of the anemometers.

Jan 1, 1979

By Jr. Boyle

This report analyzes the availability of chromium in the form of ferroalloy products (high-carbon and low-carbon ferrochromium and ferrochromium-silicon) and chromite products (metallurgical, chemical, refractory, and foundry sands) in market economy countries (MEC's). A total of 873.5 Mmt of in situ material, containing 202.5 Mmt of chromium, in 10 MEC countries was analyzed for availability as of the January 1989 study date. Extraction and beneficiation of this in situ material would result in 475.4 Mmt of marketable chromite products. As analyzed, 288.5 Mmt of these chromite products would be available for export or for internal chemical and refractory use and 186.9 Mmt would be smelted in-country to produce 74.3 Mmt of high-carbon ferrochromium, 3.9 Mmt of low-carbon ferrochromium, and 2.0 Mmt of ferrochromium-silicon, all available for export. A network flow model, which includes centrally planned economy countries (CPEC's), was also constructed to analyze world chromium supply and demand interactions for the period 1986 through 1994 and to address a hypothetical North American embargo on direct imports of all South African chromium products beginning in mid-1990. The model shows capacity constraints developing in the MEC high-carbon ferro chromium industry in 1987 and a possible subsequent overreaction by the industry in terms of new capacity additions. The results suggest that sufficient chromium is available to North America should an embargo on direct imports from South Africa be imposed by its governments. However, the effect on export revenues in South Africa is relatively small, and timely increases to world ferrochromium, chemical chromite, and foundry sand chromite capacities would be required.

Jan 1, 1993

By Don Z. Painter, Gordon F. Revey

Frontier/Traylor Joint Venture is presently constructing a section of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District of Oregon's (TRI-MET) Westside Light Rail system. This new section will extend Portland's existing transit system to the western suburbs of Beaverton and Hillsboro. The drill-blast excavations at this project include 10,000 feet of 20 foot tunnel, 18 cross passages, three shafts, an underground railway station, and a U-wall open cut. From a blast designer's perspective, this job has been extremely challenging. Blast vibration is limited to 0.5 ips at 200 feet or at the nearest structure, and airblast is limited to 129 dB -- linear peak and 96 dB -- C scale. The tunnels pass under heavily built up areas and have top of tunnel to surface cover distances as low as 70 feet. Surface blasting in the 26,000 cubic yard U-wall excavation was limited to five short nighttime periods due to its proximity to the very busy highway 26.

Jan 1, 1995

By R. H. Fernald

In 1900, as far as available records show, there were only two producer-gas power installations in the United States. In June, 1915, the number probably exceeded 1,000. Of this number, some 84.5 per cent comprised small plants using anthracite, and only about 15 per cent of the total number utilized bituminous coal and lignite. In addition to these, two plants used wood, and three or four used oil. In the main, however, the larger sized units are operating on bituminous coal and lignite.

Jan 1, 1916

THERE are three objectives in translation of works of this character : to give a faithful, literal translation of the author's statements ; to give these in a manner which will interest the reader ; and to preserve, so far as is possible, the style of the original text. The task has been doubly difficult in this work because, in using Latin, the author availed himself of a medium which had ceased to expand a thousand years before his subject had in many particulars come into being ; in consequence he was in difficulties with a large number of ideas for which there were no corresponding words in the vocabulary at his command, and instead of adopting into the text his native German terms, he coined several hundred Latin expressions to answer his needs. It is upon this rock that most former attempts at translation have been wrecked. Except for a very small number, we believe we have been able to discover the intended meaning of such expressions from a study of the context, assisted by a very incomplete glossary prepared by the author himself, and by an exhaustive investigation into the literature of these subjects during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. That discovery in this particular has been only gradual and obtained after much labour, may be indicated by the fact that the entire text has been re-typewritten three times since the original, and some parts more often ; and further, that the printer's proof has been thrice revised. We have found some English equivalent, more or less satisfactory, for practically all such terms, except those of weights, the varieties of veins, and a few minerals. In the matter of weights we have introduced the original Latin, because it is impossible to give true equivalents and avoid the fractions of reduction ; and further, as explained in the Appendix on Weights it is impossible to say in many cases what scale the Author had in mind. The English nomenclature to be adopted has given great difficulty, for various reasons ; among them, that many methods and processes described have never been practised in English-speaking mining communities, and so had no representatives in our vocabulary, and we considered the introduction of German terms undesirable ; other methods and processes have become obsolete and their descriptive terms with them, yet we wished to avoid the introduction of obsolete or unusual English ; but of the greatest importance of all has been the necessity to avoid rigorously such modern technical terms as would imply a greater scientific understanding than the period possessed. Agricola's Latin, while mostly free from mediaeval corruption, is somewhat tainted with German construction. Moreover some portions have not

Jan 1, 1950

By T. Mwanza, B. N. Belford, P. Conradie

"Metix has introduced a three-piece ’deep-cooled’ copper slag tapblock into a six in-line copper matte settling electric furnace. The tapblock was designed without any internal refractory; it relies purely on the development and maintenance of a freeze lining on its hot face and within the tapping channel to protect the copper and promote the integrity of the surrounding endwall refractory lining. In addition, the geometry of the tapblock further supports the sidewall refractories, reduces the impact of funnelling and, therefore, the need for premature rebuilding of the furnace endwall, and facilitates easy removal and replacement of the wear components even under ’hot’ furnace conditions. Eighteen thermocouples embedded in the copper components ensure full resolution of the copper condition, enabling plant personnel to identify wear rates, estimate freeze lining thickness and stability, and schedule replacement of spares and wear components well in advance.At the time of writing the tapblock had been in operation for 6 months with approximately 350 000 t of slag having been tapped through it. Every indication is that the design will limit the need for premature relining of the furnace endwall due to rapid deterioration of the tapblock and its surrounding refractories. IntroductionNonferrous furnaces rely heavily on the maximization of refractory campaign life to increase profitability and reduce planned downtime. In large electric copper slag-cleaning furnaces utilizing insulating linings, campaign lives of six or more years are realistic if consideration is given to each aspect that can degrade the refractory lining during the campaign. An area that is particularly vulnerable is the slag tap-hole and the local surrounding refractory. To avoid premature relining of the furnace walls, every effort should be made to consider not only the tap-hole design itself, but also the selection of the sidewall refractory material and its construction immediately adjacent to the tap-hole, and furthermore the interplay between the tapblock and this adjacent refractory. A holistic approach to the design that considers these interdependent features in the slag tapping area can reduce the incidence of accelerated refractory wear (‘funnelling’), support the surrounding refractories to prevent their collapse, introduce easily replaceable wear components that can be exchanged with the furnace still ‘hot’, and encourage and maintain a stable freeze lining at the refractory hot face that maximizes the tapblock and refractory lifetime."

Jun 1, 2019

Four taconite plants were studied to establish the extent of hazard to plant personnel which exists based on long-term exposure to noise. The criteria for evaluation include the 90 dBA and 85 dBA summations of partial exposures. Data from extensive interviews were used to determine all work stations or locations which employees occupied and how much time they spent in ach location in a typical working day. Noise level measurements at every designated location were then made. By means of a computer program, these time and noise level data were us d to find the optimum noise reductions which would be required throughout each plant to meet both noise criteria. Subsequently, each plant was examined in detail so that the apparent sources of noise for each of the locations requiring noise reduction could be delineated. In tabular form, this report presents the hazardous locations for each plant, the existing noise level, the optimum noise reduction which would be required to meet the current and proposed laws, and the sources of noise which produce the existing noise level.

Jan 1, 1977

By William W. Odell

Certain gas-making processes are in use in Europe, particularly in Germany, which differ radically from those in common use in America. A number of them are of particular interest because they are different. The questions naturally arise: Are any of them applicable to the making of gas in this country and, if so, with what particular type of solid fuel? It is a fact that some of them were developed with consideration of a particular set of conditions and for the utilization of solid fuels available in Germany. The latter fuels, in certain characteristics, are unlike the high-rank fuels commonly used for making gas in the United States; therefore, in attempting to evaluate the various foreign- developed processes with regard to usefulness here, one must give attention to the particular conditions that will prevail in any specified case and also the characteristics and requirements of the process and generator under considera- tion. Three of the processes that were developed and put into commercial operation in Germany, and which have some characteristics in common, are con- sidered in particular in this publication; they are: 1. Lurgi pressure gasification process. 2. Winkler process. 3. The Leuna slagging-type producer-gas process. Each of these processes requires steam and oxygen as gas-maiding fluids. For a number of years, oxygen, has been used in a relatively pure state,. along with steam, in making gas in Germany, and many of the difficulties initi-. ally encountered have been overcome. Although it appears that oxygen recovered from air was first used in this manner as a method of utilizing a byproduct in a plant that used the nitrogen complement in the manufacture of ammonia; more recently, the oxygen was made particularly for the purpose. The fuels - brown coal or lignite used in processes 1 and 2 were not suitable for use in the older and commonly used intermittent-type water-gas generators, and it was necessary, therefore, to devise a different process for gasifying them. A gas of higher heating value than producer gas, was desired, and the use of oxygen (not air) along with steam made possible the production of the desired gas without nitrogen dilution, which characterizes producer gas. Operating data presented herein are based upon observations by, members of the Technical Oil Mission at plants in Germany, on records, and on information vocally given to members of the lässion, including the author, while visiting those plants, and they are believed to be reasonably correct; however, certain hasic observations, comparisons, and conclusions are. made by the author.

Nov 1, 1947

Jan 1, 1998

CONTENTS PAGE ANDERSON, ARVID E., and CAMERON, FRANK K.-Recovery of Copper by Leaching, Ohio Copper Co. of Utah. Discussed by Thomas B. Brighton, H. C. Goodrich, Arvid E. Anderson, Thos. P. Billings, Frank K. Cameron 2 BEESON, J. J.-Mining Districts and Their Relation to Structural Geology. Discussed by Charles Keyes, Chas. A. Porter 4 DOBBEL, CHAS. A.-Deep-hole Prospecting at the Chief Consolidated Mines. Discussed by G. W. Crane 10 CRANE, G. W.-Notes on the Geology of East Tintic. Discussed by G. W. Crane, H. E. Havernor, N. O. Lawton 11 SACKETT, B. L., BARDWELL, CARLOS, JACOBSON, SIMON, and JENSEN, N. H. Lead Smelting in Utah. Discussed by D. W. Jessup, B. L. Sackett, E. H. Laws 13 BARDWELL, E. S., and MILLER, Roy H.-Pulverized Coal as Fuel for Copper Refining Furnaces. Discussed by L. D. Anderson, E. S. Bardwell, C. P. Crawford 15 WIGTON, G. H.-The Chief Consolidated Volatilization Process and Mill. Discussed by Thomas Varley, S. G. Olmstead, V. O. Lawton, O. C. Ralston.... 16 JESSUP, D. W.-Evolution in the Preparation of Ores for Lead Blast Furnaces. Discussed by W. Spencer Reid, D. W. Jessup, Carlos Bardwell 19 ALLEN, H. P., and MADGE, WM. C.-Chloridizing Mill of the Standard Reduction Co. Discussed by Thomas Varley, H. R. Hanley, H. P. Allen, George H. Dern 20 TUCKER, E. L., and HEAD, R. E.-Effect of Cyanogen Compounds on Floatability of Pure Sulfide Minerals. Discussed by Blarney Stevens 24 Mix, B. E., and BARKER, L. M.-Method of Unloading Ores and Coarse-crushing Practice at Magna Plant of Utah Copper Co. Discussed by W. C. Madge,B. E. Mix 25 KEIGLEY, C. T.-The New Byproduct Coke Plant of the Columbia Steel Corporation. Discussed by W. M. Grant, C. T. Keigley, A. C. Feilder 25 JACKSON, P. W.-Blast Furnace Plant of the Columbia Steel Corporation. Discussed by W. R. Phibbs, H. M. Henton 26 OLDRIGHT, G. L., KEYES, H. E., and WARTMAN, F. S.-Production of Ferric Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid from Roaster Gas. Discussed by G. D. Van Arsdale William E. Greenawalt, G. L. Oldright 27 MAZANY, M. S.-Braden Copper Company Caletones Smelter. Discussed by A. B. Young, G. L. Oldright 36 HARRINGTON, D.-Safety Methods in Utah Coal Mines. Discussed by Edward K. Judd, Otto Herres, Benedict Shubart, A. C. Watts, D. Harrington 36

Jan 12, 1925

By Y. H. Cheng, D. M. Lewis, V. Castranova, M. W. Barger, J. K. H. Ma, J. Y. C. Ma, W. F. Xin

Bis-basic ethers off fluorene and fluoren-9-substituted derivatives such as tilorone have been reported to inhibit silica-induced fibrosis in rats. The potential antifibrotic potency of 2,7-bis (diethylamino) ethixy fluorine fluorenone (F-9-H.H), fluorenoxime (F-9-one), and fluorenol (F-9-ol) was F-9-axime > F-9-one ~ F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. Since the release of reactive oxygen species and growth factors from alveolar macrophages (AM) in response to silica exposure has been linked to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, the present study was carried out to determine the inhibitory effects of these compounds on rat AM activity in vitro. The following parameters were monitored: (1) cellular viability; (2) zymosan-induced respiratory burst activity (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide release, chemiluminescence, and oxygen consumption) of AM; (3) drug binding to AM; and (4) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated interleukin- I (IL-1) release from AM. The bis-basic ethers, at 40 did not affect cell viability when incubated with AM for 30 min, but significantly inhibited zymosan-induced macrophage respiratory burst activity. The inhibitory effect of these agents was F-9-oxime > F-9-one ~F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. Binding of these drugs to AM was time and dose dependent, and exhibited the following binding affinity: F-9-oxime > F-9-one > F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. F-9- oxime was shown to inhibit LPS-stimulated IL-I release by AM in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition of IL-1 release by AM cannot be explained as a decrease in viability. In addition, these drugs were also shown to impair human fibroblast proliferation in response to serum stimuli without impairing cell viability. These results indicate a positive correlation between drug binding to AM or other cell types and their inhibitory effects on cellular activities including oxygen consumption, superoxide release, hydrogen peroxide secretion, chemiluminescence, IL-I release, and proliferation. The ability of-these bis-basic ethers to modify AM and fibroblast functions in vitro suggests that further investigation of their reported antifibrotic potency in vivo is warranted.

Dec 1, 1996

By K. Morsi

The interest in spark plasma sintering has been growing considerable over the past few years. This has been brought about by the unique advantages of the process, which include reduced sintering temperatures and times and the production of materials with unique microstructures and properties. Despite its current reputation as an outstanding process that has solved major problems such as nano-powder consolidation, it has so far been largely limited to the manufacture of simple shapes, due to its inherent geometric configuration. In this paper we present preliminary results on spark plasma "extrusion" that can allow the production of extended geometries via electric-current processing. Preliminary results on the processing and microstructure of spark plasma extruded aluminum are discussed.

Jan 1, 2009

Taking the Presidential chair of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, my first duty is to thank you for the high honour and position you have conferred on me. A position entailing the highest compliment the Institute could bestow on any of its members, and one which I feel my inability to properly fulfil, inasmuch, as you have men in your ranks of the highest scientific training residing on that great continent where the head quarters of the Institute is established, while my engagements here will not permit me leaving this colony but for a very limited period.About six years ago, during the time the mining boom was at its height, there came to this colony from England, Germany, and South Africa, several mining engineers, who in conjunction with the mining engineers here, formed an Institute which we soon found we were not able to maintain. The mining boom gradually died away, and many engineers have left the colony to find employment in other parts of the world. We made overtures to your Iqstitute to take us under your wing, which you were kind enough to do, and the outcome is that you have come over 1200 miles to hold a meeting in New Zealand. The paucity of members residing in this colony does not admit of a large attendance; but we heartily welcome you to our shores and hope you will enjoy a holiday visiting some of the principal mining centres and exchanging ideas, which not only improves our minds, and widens our field research, but also tends to lead to further economic improvements in the extraction of metals the earth contains...

Jan 1, 1903

The Bureau of Mines is responsible for a broad spectrum of programs for meeting the diverse and changing mineral resource needs of the Nation. These programs are managed by the Director and two Deputy Directors, who formulate general policy and program direction from the Washington, D.C., headquarters. A senior advisory staff, consisting of the Chief Staff Officer, Chief Scientist, and Chief Mining Engineer, provides advice and consultation to the Director on a wide range of scientific and technical matters and acts on behalf of the Director to maintain liaisons with other government agencies, mineral industries, and professional societies. Bureau program activities are classified into two major functions: (1) Developing new and improved technology that will make the production and processing of minerals more efficient, safer and more healthful for mineral workers and the public, and more compatible with a quality environment.

Jan 1, 1980

By Robert N. Roby

This report is one of a series based upon investigations made and being made within the Missouri River Basin in Montana by engineers of the Bureau of Mines , Albany Branch , Mining Division . These investigations are made primarily to provide preliminary information to Department of Interior agencies and others concerned with the planning of the proposed Federal power developments within the Missouri River Basin . The present report has been designed to permit public distribution of the factual data obtained . The field investigations in Meagher County were made during tually all 1948 ; Vir- known metallic mineral occurrences within the county were investigated ; some nonmetallic mineral deposits also were investigated . The investigations cannot be considered complete , however , because some long-inactive mines or prospects may have been missed . Most of the old mine and prospect openings are caved; many are completely inaccessible . Many of the claims located years ago have been abandoned ; others have been relocated under different names and ownerships . Because of such conditions , much of the information regarding their development and operation necessarily has been obtained from Federal and State publications , supplemented by information provided by owners and local residents .

Jan 1, 1950

By George S. Rice

In 1911 the Director of the United States Bureau of Mines instructed the chief mining engineer of the bureau , during an investigation of coal-mine safety conditions in Europe, to ask the directors of the various mine-experiment stations whether they would favor a European conference . The majority of the officials in immediate charge of experiment stations favored the plan , and Victor Watteyne, inspector general of Belgium, suggested that the United States call such a conference to be held immediately after the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, which was to assemble in New York on September 3, 1912 . Accordingly, invitations were issued by the United States Government to those countries having mine-experiment stations , namely, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany , and Great Britain, and to those that contemplated the establishment of such stations , Canada and Mexico . All but Great Britain and Canada accepted ; Mexico designated a representative , who later found it impossible to come. The Government of Great Britain in declining, expressed regret at its inability to accept ; an informal statement was made that the opening of the experimental gallery at Eskmeals , England , occupied the attention of the officials in charge . Delegates were appointed by their respective Governments as follows: Austria-Hungary, Julian Czaplinski , royal mining engineer. Belgium, Victor Watteyne , inspector general of mines . France, J. Taffanel, director of the Lievin experiment station . Germany, Carl Beyling, bergassessor, director of Dortmund experiment station. United States , Charles E. Munroe, consulting explosives expert and George S. Rice, chief mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines . Subsequently Mr. William O'Connor , a mining engineer and mine operator of Wales , who opportunely appeared at the Pittsburgh station with letters of introduction from the South Wales Institute of Engineers and from prominent mining officials of Great Britain , was unanimously invited to take part in the meeting as an unofficial representative of Great Britain . Messrs . Beyling, Taffanel , and Watteyne were met in New York on September 3, by George S. Rice, who accompanied them to Washington, where they were welcomed by Director J. A. Holmes , of the Bureau of Mines , and where , with the delegates to the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry , they were presented to President Taft . Mr. Taffanel was unfortunately called back to France just before the scheduled time of the conference on account of a mine disaster ; the other delegates , including Mr. Czaplinski , convened at Pittsburgh on the morning of September 14. Mr. Rice, representing the Director of the Bureau of Mines , acted as temporary chairman , and called the meeting to order.

Jan 1, 1914