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By Donald D. Smythe

This paper describes briefly the topography and geology of the region where the mica-bearing pegmatites are found and discusses prospecting, the quality of the mica, its preparation, and evaluation of the deposits. Muscovite mica occurs in a number of widely separated localities in Brazil, but production has come largely from deposits in the southeastern and eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Fig. I). There the deposits form a discontinuous zone, which starts at a point go km. north of the city of Rio de Janeiro and extends north for some 500 km., roughly parallel to the coast. A maximum width of 180 km. is reached along the Rio Doce. To the west in Minas Gerais, and extending east into the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, the mica zone proper is fringed by areas in which there are scattered occurrences of mica-bearing pegmatites. A few of these outlying deposits have produced commercial mica, but most of them are unimportant. To the southwest, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are a number of mines, which at one time produced a very considerable amount of sheet mica, largely as a byproduct of kaolin mining. These deposits, and a few others lying between them and the main productive areas to the northeast, appear to be the southwestern continuation of the strong Minas Gerais mica zone. In the vicinity of Conquista, just north of the Minas Gerais boundary in the State of Bahia, and still farther north, near Jacobina, there are several known mica deposits. Their location indicates that they may be the northern continuation of the main mica zone. The major part of Brazilian mica production has come from four areas within the mica zone proper; from north to south, Governador Valadares, Raul Soares, Espera Feliz, and Muriaé.. The first is go km. from north to south and reaches a maximum width of 180 km. The Raul Soares area extends 135 km. from northeast to southwest, and in places is 80 km. wide. The Espera Feliz area is 100 km. from north to south, and reaches a width of 35 km. The Muriai. area extends 150 km. from northeast to southwest and its width reaches 40 kilometers. Between the known productive areas, and in the areas directly to the southwest and to the north of them, little mica has been produced. These gaps, as well as certain irregularities in the outline of the mica zone itself, are to be ascribed either to lack of prospecting or to conditions preventing the discovery of mica, rather than to its nonexistence. Elsewhere in Brazil mica has been reported from eastern Goiaz, Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Matto Grosso, and Amazonas. Production from these sources is negligible at present. Because of the inferior quality of the mica from the more accessible of these localities, and the operational difficulties occasioned by the remoteness of others, it is improbable that they will become important producers for some time to come.

Jan 1, 1948

By Donald E. Archibald, Gerald A. Allcott

"Noranda's Heath Steele Mine is located 35 miles north of Newcastle in northern New Brunswick. Blasthole open stoping with partial delayed filling is the major mining method in use. The selection of stope and pillar dimensions to ensure mine stability was originally subjective. This paper describes the progress made in attempting to rationalize design.One major feature is the fracture pattern. The main orebody now being mined, the B zone, has undergone five periods of folding and each period of folding developed a family of fracture planes which are axial planar to that particular fold pattern.The other major features considered are the calculated increase in stress due to mining and depth and its relationship to measured strain. Experience has shown that ground problems affecting production have usually originated in rib pillars. Field observations of ground deterioration and multi-wire extensometer measurements of strain are tabulated together chronologically for each pillar.A factor representing stress and a common plane of weakness are identified. Graphical analysis is used to determine the effect of the plane of weakness on a typical stress/strain curve and provides a base for the design of pillars."

Jan 1, 1981

By R. Canello, J. Jenkins

El Abra has the world's largest leach, solvent extraction and electrowinning facility, The crushing plant capacity is 120,000 metric tonnes per day and the cathode production capacity is 225,000 metric tonnes per year. The El Abra mine and plant are located in the Province of El Loa, in Region I1 of Chile, 55 km. north of the city of Calama. The ore deposit outcrops on the southern slope of Cerro Pajonal at an altitude of 3,900 to 4,100 meters above sea level. The processing plant and camp facilities are located at a lower 3,300 meter elevation on an alluvial slope, 15 km southeast of the deposit. The operating company, Sociedad Contractual Minera El Abra, is 51% owned by Cyprus Arnax Minerals Company through the Cyprus Climax Metals Company subsidiary and 49% owned by Corporaci6n Nacional del Cobre de Chile (Codelco). The present paper describes the ore reserves, mine operations, crushing, leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning and infrastructure facilities.

Jan 1, 1998

The estimation of the shear stress distribution around an excavation is important to the design of the excavation since shear stresses can generate cracks, loosen grain boundaries or otherwise degrade the mechanical and physical properties of the rock and lead to stability problems. In this study, the distribution of shear stresses in a pillar were back-calculated from the deformation measurements made from the SPDV (Site and Preliminary Design Validation) area at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site. A plausible pattern of shear stress around an excavation has been suggested based on the Zero Strain Boundary (ZSB) calculation, computer simulation using FLAC, and back-calculation using measured deformation rates in the pillars.

Jan 1, 1998

By Filipe Sathler

Mediante efeitos de sazonalidades do mercado Siderúrgico, períodos de crise, aliados às necessidades de reparos de equipamentos, os Altos Fornos são, eventualmente, submetidos ao desligamento. O procedimento específico mais utilizado é o Blowdown, com o abaixamento de carga até nível de ventaneiras, facilitando posterior limpeza e reparo. Para sucesso deste procedimento, é essencial um planejamento adequado das atividades. Informações técnicas e experiências operacionais permitiram o embasamento teórico e a execução do Blowdown do Alto Forno 03 da ArcelorMittal FCSA (Tubarão). Como preparação, foi efetuado o aumento do fluxo periférico (remoção de cascão) e o aumento da permeabilidade do Cadinho (maior circulação de líquidos, limpeza e drenagem). Realizou-se também a preparação de equipamentos específicos e controle dos parâmetros operacionais. O abaixamento de carga foi devidamente realizado conforme planejado, até o nível de ventaneiras e permitindo paredes internas livres de cascões.

Aug 16, 2017

By Fernando Llosa

El presente trabajo describe el origen y la geología del proyecto Trapiche, como propiedad de la Cía. El Molle Verde SAC subsidiaria. Dicho proyecto está ubicado 100 km al sur de la ciudad de Abancay, región de Apurímac, parte central del sur Perú y fue descubierto por Cedimin, producto de un intenso programa de grassroot realizado a partir del año 1995 hasta el 2001 en que fue perforado. Luego fue explorado por Cía. de Minas Buenaventura a partir del 2,005 hasta la actualidad. El yacimiento es del tipo pórfido de cobre y molibdeno, su localización metalogenética es en el borde oeste del batolito Andahuaylas – Yauri, de composición calco-alcalina con presencia de pórfidos activos, que están intruyendo sedimentos clásticos – carbonatados del Jurásico – Cretáceo. En dicho "belt" se emplazan importantes yacimientos tipo pórfido y skarn de cobre y molibdeno y oro como los Chancas, Cotabambas, Las Bambas, etc.

Sep 21, 2013

By Fábio de Oliveira Braga

Atualmente, tecidos de fibras sintéticas como a aramida (Kevlar®) e o polietileno (Dyneema®) têm sido os preferidos para proteção balística contra munições leves, e para integrar sistemas de proteção contra calibres superiores, como o 7,62 mm. Porém, por apelos econômicos, ambientais e da disponibilidade limitada destes produtos, materiais alternativos têm sido testados. Neste cenário, destacam-se os compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais, que têm demonstrado bom desempenho balístico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho individual de compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais de curauá, quando submetidos ao impacto balístico com munição 7,62 mm. Foram executados ensaios balísticos, medindo-se a energia do projétil absorvida pelos materais, e os resultados tratados estatisticamente por Anova e teste de Tukey. Mostrou-se que estes compósitos têm potencial para substituir as fibras sintéticas em sistemas de blindagem para proteção pessoal, com a vantagem de serem materiais leves, de baixo custo, nacionais, de ampla disponibilidade e ambientalmente corretos.

Aug 17, 2017

By Michael S. Wieland

Charge malfunction problems result from rather universal damage mechanisms and are widespread throughout surface and underground delay blasting. Recent refinements in instrumentation technology reveal a range of charge performance difficulties, not just outright misfires. This report focuses on the U.S. Bureau of Mines research regarding desensitization and malfunction of delay detonators and cap-sensitive explosives, utilized in underground coal mining. Delay blasting generates tremendous shock waves and rifting forces that fracture and heave the surrounding stratum. The shock waves from charge explosions propagate outward in all directions through the coal, impacting neighboring charges with later delays. The impact phenomena have debilitating effects, causing degrees of reduced charge performance ranging from misfires or weak detonations to out-ofsequence detonations. Impaired charges react poorly. fracture less coal, and produce fumes with higher toxicity. Coal-mine, underwater, and simulator tests were conducted to m3re thoroughly understand the shock-wave and rift-compression damage mechanisms. Recently the U.S. Bureau of Mines partially resolved the malfunction problem by demonstrating the feasibility of formulating a rugged explosive, which could pass the requisite tests for certifying an underground coal-mine explosive. The charge formulation was not certified only because it lost initiation sensitivity too quickly from natural aging and had to be rebatched to finish the testing.

Jan 1, 1994

By Michael S. Wieland

This report focuses on the U.S. Bureau of Mines research regarding desensitization and malfunction of delay detonators and cap-sensitive explosives. Delay blasting in underground coal generates tremendous shock waves and rifting forces that fracture and heave coal. The shock waves from charge explosions radiate outward in all directions through the coal, impacting neighboring charges with later delays. The impact phenomena have debilitating effects, causing degrees of reduced charge performance ranging from misfires or weak detonations to out-of-sequence detonations. Impaired charges react poorly, fracture less coal, and produce fumes with higher toxicity. Coal-mine, underwater, and simulator tests were conducted to more thoroughly understand the shock damage mechanism. Recently the U.S. Bureau of Mines partially resolved the malfunction problem by demonstrating the feasibility of formulating a rugged explosive. This rugged cap-sensitive candidate passed the requisite tests for certifying an underground coal-mine explosive. With natural aging the formulation rapidly lost initiation sensitivity. The charge formulation had to be rebatched to finish the testing and therefore could not be certified.

Jan 1, 1992

By Eduardo Macedo Junior

O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma nova especificação para a Linha de zincagem numero 3 (LZC#3) da Companhia siderúrgica nacional (CSN), de grande demanda e aceitação, alta produtividade e foco nos requisitos do cliente que tangem qualidade superficial e características metalúrgicas (resistência mecânica) em aços para atendimento do mercado Norte-americano. Este novo produto tem como característica o ciclo de recozimento com velocidade alta para obtenção de microestrutura 100% encruada na saída do equipamento e limites de escoamento e resistência acima de 500 MPa. A combinação dessas características do produto junto com as características do processo tornou a especificação “ASTM-A653MSS80CL1” um grande desafio para garantir qualidade superficial sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas especificadas assim como a integridade do equipamento. O baixo custo de produção associado a alta produtividade desse produto fazem da especificação “ASTM-A653M-SS80CL1” um produto de extrema importância para a estratégia adotada pela CSN, mantendo dessa maneira sua competitividade no mercado Norte-americano e garantindo capacidade máxima de produção do seu equipamento em tempos de retração do mercado interno.

Aug 17, 2017

By René Lucio Rech

A injeção de carvão pulverizado (PCI) é uma técnica altamente utilizada nos altos-fornos pelas siderúrgicas brasileiras, buscando a redução do consumo específico de coque por tonelada de gusa. A combustão do carvão pulverizado ocorre em temperaturas elevadas (em torno de 2.000°C), altas taxas de aquecimento (104 a 105 °C/s), tempo de reação de poucos centésimos de segundos, seguida pela gaseificação na presença de CO2. Este trabalho visa apresentar o andamento da construção do simulador da zona de combustão do alto-forno desenvolvido pelo LASID-UFRGS e os estudos previstos nos projetos em andamento, que contemplam também a avaliação de carvões brasileiros que apresentem potencial de substituição de carvões atualmente importados para injeção em altos fornos brasileiros. A partir do levantamento do estado da arte e visitas técnicas a simuladores em operação, foi discutido um projeto moderno, automatizado, de configuração vertical e que possibilitasse a operação tanto em modo one shot como contínuo. Algumas inovações podem ser destacadas, como a possibilidade de alterar o tempo de residência da amostra carbonosa na zona de combustão do simulador, a medição da temperatura com termopares ultra-rápidos (ms), o controle e aquisição de diversos parâmetros termodinâmicos (P, T, t) e avaliação dos produtos sólidos e gasosos resultantes.

Aug 1, 2018

By Alexandre Gonçalves Andrade

A Samarco Mineração utiliza combustível sólido para geração de energia térmica nas pelotas de minério de ferro. Este insumo torna possível a redução da utilização de gás natural na etapa de queima nos fornos de endurecimentos e ainda melhora a qualidade física das pelotas. O tamanho das partículas é chave para eficiência do processo e a cominuição destes combustíveis é realizada nas plantas de moagem da empresa, tanto para o antracito quanto para o coque verde de petróleo. Tradicionalmente, um dos principais itens de controle de moabilidade do insumo é o HGI (Hardgrove Grindability Index), que avalia a dureza do combustível sólido no processo de moagem. Porém, este parâmetro não reflete as dificuldades produtivas encontradas nas plantas de moagem da Samarco Mineração. Portanto, foi desenvolvida metodologia através de uma modificação da equação proposta por Bond para avaliação energética de moagem. A lei de Bond tem origem empírica e considera que a energia consumida na cominuição é proporcional ao comprimento das fissuras iniciais que se desencadeiam na quebra das partículas. A metodologia proposta, no presente trabalho, avalia com maior representatividade as dificuldades encontradas na cominuição destes insumos. Ainda, testes em planta piloto de moagem de combustíveis sólidos foram realizados para validação da abordagem.

Aug 1, 2018

By Ryoma Fujiyoshi

In this article, the technologies of highly durable MgO-C bricks for the scrap impact zone and bottom blowing tuyere of converters are demonstrated. On the bases of our recent investigations, wear of scrap impact zone and bottom tuyere are explainable in terms of crack initiation and propagation. Theoretically, crack propagation in brittle material is regarded as generation of new crack surface area. It occurs when the elastic strain energy stored in the material exceeds the energy required to generate a new crack surface area. Since the overall energy consumed for crack propagation until fracture is evaluated by fracture energy, materials exhibiting high fracture energy can be regarded as materials with high fracture resistance. Therefore, two fracture energy-improving technologies for MgO-C bricks were developed. One is matrix reinforcement and the other is carbon bond enhancement. These technologies were applied to bricks for the scrap impact zone and bottom tuyere. As a result of commercial applications, notable decreases in wear rates were recognized for high fracture energy materials for the scrap impact zone and bottom blowing tuyere of converters.

Oct 30, 2017

By Marcus Wolter Ferreira

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia para aprovação de tubos com alta resistência a colapso de acordo com os requisitos da norma internacional API5CT grau N80, produzidos por tratamento térmico de tempera e revenimento, utilizando fornos de indução em tubos fabricados pelo processo de soldagem com resistência elétrica em alta frequência (ERW/HFIW). Neste trabalho são exploradas as principais propriedades mecânicas e dimensionais de um tubo de revestimento com diâmetro externo de 177,8 mm e parede 8,05 mm grau N80 processado para atingir alta resistência a colapso, onde serão apresentados os resultados do processo de qualificação para validação de sua produção em série.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jedson Alessandro Damasceno

Atualmente, a maioria dos pátios utilizam recuperadoras com roda de caçambas para remover o minério das pilhas de estocagem. Tipicamente, estas máquinas são operadas manualmente, com todos os movimentos controlados por operadores, o que faz com que o processo seja totalmente dependente de sua experiência, tornando difícil manter o processo em operação ótima. Para alcançar uma melhor performance, foi implementado um sistema automático que controla todos os movimentos de recuperação. Um importante desafio encontrado durante a construção dessa solução foi a de estimar a taxa de recuperação em tempo real, uma vez que esta informação é essencial para o algoritmo que controla o movimento de giro da máquina. Uma medição real dessa taxa está disponível, mas, a balança localizada na lança fica distante da roda de caçambas. Em outras palavras, a medição real está disponível com um grande atraso (aproximadamente 13 segundos). Este delay é inaceitável para o algoritmo de controle que necessita de uma medida em tempo real da taxa de recuperação na roda de caçambas. Diante disso, foi necessário implementar um sensor virtual. Este sensor foi implementado usando um sistema neuro-fuzzy para estimar a taxa de recuperação em tempo real utilizando outras variáveis disponíveis, tais como a pressão na roda de caçambas e medidas de penetração obtidas por radares. As estimativas obtidas ficaram muito próximas dos valores reais, e este sensor pôde então ser utilizado pelo algoritmo de controle.

Aug 17, 2017

By Mateus Luiz Gamba

O titânio e suas ligas são aplicados em grande escala em implantes ósseos por apresentarem excelentes resultados de biocompatibilidade. No entanto, ainda não existe um consenso na literatura com relação à influência das características morfológicas destes implantes na osseointegração, principalmente na definição da melhor rugosidade e energia superficial. Vários trabalhos têm sido realizados com o intuito de comparar diferentes tratamentos superficiais empregados para otimizar a adesão, o crescimento e a proliferação celular. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma base de dados sobre características superfícies versus osseointegração para experimentos de biocompatibilidade realizados in vitro. Foram feitas coletas e análise de dados qualitativos usando métodos analíticos em artigos científicos publicados em periódicos internacionais, sendo considerados na pesquisa artigos que utilizaram superfícies de Ti/TiO2 e células osteoblásticas. Os principais atributos definidos para a base de dados foram rugosidade, tamanho da célula, energia da superfície e/ou ângulo de contato, tipo de tratamento superficial, viabilidade e a resposta observada na cultura celular. Espera-se que esse artigo contribua para que futuros trabalhos possam utilizar métodos e estudos que permitam auxiliar na descoberta de conhecimento através de padrões que acelerem o processo de osseointegração impactando diretamente na recuperação do paciente implantado e na sua qualidade de vida.

Aug 8, 2018

By S. K. V. Avasarala

This paper presents a case history of design, prediction, probe and production pile driving monitoring, loading tests and installation of over 3,300 prestressed concrete piles for a building complex consisting of 12, 5- and 6-story over parking buildings. The project was recently completed in three-phases over a span of 4 years. The subsoil conditions were explored by performing 25, Standard Penetration Test (SPT) borings throughout the site. Various types of driven pile foundations were considered and following an evaluation of high structural loads and site-specific constraints such as variable depth of bearing layer of Florida limestone and quality of clay and limestone layers, a prestressed concrete pile support system was selected as the most economical and effective foundation approach. The building foundations were designed for a pile capacity of 353 kN (40 tons) in compression, 45 kN (5 tons) in lateral capacity for a deflection of 0.64 cm (0.25 in.), and 133 kN (15 tons) in uplift capacity. The axial and lateral allowable pile capacity and lengths were predicted using SPT91 and LPILE computer programs, which are generally used in Florida. The validation of these capacities was derived from 144 probe piles and performance of 12 pile loading tests on selected probe piles. Prior to installation of probe or production piles, a termination criterion was established using 1-dimensional wave equation analyses in addition to the design pile embedment requirement. The predicted pile capacities compared very well with the capacities from the loading tests on probe piles. This information was effectively utilized as part of the overall quality control program to install a total of 4,186 prestressed concrete piles (including 144 probe piles) in different building areas across the project site to depths ranging from 8 to 21 m (25 to 90 ft) below existing ground elevation as part of foundation support system. This engineered, monitored, and tested foundation solution provided an effective and satisfactory basis for completion and approval of the foundation work for this 12, 5- and 6-story over parking building complex. A recent reconnaissance has indicated that all the building foundations are performing satisfactorily.

Jan 1, 1995

By Bryan A. Bartley

"Jim Macdonald was promoted from Waterworks Engineer to Streetworks Engineer for the Wellington City Council. He thus took over the City quarry and responsibility for its performance. The crushing plant needed upgrading and he thought it would not be difficult to make a crusher to overcome a problem. If he had a longer association with the quarry industry he would have used conventional methods and equipment, so his invention arose from a fresh view of crushing.He invented the Barmac Rotopactor after observing a wear resistant chute with a lining of dead stone trapped above a piece of angle. This idea led to a rotor lined with trapped stone, rotating on a vertical spindle. In trying - a model rotor he observed the impact against a circular rill of stone in half an oil drum and thus was started a very fertile new area of developement in comminution. The writer helped in the developement and shares in the patents. Jim died in January 1982, just as the machine was becoming known and some 200 were in use in various countries. Most were working in hard rock quarries et that time but recent uses have carried the machine into the mining and mineral processing field. This paper is directed at that industry."

Jan 1, 1985

By Bhaskar B. Thapa

The proposed Caldecott fourth bore will consist of a two lane highway tunnel along California State Route 24 near the City of Oakland. The proposed design and construction sequence for the 15-m-diameter tunnel are based on the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). The initial support system incorporates combinations of shotcrete, rock dowels, lattice girders, spiles, and grouted steel pipe canopies. The final lining is cast-in-place reinforced concrete. A waterproofing membrane and drainage system are placed between the initial and final linings. State Route 24 is a lifeline route, required to be open to emergency vehicles within 72 hours after a major earthquake, defined as having a return period of 1,500 years and a peak ground acceleration of 1.2 g. Although the seismic design criteria are stringent, the design of the tunnel lining system is ultimately controlled by static ground loads in the weak rock along the alignment.

Jan 1, 2008

By Stephen R. Iverson, Bill M. Stewart, Michael J. Beus

The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has identified ore pass hazards as a significant safety problem in underground metal mines in the United States injury and fatality data show that many injuries are related to pulling or freeing ore pass chutes and structural failures of control gates and ore pass walls. Researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are investigating these hazards and developing methods to improve safety during transport of ore and waste. Particle flow analysis methods were used to simulate chute and control gate response to various material loading scenarios. Results from computer models indicate that dynamic impacts from ore and waste rock might be considerably greater than theory predicts. Static and dynamic loads were measured in a laboratory setting using scaled ore (sass mock-ups. Field tests were initiated in an active ore pass to determine actual static and dynamic loads. Field data were compared to computer results and indicated that impact and total static loads were substantially less than the computer model results suggested. Damping factors, normal and shear stiffness, and mass frictional characteristics have a significant effect on particle flow and resulting impact loads.