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By Riad Diab

In 2018 the Caisse de Dépôt et Placement du Québec (CDPQ) awarded a $6.3 billion (U.S. dollars) design-build contract to the Joint Venture (JV) team NouvLR for the design and construction of one of the largest automated transportation systems in the world, called the Réseau express métropolitain (REM). The REM project is a 67 km (41.6 mi) light rail system with 26 stations linking downtown, the airport and the greater Montreal area in Canada. Out of the 67 km (41.6 mi) network, over 25 km (15.5 mi) is being constructed on a 650- span elevated structure founded on single drilled shafts socketed into rock. Optimizing the design of the drilled shafts was one of the main objectives of the geotechnical team, as it would likely result in shorter shafts that help significantly reduce the project costs. As part of the optimization process, three static axial load tests and two fully instrumented lateral load tests were performed, during the preliminary design phase, on sacrificial shafts to simulate the ultimate load level and validate construction procedures.

May 1, 2022

Although coal is found in several locations in Virginia, almost all recent mining has occurred in the southwestern part of the state. Potentially minable reserves are estimated at 2.6 billion tons, slightly less than one percent of the national total. Coal ranges from high- to low-volatile bituminous, and seams average three to four feet in thickness. Virginia produces coal with higher BTUs (British Thermal Units) and a lower sulfur content than the national average. Historically its high quality has made Virginia coal attractive for metallurgical coke production and for the export market. Coal production and related industries have a significant economic impact in southwestern Virginia. In the seven coal- producing counties, coal mining is the major industry. In the two largest coal-producing counties (Buchanan and Wise), over 40 percent of total earning is derived from the coal industry. Virginia's regulatory program was conditionally approved December 15,198 1, and received final approval May 8, 1984. Its Abandoned Mine Land Program was approved with the regulatory program December 15, 1981, with emergency program authority approved November 13,1987.

Jan 1, 1992

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members) Member, Graduate Colorado School of Mines. Four years' experience in West and Northwest. Two years with American Smelting and Refining Co. Wishes to join field party on geological work, mining or areal, where opportunity will be given to be of direct assistance to chief of party in solution of field problems. Age, 26. Unmarried. At liberty June 1. No. 342. Member, technical graduate, aged 30, with' 7 years' experience in concentrating and mining, desires a position of authority with reliable company. At present employed. No. 343. Member. Ambitious, energetic, tactful engineer, college graduate, married, aged 30, desires location with a large coal mining organization. Seven years with present employers -n middle west; has had broad experience in the past eight years on examination, development and construction; successful record in handling men. Position must carry responsible work and a future. Will go anywhere for proper opportunity. Exceptional references as to reliability, character and capacity for work. No. 344.

Jan 3, 1917

THE shipments of high-grade manganese ore, con-taining 35 per cent or more of manganese, from the mines in the United States in 1926 were slightly less than half as large as similar shipments in 1925, accord-ing to the United States Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce. The shipments in 1926 by 45 producers amounted to 46,258 long tons as compared with 98,324 long tons by 42 producers in 1925. This decrease was due to the falling off of the shipments from Montana. The domestic production of metallurgical ore in 1926 was 26,530 tons; that of chemical ore, 19,728 tons. Montana was the largest shipper with 5713 tons of metallurgical ore and 17,904 tons of chemical ore. The largest individual shipper of metallurgical ore was the Crescent Mine in the Olympic Mountain Region, Clallam Co., Washington, from which the shipments for the year were 3162 tons. The mine was operated by lessees and reverted to the owners in July, and thereafter to the close of the year no .ore was shipped.

Jan 6, 1927

By Kazuya Koyama

We are studying the hydrometallurgical recycling process of indium from an Indium-Tin-Oxide(ITO) target. For this process, it is necessary to remove Sn(IV) ions from the aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions containing In(III). In this study, the removal of Sn(IV) ions by a potentiostatic electrolysis method was examined. The polarization measurements and potentiostatic electrolyses were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. In the Sn(IV) solution, current begins to rise at the cathode potential of -0.26 V vs. SHE, and increases with a reduction in the cathode potential. In the In(III) solution, current begins to rise at a cathode potential of -0.43 V vs. SHE. Metallic tin was electrodeposited without indium electrodeposition at the cathode potentials of -0.30 and -0.40V vs. SHE. More than 98% of the Sn(IV) was removed at the cathode potential of -0.40 V after the electrolysis for 3hrs. Both tin and indium were electrodeposited at the cathode potential of -0.50V vs. SHE.

Jan 1, 2006

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

URANINITE. Cleveite. Broggerite. Nivenite. Pitchblende. Isometric. In octahedrons (o), also with dodecahedra1 faces (d) ; less often in cubes with o and d. Crystals rare. Usually massive and botryoidal; also in grains; structure sometimes columnar, or curved lamellar. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 5'5. G. = 9'0 to 9'7 of crystals; of massive altered forms from 6'4 upwards. Luster submetallic, to greasy or pitch-like, and dull. Color grayish, greenish, brownish, velvet- black. Streak brownish black, grayish, olive-green, a little shining. Opaque. Comp. -A uranate of uranyl, lead, usually thorium (or zirconium), often the metals of the lanthanum and yttrium groups; also containing the gases nitrogen, helium and argon, in varying amounts up to 2'6 p. c. Calcium and water (essential?) are present in small quantities; iron also, but only as an impurity. The relation between the bases varies widely and no definite for- mula can be given. Radium was first discovered in this mineral and it has been shown that it and the helium present are products of the breaking down of the uranium.

Jan 1, 1922

By C. L. Jiang, B. K. Parekh, X. Shao

Among the impurities present in phosphate ore, dolomite is the most difficult to remove. This is because dolomite and phosphate have similar chemical compositions and because the dissolved species of dolomite is adsorbed on the surface of the phosphate mineral. A new amphoteric surfactant was found to be a suitable collector for the separation of dolomite and phosphate. Flotation results showed that the new amphoteric collector had a high flotation selectivity for dolomite over a wide pH range. studies on the flotation of francolite and dolomite in each other's supernatant demonstrated that the dissolved ions had little effect on the selectivity of the new collector. It was found, however, that the dissolved ions were detrimental to the flotation separation using sodium oleate as collector. From a mixture offrancolite and dolomite containing 26.2% P2O5, a phosphate concentrate containing 35.2% P205 with a 90% recovery was obtained using 290 g/t of the amphoteric collector. The rejection of MgO was 81.41 %.

Jan 1, 1999

By A. G. Allten

EXAMINATION by metallographic and X-ray diffraction means of an austenitic steel containing 0.06 pct C, 1.26 pct Mn, 0.38 pct Si, 21.15 pct Ni, 18.72 pct Cr, 3.07 pet W, and 9.14 pet Mo indicated that a - phase, which had not been reported in the literature, existed in this steel. Both the s and car-bides of the M6 C type were present in the as-forged steel. The carbides dissolved completely in the aus-tenite at approximately 2200°F (1205°C). The s, however, was present at all temperatures up to the solidus temperature of the steel at approximately 2375°F (1300°C). Ferrite was not found in any condition of the steel. The faintness of some of the s lines in X-ray patterns obtained from samples of the steel made it desirable to isolate the s prior to verification of its entire pattern. It was found that the s phase could be separated from samples of the steel which had been water quenched from 2250°F (1230°C) by dis-

Jan 1, 1955

By Gordon E. Frantti

Under the auspices of the Geophysical Committee of Michigan College of Mining and Technology, an investigation was made in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to obtain geophysical data related to the regional subsurface geology in the area covered by Paleozoic sediments. The area surveyed includes that portion of the Upper Peninsula which lies between R18W to R26W and T41N and T49N, covering approximately 1300 square miles. On the index map, Fig. 1, it is represented by the cross-hatched zone west of Munising. Four of the five sites of detailed investigation are indicated by the letters A, B, C, and D. A detailed gravity and magnetic survey had previously been conducted by J. G. Wilson near Perkins, 8 miles north of Rapid River, on a local anomalous area. Results of his work, which showed a large positive magnetic anomaly associated with a gravity anomaly, aroused interest in the possible economic significance of the formations underlying the Paleozoic sediments in this part of the Upper Peninsula.

Jan 1, 1956

Aur Resources is Canada's leading copper mining company with producing mines and development projects in North, Central and South America. Copper production from Louvicourt Mine in Quebec, Quebrada Blanca and Andacollo Mines in Chile was a record 245 million pounds in 2001. Located 600 km North of Montreal, Louvicourt Mine is a joint venture between Aur Resources (30%), Novicourt Inc (45%) and Teck-Cominco (25%). Aur Resources is the mine operator with 280 employees working to produce a copper and zinc concentrate. In operation since 1994, the mine has produced a total of 12,606,000 metric tonnes of ore grading 3.6% Cu, 1.5% Zn, 26 gr./m.t. Ag and 0.9 gr./m.t. Au. This highly mechanized mine reached full production in August 1995 at 4,000 tpd. From 1996 to 2001, the average mine production rate was more than 4,300 tpd. The Louvicourt Mine continued its record of solid performance in 2002 and is expected to continue to do so for the balance of its 2.5 years mine life.

May 1, 2003

By L. D. Johnson

12 groups of 12 precast prestressed (PCPS) piles were driven in the lagoon of Kwajalein Island to support a dry dock. Pre-construction investigation of the calcareous coral sands and static pile loeid tests were performed to determine if the 7.9 by 7.9 cm (20 by 20 inches) by 26 m (85 ft) long PCPS piles embedded to a depth of 16 m (53 ft) would adequately support the dry dock. Driving records for production piles indicated that the blowcounts of the piles at the fincil embedment depth became substantially less than expected as piles wssre driven further toward the lagoon end of the dry dock and decreased to as low as 2 blows/ft. A supplemental investigation that included a static load test on a production pile, the driving of an indicator pile, and restrikes indicated that the pile foundation has adequate bearing capacity. The observed bearing capacity appears to be effected by several mechanisms including breakdown of cementation between sand particles, densification of the sands during driving, and dissipation of excess pore pressures and recementation after driving.

Jan 1, 1993

By Louis M. Schlesinger, Michael J. Garska, Joel F. Hutwelker, James T. Jr. Tanner

A pilot plant was constructed and operated to investigate the column flotation of 20 x 200 mesh North Carolina phosphate ore, using high throughput, high solids operating conditions developed at the NCSU Minerals Research Laboratory. Flotation was performed at 45% solids in a 9.5 cm (3.75 in.) diameter by 2.26 m (7.4 ft.) tall column at throughputs of 19.1 t/hr/m2 (2.0 stph/ft2) and 31.7 t/hr/m2 (3.3 stph/ft2). Recoveries in excess of 98% of the phosphate value were obtained at the lower throughput -- while obtaining concentrate grades containing over 28% P205 (61.2% BPL) at that recovery. Recoveries of about 95% of the phosphate value were obtained at the higher throughput, while making a concentrate averaging 27.6% P205 (60.3% BPL). In addition, a better understanding of the variables governing the column flotation of coarse nonmetallic minerals was gained. Variables examined included superficial air velocity, throughput (superficial feed velocity), frother type, frother dosage, and bias rate.

Jan 1, 1993

By A. F. Kaczmarek

Cerro Negro is an undeveloped ore body located at the Cerro Verde mine near Arequipa, Peru. The mineable reserve contains 70 Mt of oxide ore grading 0.532% copper. Mineralization is hosted in three distinct rock types: tourmaline breccia, crackle breccia and granodiorite. Rock type effects copper recovery and acid consumption. The paper describes Cyprus' testwork philosophy and the resulting four-phase metallurgical program used to define the commercial leaching parameters. Copper recovery and acid consumption were monitored as functions of crush size, heap height, irrigation rate and acidulation conditions. Single lift, on-off and permanent multi-lift heaps were considered. Leach cycle times were based on incremental copper extraction and acid consumption rates, with added constraints imposed by operational requirements. The optimum leach system involves an on-off pad using tertiary crushed ore acidulated with 20 kg/t acid and stacked to a height of 6.5 m. The active leach cycle is 82 days at an irrigation rate of 0.26 l/min/m2. Under these conditions copper recovery is expected to average 81% over the life of the mine.

Jan 1, 1999

By Michael Murphy, Mark Van Dyke, VASU GANGRADE, Brent Slaker

Room-and-pillar mining in multi-level underground stone mines come with unique pillar stability issues. The pillar stability in these mines primarily depends on the thickness of interburden between mining levels and the staggering of pillars. NIOSH has previously established pillar design guidelines for shallow, flat-lying mines and single-level operations, but there is little guidance for ground control design in multiple-level stone mines. Therefore, to improve the overall understanding of ground control in these mines, a microseismic monitoring system has been installed at a multi-level underground stone mine in Tennessee with up to a 243-m overburden and a 7-m interburden thickness between levels. The microseismic system is comprised of nine uniaxial accelerometers and one triaxial accelerometer installed in the interburden. The seismic array is locally focused with all sensors installed within a 625 m2 area and is setup to monitor the seismicity around the formation of the pillar in the lower mining level. Data is collected over 11 months and comprises of over 1,000 high-confidence events that have been located in the study area comprised of post-blast activity. The event locations were identified using a 3D-velocity model, with an average 4-m location accuracy for this array calculated using the system data. Most observed seismicity was on the excavation boundary, both in the interburden and in the roof of the top level. At this stage of analysis, there are no significant rock failures with which to correlate seismicity, but event locations correlate well with presumed damage in the vicinity of blasts.

Apr 26, 2022

Heatings, fires and explosions in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland coal mines since 1972, are reviewed. Geological and mine settings are outlined. Where available, gas analysis and critical decisions are discussed. This paper updates work by NSW Department of Mineral Resources (1995) and the Queensland Department of Mines and Energy in a report on fires and explosion in Queensland coal mines (Richardson and Ham, 1996). Incident data has important applications in terms of evidence-based risk assessment and identifying key issues to be integrated into competency based training programs. Predictive indicators are reviewed in terms of coal parameters in seams where the incidents occurred.

Jan 1, 2005

By D. H. Pulling

Statistics for copper consumption from various sources show that the importance of production from secondary sources is increasing. This is of particular significance in countries such as the U.K ., which are totally dependent on secondary material for the supply of home-produced copper . A brief survey of the U.K . industry has shown that, in the past, relatively high profit margins have not encouraged high cap ital investment and development of more sophisticated operating techniques, but set against a background of rapidly escalating operating and energy costs , together with an ever-increasing demand for copper , it is anticipated that the industry will see great changes in the near future. With this in mind, an experimental furnace for continuous smelting of copper-bearing scrap has been developed at the University of Birmingham. This furnace has been designed to combine the conventional operations of blast furnace or reverberatory smelting, usually followed by converting, in one unit, and incorporates many of the features of the WORGRA and Noranda processes for continuous primary smelting . It consists of a long, sloping channel, constructed of chrome-magnesite refractory, which: is churned near the top. Smelting is effected lower down the channel, where iron, etc., in the scrap is oxidized and slagged off with silica flux. Provision is made for oil injection to increase oxidation rates. Metal can flow from the bottom of the channel, and slag from the top, so that a counter-current flow is achieved. The approximate molten capacity is 25 kg. Various scrap charges, both synthetically made and as supplied from various industrial smelters, have been successfully smelted. Metal of 83 -95 % Cu has been produced, depending on the original charge composition and the degree of air injection, although air injection was also found to considerably increase the copper loss to slag. Recoveries of other valuable non-ferrous metals in the charge were good.

Jan 1, 1977

Separation performance of a Floatex Density Separator (FDS) has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental results reveal that at a lower bed pressure the FDS acts like a classifier. Higher bed pressure is required to attain the concentration effect as proper development of suspension density occurs under these conditions. It is seen that the size or density alone is not able to describe the partition fully. The terminal settling velocity, which includes both the size as well as the density of the particle can be a useful descriptor of separation in a FDS. While a narrowly distributed feed offers better performance of a FDS, a wide size distribution of feed results in large scatter in the terminal settling velocity distribution and renders the separation difficult. The closely sized feed enhances the density effect in concentration. A higher teeter water flow rate also helps in carrying larger-lighter particles to the overflow by increasing the cut off terminal settling velocity as it increases the net upward force. A detailed description of separation performance in a Floatex Density Separator has also been established from theoretical considerations. Separation performance of the separator is described using a simple slip velocity model. The model has been validated com-paring the predicted FDS performance results with those experimentally measured under widely different operating conditions.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. N. Siddiquie, Mohd Shaif, Rajiullah Khan, Juned Alam

Manganese ore bodies of Banswara Mn belt were classified into stratiform and stratabound types, based on their mode of occurrence, distribution, and their chemical characters. These ore bodies generally composed of braunite, pyrolusite, cryptomelane/ psilomelane, wad, etc. The stratiform-type Mn ore bodies are conformable with the associated host rocks (Mn phyllite, etc.) and occurred in the form of layers, bands, etc., which are variable in their shape and size. These ore bodies are also strongly folded with the enclosing host rocks. The others, which are stratabound-type Mn ore bodies, also showed an intimate association with the associated host rocks. These types of ore bodies occurred in thin layers, pockets, lenses, stringers, etc. The classified ore bodies are confined with Kalinjara formation of Aravalli Supergroup of Paleoproterozoic age. The ore bodies are structurally controlled and well associated with phyllite, schist, limestone, quartzite, etc. The stratiform-type ore bodies constitute a marginal to low Mn grade and are also characterized by lower Mn content (26.19–39.24%) along with the Mn/Fe ratio of 7.16–12.23, while the stratabound-type Mn ore bodies are rich in Mn (35.92–49.64%) along with the higher Mn/Fe ratio of 14.15–23.97. However, the poor Mn grade along with high siliceous impurities of Banswara Mn deposits is subjected to them for intermittent mining activities in the past and, consequently, did not attract the scientific and industrial community for the evaluation of these resources. Therefore, the authors attempted this study in a scientific and systematic manner (mode of occurrence/distribution and possible methods for evaluation/exploration) to evaluate the potential of existed and newer Mn deposit resources in the Banswara Mn belt. The whole findings would be very much helpful for exploration/ mining geologist along with other concerned, to completely evaluate these Mn deposits in the future.

Aug 16, 2021

By Mark Sheppard

This p aver is the second of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine, (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers; (2) the particle shape of crushed product; (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different types of primary crushers; and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Primary crushing has received comparatively little attention in the technical literature in spite of the fact that the design of the whole crushing plant should be correlated to the performance of the primary crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By Camila Oliveira Colares

Após serem usadas como isolante térmico, as lãs de vidro descartadas pelas indústrias apresentam características constitucionais propícias para a utilização como matéria-prima para a obtenção de materiais cerâmicos. A constituição deste resíduo é baseada em uma mistura de óxidos sendo SiO2 e Na2O majoritários e vários outros em menores teores que podem agir como fundentes. Dentro deste contexto, neste projeto, buscou-se caracterizar física e quimicamente o resíduo de lã de vidro através de fluorescência de raios-X, análise térmica diferencial e difração de raios-X. A partir da composição química definiu-se a formulação mais adequada a ser utilizada para obtenção de materiais vitrocerâmicos com predominância da fase neflina. Al2O3 e Na2CO3 foram utilizados para corrigir a formulação e TiO2 foi utilizado como agente nucleante. Depois de formuladas as amostras foram fundidas para obtenção dos vidros base e submetidas a tratamentos térmicos de nucleação e cristalização, os quais serão definidos por ensaios de análise térmica a serem realizadas em cada formulação para obtenção dos vitrocerâmicos propriamente ditos. Espera-se que as formulações desenvolvidas apresentem nefelina como fase cristalina majoritária.

Aug 8, 2018