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By C. Mueller

In many automated mines, multi media video and audio funtionality has to be combined with sensor information or steering commands, which is the idea of a new, PC based integrated and multi media capable control system. The new control system (Multimedia Control - MMC) bases entirely on TCP/IP networking and internet technology. For the first time, this enables the ‘intelligent’ use of video and audio information: pictures and voice sequences may be forwarded on request only, they may be stored if particular events occur (e.g. video black boxes) and sensor signals as well as actions from the automation system can directly be assigned with multi media sequences. MultiMedia Control entirely bases on object oriented software. It uses most modern software technology. As user interface, only a standard web browser is required. This makes the handling of different machines easy. By using mobile web pads, dedicated local operator interfaces are not required any longer. The service staff just connects to the automated equipment by – wireless –LAN to make required adjustments. Customization is easy using an open Application Programming Interface. Software modules may be added to the system without touching or recompiling existing components. The system was prototyped in 2000 using a demo-application. The performance tests showed very positive results both regarding the control system behaviour and the speed/latency timing behaviour of the multi-media information processed. The system now is slightly reshaped to completely meet the final product requirements. It is expected to be available by the end of 2001. Key words: Machine Automation; Control System; Multi Media; Remote Control; Teleoperation; Ethernet; TCP/IP; Internet Technology; Streaming Video; Quality Assurance; Service; Control Centre.

Sep 1, 2001

By John W. Padan, Thomas E. Howard

Most of what has been written during the past few years on marine mineral resources has emphasized the vast potential of the ocean, and its floor, as a source of the vital mineral raw materials upon which our modern technological society depends. Computations have been made to demonstrate that the sea contains sufficient minerals to support any reasonable world population indefinitely. The importance of these resources from the standpoint of strengthening the national mineral resource base has been pointed out. And though the information upon which these conclusions are based is sketchy, essentially qualitative, and often conflicting, there can be no doubt that the mineral potential of the sea is tremendous and that there are compelling reasons for working toward its exploitation. Unfortunately, there has been little emphasis on the problems that must be overcome, from the perspective of the economics of mineral production. Some of these problems have been noted, and some authors have appraised them realistically. However, many proposed solutions have been more romantic than practical, from the standpoint of both technology and economics. As a result the general impression has been given, particularly to those uninitiated in the realities of mineral production, that the mineral wealth of the sea is there for the taking-requiring only a good modicum of courage and technologic innovation to place it within easy grasp. But developing the capability necessary for substantial, profitable production of sea bottom minerals will be far from easy. It will be accomplished much more quickly if the problems are faced squarely, defined properly, and attacked in an orderly, logical sequence. While this approach may lack glamour, it offers the highest probability for success.

Jan 6, 1966

By M. Pierce

Empirical relations exist for the estimation of rock block strength at scales larger than standard core sizes. Two recently published relations account for the significant impact that microflaws (pores, open cracks, veins) and weathering/alteration can have on scale effect. These relations were used to estimate the rock block strength of heavily microfractured quartzite from the Bingham Canyon Mine. Predictions were compared to the results of Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) tests conducted on cylindrical core samples of varying microfracture intensity and diameter. The comparison confirms the sensitivity to microfracturing suggested by existing relations and suggests that they would benefit from more detailed consideration of microfracture strength, density and persistence over a range of scales. The results of a numerical study illustrate how Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) modeling techniques could be used to complement empirical data in the development of such relations.

May 1, 2009

By Joseph M. Kurtak

The U.S Bureau of Mines conducted a five-year mineral resource assessment of the 16.6 million acre Colville Mining District in northern Alaska, which includes part of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. The study was initiated at the request of the Bureau of Land Management, which administers the majority of the region. The study was done in cooperation with the Alaskan Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the University of Alaska. During fieldwork, 1593 rock, soil, and stream sediment samples were collected and four bulk samples taken for beneficiation studies. A total of 40 mineral occurrences were documented, including 27 which were previously undescribed. No mining has occurred within the district. Mississippian carbonaceous shale and siliceous mudstone contain stratiform exhalative lead-zinc-silver occurrences. Grades average 8.0% combined lead/zinc and 51 gm/mt silver. Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian sandstones host breccia veins, containing up to 29% combined lead/zinc and 274 gm/mt silver. Mineralized quartzites of similar age have potential for disseminated-type lead-zinc deposits. Samples from Lower Cretaceous mudstone and shale beds up to 6.5 meters thick, contain as much up to 12% manganese. Upper Mississippian carbonaceous shale and limestone beds contain up to 23% phosphate. Stratiform barite deposits hosted by cherts, are up to 27 meters thick with an average specific gravity of 4.16. Vein-type fluorite occurrences are associated with Mississippian limestone. Moderate potential exists for development of zinc -lead-silver, barite, and phosphate deposits.

Jan 1, 2011

By A. L. Engel

This report describes results of laboratory-scale experimental treatment of nine ores containing gold and silver, including samples of products of previous plant treatment, from ore deposits in California and Nevada. The samples treated were taken by engineers of the Bureau of Mines during investigations of these ore deposits. The information reported is of interest for development of the mining districts represented or in future Investigations of similar ores from other sources. The treatment methods were as simple as possible. More complicated treatments were tried when required, The applicability of the methods and their limitations in treating the ores are shown by the data in this report. The following treatment methods were employed in the experiments described: Screen analyses were made to determine distribution of values in various screened-sized portions of crushed ore, or to determine optimum size to which a particular ore should be crushed or ground to liberate values, and some-times to determine residual values in various-sized portions of treated material.

Jan 1, 1961

By D. E. Redmon

Linear programing provides a mathematical technique by which activities can be planned in such a way that an optimal result is obtained. Routine applications of linear programing require only a knowledge of algebra. However, a complete understanding of the fundamentals of linear programing requires a knowledge of advanced mathematics. The purpose of this publication is clarification of terminology and illustration of applications in comparatively simple mining problems. Two mining situations are considered: Mine stopes from which ore is to be produced at a minimum production cost; also, uranium mines from which ore is transported to one mill, a maximum monetary value is desired. The details of data arrangement for solution by linear programing are described and the solutions are presented. Results of these solutions indicate successful applications of linear programing to mine production scheduling.

Jan 1, 1964

By R. E. Zimmerman

The separation of fine sizes of coal from its impurities by means of various flotation methods has become of increasing importance in the coal industry. This, no doubt, will be even more so in the future as the quantity of high grade coal is depleted, particularly that used for metallurgical purposes. The purpose of this paper is to describe and report the results of research work done under the auspices of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. to determine the amenability of their bituminous fine sizes of coal to flotation, to investigate the value of various reagents and factors affecting their use, and compare the results between froth flotation and bulk oil flotation. Compared with the preferential flotation of complex minerals, or ores, the flotation of coal is comparatively easy. However, this statement should not lull one into the feeling that there are no special problems involved. For instance, the separation of coal from pyrite in high sulphur coals is still far from being 100 pet successful. Size consist has considerable effect on reagent consumption and recovery. Other factors will be described and finally it must be remembered that in the flotation of coal a low priced material is being treated and thus economic considerations govern more closely its application than is generally the case in treating other minerals. As a result of the research work done by the Pittsburgh Coal Co. on the flotation of coal, it was concluded that it was practical to clean the —48-mesh coal commercially by froth flotation and after several different types of flotation units and circuits were investigated by means of pilot plants, large scale units were installed at their Champion Nos. 1, 4 and 5 Preparation Plants for the cleaning of —48-mesh slurries. These large scale operations have been recently described by D. H. Davis.' C. P. Proctor and C. B. Carlson2 in their chapter on Froth Flotation of Coal in the AIME Seeley W. Mudd series book on Coal Preparation describe some of the practical applications of our Pittsburgh Coal Co. laboratory work in actual plant practice as well as summarizing part of the investiga-tional work. The author presents this paper, however, as a supplement to their reports, and records the basic research accomplished in the laboratory investiga-tional work as well as the results of experiments using bulk oil flotation. In presenting this work the author wishes to state much more work must be done in applying the principles of flotation to cleaning coal, especially in view of recent studies and practices in other mineral beneficiation fields. Methods of Conducting Laboratory Tests The bulk of the research work was conducted in the laboratory of the Champion No. I Preparation Plant. This plant has elaborate facilities for sampling and analyzing coal and proved to be an admirable location for the investigational work. Four types of laboratory flotation ma-

Jan 1, 1949

By W R. Adamson

Cerro Vanguardia SA (CVSA), property of AngloGold Ashanti, mines gold and silver from a system of vetiforme orebodies located in the south of the Argentine Patagonia, in the Province of Santa Cruz.Surface mining techniques are applied to develop a series of narrow pits with an average waste to ore ratio of 26:1. This quite unique constraint brings into focus the need to maximise inter-ramp and final wall angles, leading to a strong need to optimise wall control drilling and blasting in order to reduce back-break damage to an absolute minimum.The paper describes a program of applied investigation and design modification implemented during?2008?and?2009 in?two?separate pits of Cerro Vanguardia. Three distinct yet complementary damage mechanisms were identified and observed during the field components of the work; vibration induced strain fracturing, surface cratering around blasthole collars and quasi-static loading and unloading of the surrounding rock mass as a consequence of poorly controlled confinement.With these mechanisms identified, a measurement, modelling and modification campaign was conducted in order to reduce the incidence of each source of damage. Interactive design analysis and modelling, near-field vibration measurement, video capture and the application of electronic initiation technology were supported by seed wave modelling and topographic evaluation of the achieved results.Results point to the usefulness of simulation techniques for determining optimum delay timing to reduce vibration impact, while the visualisation of explosive energy distribution produced by drilling and explosive loading decisions assists in reducing the probability of over-confinement.This paper presents relevant aspects of the two fieldwork campaigns:1) describing the application of the techniques, and2) summarising the results obtained.

Nov 8, 2011

By Vicente Pinto Neto

Este trabalho apresenta a análise e os resultados de ensaios físico-químicos e metalográfico, na recuperação dimensional, utilizando Procedimento de Soldagem com Arame Tubular (FCAW) em materiais de base em Ferro Fundido Nodular do tipo ASTM A 536 classe 60-40-18, aplicados em Mancais de Encosto de LTQ e LTF Siderúrgico. Para qualificação e aprovação do processo, foram realizados testes em amostras soldadas simulando condições de trabalho os quais são aqui apresentados Através deste trabalho, concluiu-se a recuperação de seis Mancais de Encosto Siderúrgicos com Peso unitário médio de 8 Ton.

Aug 17, 2017

By Glenn C. Reed

This report is one of a series based upon investigations made and being made within the Missouri River Basin in Montana by engineers of the Bureau of Mines , Albany Branch , Mining Division . These investigations are made primarily to provide preliminary information to the Department of Interior agencies and to others concerned with planning the proposed Federal power development within the Missouri River Basin . The present report has been designed to permit public distribution of factual data obtained . The field investigations were made during the late fall of 1947 and the summer of 1948. Information on mineral occurrences in several areas in Sweet Grass County also are included in this report because of their close proximity to Park County . Practically all known metallic mineral deposits within Park County were investigated ; some nonmetallic mineral deposits also were investigated. The investigations of the metallic mineral deposits in Park County cannot be considered complete ; some long inactive mines and prospects on which little or no information is of record may have been missed . Many of the underground openings , especially at the long inactive properties , no longer are accessible ; consequently , much of the information regarding history their and development necessarily has been obtained from available Federal and State publications .

Feb 1, 1950

By Gabriel Oliveira Glória

Em busca de materiais ecologicamente corretos, a sociedade pode optar pelas fibras naturais na substituição das sintéticas. Uma boa opção entre as fibras naturais está a fibra de PALF, mas não há informações sobre a resistência ao impacto de compósitos de epóxi incorporadas com fibras de PALF. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades mecânicas em testes izod, de compósitos epoxídicos incorporados com até 30% em volume de fibras de PALF. Os resultados demonstraram que a fibra PALF aumenta a resistência ao impacto dos compósitos poliméricos.

Aug 17, 2017

By S. L. Gula

"Effective and timely communication during routine operations, and especially during emergency situations, is no easy task in any underground mine. At Cominco Fertilizers, Potash Operations, where 150people are employed underground to produce 3.1 million tonnes of potash per annum at a depth of 1100 m (3600ft), this is no exception. The over-all mine workings underlie an area of approximately 20 km 2 with average travel time to the active mining areas being approximately 30 to 40 minutes by light vehicle, and significantly longer than this for heavy equipment.In a mine of this size, the deployment and management of personnel and materials on a day-to-day basis, and during mine emergencies, is an important exercise. The Personal Emergency Device (PED) system has provided the Potash Division a means to achieve improvements in this area and reduce the communications bottleneck.The MineAt Cominco Fertilizers Potash Operations, approximately 30 km southwest of Saskatoon, the orebody is the same horizon being mined by other potash producers in the Saskatoon area and extends over 300 km in an east-west direction, and approximately 150 km in a north-south direction. Mining operations are carried out with approximately 150 employees operating on a continuous-shift basis, seven days a week.Mining is presently being done from Block 6 which takes the mine to its northernmost boundary and contains reserves of approximately 50 million tonnes. Production is from one level by five twin rotor continuous mining machines, each capable of cutting a face up to 5.5 m wide and 3.3 m high . All ore is transported to the shaft via approximately 20 km of conveyor where it is removed to surface by two 24 tonne skips.After the ore is conveyed to the mill for processing, the finished product is shipped by rail car or trucks to other parts of Canada, the United States or through Vancouver to other parts of the world."

Jan 1, 1993

By Rafaela Pacheco Malvão dos Santos, Rafaela Pereira Batista Carvalho, Flávio Monteiro de Souza, Bruno Moura de Jesus, Rodrigo da Silva Magalhães

Dentre as impurezas do gusa, o fósforo se destaca por promover fragilidade a frio ao aço, uma propriedade normalmente indesejada. A sua adequação a teores aceitáveis ocorre no Conversor LD, através da oxidação do banho e adição de fundentes. O modelo proposto objetiva determinar a adição de fundentes de forma dinâmica: com base na termodinâmica e ajustes com dados históricos visando promover uma escória adequada a proteção do revestimento refratário e a desfosforação. O modelo está em uso nos Conversores LD da Aciaria da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional e demonstrou resultados satisfatórios.

Oct 1, 2019

By Egnalda Pereira da Silva Pimenta

A umidade nos óleos protetivos temporários e na solução de encruamento, bem como alterações no pH da água desmineralizada, utilizada na lavagem do aço antes do seu oleamento, podem causar manchas na superfície dos aços revestidos com zinco. As condições de transporte e de estocagem nos clientes também podem causar manchas. Essas manchas causam forte impacto visual, podendo gerar dúvidas na aplicação dos aços. Por esse motivo, algumas medidas são utilizadas na Usiminas para evitar manchas, como os controles da umidade no tanque de armazenamento dos óleos, do pH da água desmineralizada e do tempo de estocagem entre o encruamento e o acabamento dos aços. No presente estudo, foram realizadas caracterizações de amostras produzidas e manchadas em laboratório. Foram empregadas técnicas como a microscopia de força atômica, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura com canhão de emissão por efeito de campo e o espectrômetro de emissão ótica por descarga luminescente (GDOES), sendo propostos mecanismos para a formação das manchas que estariam relacionadas com a oxidação superficial do revestimento.

Oct 30, 2017

By William Naville

Produtos de consumo em massa causam um grande impacto ambiental, destaca-se que as empresas podem se beneficiar com ações, como a inclusão de objetivos de redução de impacto ambiental e sustentabilidade, nas etapas de desenvolvimento, projeto e seleção de materiais sem aumento nos aspectos econômicos. Três produtos de consumo em massa foram estudados: escova de dentes, embalagem de marmita e blister de medicamentos. Por meio de estimativas e simulações, utilizando-se a ferramenta de energia incorporada do software Eco Audit ®, determinou-se o consumo de energia incorporada e as emissões de CO2 para o uso de alguns materiais em potencial. Simultaneamente, considerou-se nos requisitos funcionais e geométricos a preocupação com o meio ambiente na etapa de projeto. O resultado foi que estes produtos de consumo em massa geram um grande impacto ambiental e a seleção de materiais em conjunto com os requisitos funcionais e geométricos, tendo como objetivo adicional uma redução do impacto ambiental, gera redução do gasto de energia incorporada e consequentemente a redução nas emissões de CO2.

Oct 30, 2017

By Alexandre Rodizio Bento

A segurança no ambiente de trabalho é primordial para prevenir acidentes na linha de montagem do setor automotivo. Este setor busca cada vez mais a modernização tecnológica aplicada nas máquinas e a qualificação profissional para melhorar e aumentar a manufatura das peças e componentes. Para atender a demanda intensa do mercado é importante garantir o rendimento produtivo constante dos trabalhadores no chão de fábrica. Devido a esta necessidade, é fundamental exigir atenção dos trabalhadores para prevenir condições inadequadas ou acidentes. A prevenção contribui de forma positiva a empresa, com maior produtividade e ao trabalhador com melhor qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo que aplica métodos de segurança do trabalho como forma de prevenir acidentes no setor automotivo. Os métodos aplicados na linha de montagem são detalhados e analisados para prevenir possíveis riscos de acidentes. Esta aplicação permite atingir os seguintes resultados tais como: minimizar as perdas de horas homem, maximizar a produtividade do trabalhador, reduzir custos com acidentes, melhorar a imagem da empresa perante a sociedade e a satisfação dos clientes.

Aug 8, 2018

By Marcus Vinícius da Silva Jardim

Neste trabalho foi estudada a recuperação de hastes de sondagem por meio do processo de soldagem por fricção, assim como as propriedades mecânicas obtidas neste processo. As amostras foram retiradas em tubos de aço SAE4130 trefilados sem costura no diâmetro externo de 88,9mm, 5,5mm de espessura de parede e com 300mm de comprimento total. Foram realizados ensaios metalográficos e mecânicos nas amostras do tubo com o objetivo de verificar e comparar as características do tubo em estado de entrega com os resultados obtidos na junta soldada. A junta soldada por fricção apresentou uma microestrutura constituída de bainita inferior e martensita na região da solda. Na Zona Termomecanicamente Afetada – ZTMA observou-se a presença de Bainita, ferrita e perlita. Em consequência das microestruturas obtidas, o valor de dureza na solda por fricção foi maior em relação à ZTA e ao metal base, o que resultou em rompimento na região do metal base durante o ensaio de tração. O método de soldagem por ficção mostrou-se eficaz para a recuperação de hastes de sondagem.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rodrigo Cruz Oliveira

Nos últimos anos, a indústria automotiva tem evoluído de forma significativa em relação à preservação ambiental e com respeito à segurança veicular. A Usiminas, alinhada a esses avanços, tem realizado estudos visando obter novos produtos de alta resistência mecânica que possibilitem a redução do peso dos veículos e diminuição do consumo de combustível, além do aumento da segurança. Para novos projetos de veículos, como fator de melhoria do desempenho dos materiais de alta resistência, têm assumido destaque especial nos aços Dual Phase, principalmente naqueles do grau 1000MPa, as características de expansão de furo, em função da correlação com a vida em fadiga e o comportamento à fratura. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar uma das etapas do ciclo de desenvolvimento de um aço Dual Phase do grau 1000MPa com características de expansão de furo maior que 20%. O trabalho avaliou três conceitos diferentes de liga submetidos a tratamentos térmicos específicos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram retroalimentar o ciclo posterior do desenvolvimento, no qual resultados positivos foram alcançados.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Alves Ramos

Na produção de aços via forno elétrico a arco (FEA) é gerado um resíduo sólido perigoso Classe I, denominado pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE), que é composto principalmente por óxidos metálicos com composição associada aos tipos de sucata utilizados e à composição do aço fabricado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivos centrais: (i) caracterizar amostras deste resíduo oriundas de uma usina siderúrgica localizada no Estado do Ceará, e (ii) avaliar a viabilidade de processos de reciclagem do PAE. A metodologia consiste na caracterização química e estrutural do PAE por meio de análise por fluorescência de raios-X e difração de raios-X. Constatou-se a presença dos seguintes elementos: Zn, Fe, Cl, Pb, Ca, K, Mn, Si, Al, S, Cu, Ti e Cr, com especial destaque para o Zn (com teores superiores a 40%). As principais fases encontradas no PAE são: franklinita (ZnFe2O4), zincita (ZnO), e magnetita (Fe3O4). Em posse dos resultados, fixa-se no estudo de possibilidades de processos de reciclagem do PAE.

Jul 30, 2018

By Cristiana dos Santos Nunes

A soldagem de uniões dissimilares é muito comum em sistemas usados na exploração de petróleo e produção em águas profundas no mar. Comumente envolve soldagem de tubos de aço de baixo carbono com aços forjados baixa liga, muitas vezes, com revestimento interno de Inconel com o objetivo de reduzir o nível de tensões residuais seguidos de tratamentos térmicos de pós-soldagem. Uma técnica alternativa para reduzir as tensões residuais é utilizar um eletrodo que, durante o processo de resfriamento passa por uma transformação martensítica em uma temperatura relativamente baixa, de modo que a deformação resultante da transformação compense a contração durante o processo de resfriamento. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o emprego do maraging como metal de solda em união dissimilar de materiais aplicadas na indústria do petróleo. Foram usados amostras de aços estruturais chanfradas em meio-v e soldadas utilizando varetas. Os níveis de tensões residuais e microestruturas da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) foram investigados. Uma verificação importante foi que a junta soldada apresentou tensões compressivas no metal de solda.

Aug 16, 2017