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By Xiao min Zhou, Yan Xu, Hongzhen Liang, Xiaonan He

"With the increase of shaft excavation depth, the thickness of the shaft lining increases sharply. It is difficult to reduce thickness of lining effectively by improving high-strength concrete performance. The concept of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is that surrounding rock plays a certain role in tunnel support. The solution should be to find the correct relationship between shaft lining thickness and rock strength, which is related with the interaction between the surrounding rock and concrete lining. The plane strain mechanics model is introduced to calculate lining thickness. Shaft lining design of Cixi Colliery in China is completed with the mechanics-based method proposed in this study. The lining design is verified through numerical simulation and field monitoring. The simulation results show that the maximum mises stress is located at the inner edge of the shaft lining. The increase of lining thickness cannot effectively reduce concrete grade. The monitoring results indicate that a lining design thickness of 900mm with C60 concrete, is safe and reliable in the shaft over 1000metres.This analytical design method can well be referenced in similar deep shaft projects.INTRODUCTION The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), thought to have helped revolutionize the modern tunneling method, is the most extensive design philosophy and construction principle in today's tunnel engineering. It began to attract attention in the 1960s based on the work of Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher in Austria[1]. NATM was originally developed for tunneling in depth and in high situ-stress conditions in the Alps. The history of sequential excavation was reviewed, which highlights the progress of tunnel design and construction in Europe after NATM[2]. Structural conditions were introduced into the equilibrium of tunnels in NATM, and the additional force was estimated to stabilize the excavation of the tunnel[3].From the perspective of applied mechanics, there was no accuracy theory to explain the interaction between the tunnel structure and the surrounding ground. Numerical calculation is an effective means to study the basic mechanism of tunnel excavation[4].Based on two-dimensional modeling approaches in the past, such as NATM and other derivatives, a three-dimensional model was studied to"

Jan 1, 2019

By Jürgen Antrekowitsch, Thomas Griessacher

"Heavy metal containing residues are typically hazardous wastes because on the one hand, a deposition gets more and more complicated and on the other hand, the large amounts of metals like Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb represent a significant value. Thus, a post-treatment of these materials with the recovery/recycling of the metals and stabilization of the waste is not only ecological but often also economical. The therefore typically applied recycling processes utilize pyrometallurgical steps, where carbon or carbon monoxide from fossil coal and coke is used as a reducing agent, which results in large amounts of CO2 emissions. An alternative option is the application of a hydrogen-rich gas emitted in biomass utilization processes as a carbon-neutral reducing agent. Investigations in a retort process which were done at different temperatures and times showed excellent results concerning the achievable reduction rates and final contents of the heavy metals for various residues.IntroductionNowadays heavy metal containing residues like electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), dust from cupola furnaces, waelz slag, etc. are declared as hazardous wastes in a growing number of countries due to the leachability of the heavy metals in these residues. For that reason it is no longer possible to landfill these materials or use them for road construction or disposal works. Some land filling activities, carried out until now, have only been realizable because of some process modifications or cost intensive post-treatment steps of these residues. But the disposal capacities for such materials are decreasing, therefore increasing the prices. The second point for the growing disposal limitations is the stringent environmental legislations and regulations, which restrict the number and amounts of materials which can be dumped [1 – 5].From the other point of view these heavy metal containing residues usually have high contents of zinc, lead, iron, etc., which represent a significant value and therefore a big potential to recover these metals. This is why in recent years the number of recycling processes and the amount of recycled heavy metal containing residues have continuously increased. These recycling processes have the target to recover the valuable metals from the residual materials in the form of a saleable product as well as the stabilization of the slag produced in these processes [5, 6]."

Jan 1, 2011

By Descarreaux. Jean

"The Abitibi volcanic belt was sampled along a cross section extending from Matagami to a point east of Rouyn. A few samples were also collected in Louvicourt township, Quebec. The major elements were determined for 344 samples, and rock names were defined using normative minerals. The analytical data were studied by means of variation diagrams. The Abitibi volcanic belt is characterized by rocks belonging to both the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmatic series, but they show some differences as compared to some typical reference series, particularly those from Japan. Basalt is the predominant rock type and accounts for 44 per cent of the sampled outcrops. The volcanic rocks are relatively poor in K2O and TiO2. Regionally, the volcanogenic copper-zinc mineralization is associated with the calc-alkaline volcanic sequences. Locally, within such sequences, some types of abnormal deviations from the averages are recognized only in association with the copper-zinc mineralization. The anomalies are ascribed to hydrothermal alteration consisting of the introduction of MgO and removal of N a20; enrichment in K20 is also observed where zinc mineralization predominates. Examples of such anomalous zones show that, in places, this alteration phenomenon can be quite extensive. Petrochemical characteristics can be used as geochemical ore guides in exploration programs."

Jan 1, 1973

By P. L. Woolf

Three trials with oxygen-enriched unheated blast air are described. The trials were conducted in the Bureau of Mines experimental blast furnace located in Bruceton, PA. The first trial utilized moisture addition to the oxygenated blast. The second and third trial were conducted with natural gas injection. The test was basically a feasibility study and in that regard the practice was demonstrated to be feasible and also have possible advantages over hot blast operation. The testwork was conducted in 1964 and 1965 as part of a continuing study of iron making technology in cooperation with several North American Steel Companies.

Jan 1, 1985

By Jr. Watts, J. L. Ambs, B. K. Cantrell, K. L. Rubow

"The University of Minnesota and the U.S. Bureau of Mines collaborated to develop and field test a personal diesel exhaust aerosol sampler (PDEAS). The PDEAS was field tested in five underground coal mines that use continuous miners and a variety of diesel vehicles, including diesel haulage and utility vehicles. One mine was surveyed a second time, with the haulage vehicles fitted with a low-temperature disposable diesel exhaust filter (DDEF). Aerosol samples were collected with a variety of instruments, including the PDEAS and the microorifice, uniform-deposit impactor (MOUDI). This paper presents the diesel exhaust aerosol (DEA) concentration data collected in these mines and assesses the impact of diesel face-haulage equipment, with and without exhaust filters, on underground mine air quality.The average DEA concentration at the haulageway location for five mines, determined by the PDEAS, was 0.89 mg/m3, with a standard deviation of 0.44 mg/m3 • DEA contributed 52 pct, of the respirable aerosol at the haulageway location. Use of the DDEF at one mine reduced DEA by 95 pct, with a standard deviation of 6 pct, and filter life averaged 10 h. DEA contributed a large proportion of the respirable aerosol concentrations in mines with diesel equipment, and a substantial reduction was achieved with use of a DDEF. INTRODUCTIONDiesel equipment is gaining popularity in underground coal mines. There are an estimated 1,951 units of diesel equipment in 152 underground coal mines compared with 1,100 units in 110 mines 5 years ago (J).5 This increased use is due to the recognition that diesel-powered vehicles are more versatile, which can contribute to increased productivity compared with their electrically powered counterparts. Approximately 33 pct of the diesel vehicles haul coal, 45 pct haul personnel and materials, and- 22 pct perform other duties, such as roof bolting, rock dusting, and road maintenance. Most mines using diesel equipment are located in Kentucky, Utah, Virginia, and Colorado."

Mar 1, 1992

By J P. Evert

Didipio gold-copper mine operation is situated in the island of Luzon, approximately 270 km north of Manila in the Philippines, in an area of high seasonal rainfall. The hydrogeological water flow model implied that there would be high connectivity between regional structures and underground operations. This model predicted that underground mine groundwater inflows were expected to quickly rise as the decline progressed to a peak of 510 L/s. Designing a capital pump station to deal with 510 L/s has its own challenges, however developing the decline down to the required level, always dealing with 300 L/s of water and constructing the pump station is extremely challenging and required a robust water management plan and mine design. When dealing with expected high volumes of water, underground mine design and scheduling plays a key role in protecting electrical infrastructure, equipment, secondary pumps, and the decline from flooding. A good drainage system and controlled dewatering plan is essential for safety and progress. This paper details the dewatering techniques and mine designs required to accomplish decline development with high water inflows as used in the Didipio project. It will describe the learnings and outcomes that are achievable with a flexible design, as new structures are mapped, and water intersections are increased. It also highlights the potential for adaptability in mine planning to provide evolving improvements or to evade problems that are expected from the constant reconciliation of data recorded during development.

Mar 29, 2023

By A. Rodriguez-Prado, P. Kuschk, R. L. Legge, W. C. Lennox

Using constructed wetlands to chemically reduce hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) to Cr(III) from industrial and mining wastewater has proven to be feasible and efficient. Applying first-order kinetics to describe the process is simple, but in some cases a more accurate model is required to reflect the process. This paper studies the feasibility of using non–first-order kinetics to describe the reduction process. Results indicate that half- and second-order kinetics adequately described Cr(VI) reduction in laboratory wetland mesocosms. The organic carbon content played a relevant role, whether it was built up by plant growth or spiked into the feed water.

Jan 1, 2014

By Gian Carlo Ticona

El presente estudio plantea una metodología para realizar el criterio de caracterización geomecánica de macizos rocoso alterados, empleando información geomecánica de la franja metalogenética de Andahuaylas – Yauri, este sector es importante para la industria minera en el Perú, actualmente cuenta con el desarrollo de grandes operaciones mineras y tiene una buena perspectiva para el desarrollo de futuros proyectos mineros. En el cinturón de Andahuaylas – Yauri se tiene yacimientos mineros del tipo pórfido – skarn de Cu, Ag y Au principalmente

Sep 30, 2022

By Weslei Viana Gabriel

Por meio do uso de técnicas de modelamento físico e matemático, caracterizou-se o fluxo de líquido, no interior de um molde de beam blank, quando alimentado por apenas uma válvula submersa constituída por três portas de saída cilíndricas e espaçadas de 120°. Verificou-se que o fluxo do jato de líquido que atravessa a alma se espalha ao longo de toda a superfície do flange antes de se recircular na região central do molde. Através da técnica de injeção de traçador e análise do perfil de velocidade, percebe-se que os jatos direcionados para as quinas do flange recirculam rapidamente e, por isto, se espalham numa pequena região. Este tipo de válvula se caracteriza também por ter uma maior intensidade de oscilação da superfície do que a válvula do tipo tubular. Foram realizados testes para simular a taxa de remoção de inclusões. Os dados obtidos mostram que esta válvula é mais eficiente na limpidez do aço do que uma válvula tubular simples.

Oct 30, 2017

By Allison de Sá Barreto Ferreira

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar o perfil térmico da carcaça metálica inferior do Forno Elétrico a Arco (FEA) durante o processo de produção de aço, sugerindo adição de aletas na geometria a fim de obter maior troca de calor e diminuição na temperatura de trabalho da carcaça metálica inferior do FEA. Assim, analisou-se a influência do ciclo térmico do processo por meio de acompanhamento termográfico e simulações computacionais via Método de Elementos Finitos. Posto isto, as modificações propostas, depois de testadas e analisadas por meio de um acompanhamento termográfico, denotaram eficiência de tal maneira que resultou em uma diminuição de aproximadamente 60ºC da temperatura na carcaça metálica inferior do FEA.

Oct 30, 2017

By Greg Hodges

Sand-and-gravel aggregates have become the number-one, nonmetallic-mineral resource in the world. Surficial aggregate deposits of economic size are becoming increasingly rare in most parts of Canada. In southern Saskatchewan, this is especially true, and detection and delineation of intertill sand-and-gravel deposits with airborne electromagnetic (EM) surveys have proven very successful. Airborne and ground geophysical surveys detect such deposits by their resistivity contrast relative to the surrounding clay-rich soils. Dighem helicopter-borne electromagnetic surveys map soil variations over a large area quickly and cost effectively, greatly reducing the cost of detecting and mapping deposits compared with traditional methods (air-photo interpretation, ground EM, and drilling.). The multiple-frequency EM system used by Dighem can map variations both horizontally and vertically. Magnetic data collected simultaneously are useful in mapping bedrock geology. Both resistivity and bedrock maps aid in the important task of reducing drilling costs and person-hours in the field. The results of the survey are presented as maps of ground resistivity, which are relatively easy to interpret. These maps are produced in the field at the time of the survey, making quick follow-up of the survey possible. Airborne EM surveys can map the extent and depth of aggregate deposits more effectively than is practical from the ground. Since aggregate deposits can vary tremendously in a very short distance (<300 m) large-area EM maps can show both local area variability and also help develop intertill trends. A test survey for the Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Department over a 3-km by 5-km area mapped all the known deposits as well as some unknown deposits, subsequently proven by drilling. The test-survey data show that the method not only detected the deposits, but also gave an estimate of the shape (volume) of each of the deposits. Comparison of the data to drill sections shows excellent correlation. Theoretical modelling demonstrates that the multifrequency system can discriminate sand and gravel from bedrock ridges. Since the successful test work, about 725 km2 of ground have been surveyed, resulting in the discovery of four new deposits, which can be used immediately, resulting in significant savings for the Saskatchewan government and taxpayer.

Jan 1, 1999

By Ronald E. Walkington

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is building the world&apos;s newest accelerator-based, pulsed-neutron system, called Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The facility, located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is a partnership of six DOE national laboratories - Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge. Oak Ridge has the responsibility for managing the partnership and ultimately operating SNS. SNS will provide opportunities for up to 2,000 researchers each year from universities, national laboratories and industry from around the world for basic and applied research and technology development in the fields of materials science, magnetic materials, polymers and complex fluids, chemistry and biology. When completed, this state-of-the-art research facility will provide neutron beams that are 12 times more intense than any other such source in the world. Most of the world&apos;s neutron sources were built decades ago. Therefore, it is easy to understand how SNS will provide new research opportunities unavailable elsewhere, and at the same time restore United States leadership in neutron sciences. Neutron scattering research provides valuable information about materials that cannot be obtained through microscopy, X-rays, spectroscopes, or other techniques. The information gained from neutron scattering research leads to improved materials that are used in high-temperature superconductors, powerful lightweight magnets, aluminum bridge decks, jet aircraft, compact and computer discs, magnetic recording tapes, shatter-proof windshields, and many other applications. SNS is like a flashing strobe light providing high-speed illumination of an object and will record the structure of physical and biological materials from plastics to proteins. Because neutrons have no charge, they can penetrate more deeply into materials than do X-rays, light, or electrons and thus reveal bulk structure and properties of materials. SNS will help to understand and "engineer" better materials and the manufacture of better products at the atomic level. Our high-technology society demands new materials that are stronger, lighter, and cheaper yet perform well under severe conditions. SNS, which is designed with the future in mind, will be the leading neutron research facility for many years to come.

Jan 1, 2001

By B. W. Gandrud

To say that the treatment and handling of the "fines" is the most difficult phase of coal preparation is probably an understatement of facts. It is the fine sizes from about 1/16-inch to 0 that are mainly responsible for the inescapable sludge and slurry problems at plants using wet methods of preparation. Sludge and slurry are a problem from the standpoints of both cleaning and dewatering. They cannot be cleaned satisfactorily by "gravity" methods, which are used so extensively on coarser Sizes, due to the fact that fine sizes, particularly from 65-mesh to 0, do not follow the same laws of settling as do the coarser sizes. Although fine sizes are cleaned more successfully on wet-wash tables than in jigs, even tables as usually operated in coal-preparation plants fail on sizes below 100-mesh. As to other phases of the, sludge and slurry problem, wet coal preparation plants are almost universally beset with troubles in connection with the recovery and dewatering of the fine sizes from about 14-or 20-mesh to 0. The sizes finer than 100-mesh further complicate the problems in a wet preparation plant by their tendency to stay in suspension and build up a troublesome load of solids in the circulating water. In order to prevent too much trouble from this source, it is, customary at most plants to bleed a fair-sized stream out of the circulating system continuously and replace it by addition of fresh make-up water. The slurry water withdrawn from the circuit is usually run to waste, in which case it carries with it a considerable amount of fine coal, thus increasing the "washer loss." Another evil results from wasted slurry water in that quite often it finds its way into creeks and larger streams, creating stream-pollution problems.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. Harrington

Approximately 6,000 coal mines are operated in the United States. All of them have in some degree the elements that are likely to contribute to an explosion, hence it is surprising that explosion disasters are not more frequent and that many mines have been operated for years and finally worked out and abandoned without experiencing an explosion. The absence of coal-mine explosions does not always indicate that effective efforts have been made to prevent them but rather that the nine has been fortunate in that the combination of circumstances necessary to cause an explosion has not existed. In view of present knowledge of the methods of preventing explosions, disasters are inexcusable and discredit the mining industry. The methods of preventing mine explosions are known to experienced, well-informed persons engaged in coal mining, yet despite this knowledge far to many coal-mine operators continue to use practices and methods that they should know have resulted in numerous explosions. Moreover, many mine workers persist in following past procedure irrespective of consequences and in breaking safety rules or indulging in practices almost certain eventually to result in disaster. Continued failure to apply known common-sense methods of accident and explosion prevention unquestionably will cell for ultimate enforcement of law.

Jan 1, 1940

By Grace N. Broderick

U.S. supply and demand data for coal, by States and regions, were tabulated for the years 1960 and 1965. Estimates are provided of State-by-State quantitative data for the coal industry that can be integrated into State and regional energy balances by source, form, and consumer sectors, and used for estimates of interstate and interregional energy flows. The tables give an estimated total supply of coal available for consumption, and also report the distribution of the supply among the major consuming sectors (household and, commercial, industrial, transportation, and electricity generation). To enable comparison of coal data with those for other energy forms, tonnages were converted to British thermal units (Btu). Future energy analysis studies could be facilitated by changes in the categorization of information collected on the coal industry. The data shown are based primarily on Bureau of Mines source material.

Jan 1, 1969

By Joseph J. Wallace

1. The investigation shows that there are 2 coal beds of major importance in Letcher County from the standpoint of present production - Upper Elkhorn No, 3 and Fire Clay - and 5 beds of minor importance - Whitesburg, Flag, Haddix, Elkhorn Leader, and Amburgy, The Upper Elkhorn No. 3 and Fire Clay beds contain the largest remaining known reserves. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and on 1,600 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 1,353 million short tons as of January 1, 1952. Of this total, 1,056 million short tons ere in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bad characteristics are too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1953

By Alexander Gakner

Since the end of World War II the Soviet Union has made great strides toward economic development of the country. Today it is firmly established as the world&apos;s second largest industrial power after the United States and it has committed itself before the people on both sides of the Iron Curtain to catch up with and to overtake us within a few decades. No nation could achieve such a degree of industrialization or aspire to become the world&apos;s industrial leader without a large supply of many basic mineral raw materials or at least easy access to such resources. In addition, it requires technical competence, a large skilled labor force, and a high rate of capital investment. Why should we concern ourselves with these Soviet aspirations? The Free World&apos;s yardstick of measuring a nation&apos;s well-being is the standard of living of the people in that country. Presumably even Communist governments are committed to some, however gradual, improvement in the standard of living of their people. The population of the USSR is 20 pct greater than that of the United States. Hence, if they ever achieve a standard of living equal to ours, they must by all logic reach a greater overall industrial output. However, in the U.S.S.R. the standard of living of the masses has not kept pace with the expanding industrial production and is still far behind that of the United States. Our concern, therefore, is with what the USSR intends to accomplish with its expanding industrial power: Will they produce large mineral raw-material surpluses and manufacture products to compete with us for world markets and attempt to put us out of business if not use it directly to wage war; or will they use their resources merely to produce more consumer goods for the Soviet people; or will they, along with other Communist nations in the not-too-distant future, compete with us for the world&apos;s sources of mineral raw-materials to maintain a high level of mass consumption?

Jan 6, 1960

By Paul L. Russell

7.5-1. introduction. The possible engineering uses of nuclear explosives were recognized with the first nuclear detonation. Subsequent experiments have demonstrated the ability of nuclear explosives to move very large volumes of rock and earth efficiently and at costs below conventional earth-moving methods. The ability to package a quantity of energy equivalent to a few million tons of conventional explosive in a container approximately 20 ft long and 36 in. in diameter enables easy emplacement and thus provides the potential for excavation on scales heretofore impossible. Space does not permit detailed discussion of the many experiments with conventional high explosives and with nuclear explosives that were performed in developing the information presented here. A bibliography is included for those wishing detailed information. Material from those sources and from personal experience has been used freely. 7.5-2. Nuclear Explosives. An explosion, in general, results from the very rapid release of a large quantity of energy within a limited space. This is equally true for both conventional and nuclear explosions, although the energy is produced in quite different ways. In the case of a conventional explosive, this energy arises from chemical reactions. In a nuclear explosion, the energy is produced as a result of the formation of different atomic nuclei by the redistribution of the protons and neutrons within the interacting nuclei. Nuclear energy is of a much higher order of magnitude than chemical energy when equal masses are considered, and the release of this energy is a thousand times more rapid than the fastest chemical detonations. Explosions may be produced by fission or fusion reactions. FISSION. When a free (or unattached) neutron enters the nucleus of a fissionable atom, it can cause the nucleus to split into two smaller parts. This fission process is accompanied by the release of a large quantity of energy. The complete fission of 1 lb of uranium can produce as much energy as an explosion of 9,000 tons of TNT.

Jan 1, 1968

By Xiaolu Ye

"Comprehensive utilization of Bi and Sn from the tin-associated polymetallic tailings by “gravity separation – flotation combination process” has been studied, which was verified that the novel process is an effective method to deal with the high content pyrrhotite tin-associated polymetallic tailings. In this investigation, ore property analysis and magnetism analysis of pyrrhotite were conducted to research and develop reasonable beneficiation flowsheet. The results of ore property analysis present that pyrrhotite was not closely related to bismuth and tin minerals. Particle size analysis results indicated that pyrrhotite was mainly in the form of fine particles. The magnetic analysis results show that pyrrhotite was distribution in all the three types of pyrrhotite in a single mining area, which indicated that variable magnetism of with different crystal structure pyrrhotite. The process of “low intensity magnetic separation - high intensity magnetic separation” shown an excellent adaption for the high content pyrrhotite tin-associated polymetallic ore compared with the single flotation process based on the magnetism variable of pyrrhotite. The results of whole process test indicated that a bismuth coarse concentrate assaying 5.63% of Bi at 81.77% recovery was obtained, which treat the conditions for the Bi-S separation flotation. In addition, the content of sulfur in the tin concentrate decreased from 2.5% to 1.5%, which provided a new reference for other tin-associated polymetallic tailings. INTRODUCTION Tin has been applied extensively in catalytic chemistry, gas sensors, tin plating, and plumbing. Tin-bearing polymetallic ores have been the important deposit types to recycle tin with the rapid depletion of mineral resources. The comprehensive utilization of the associated elements has been a preoccupation for the mineral processing researchers."

Jan 1, 2018

By Shu Xinqian, Zhou Weining, Shan Zhiqiang, Feng Jifu

"Modified calcination conditions on the extraction of rubidium resources from muscovite (KAlz[AlSi301o](OH)2) ore are systematically studied. The impact of various factors on the rubidium leaching rate is also analyzed, including the agent types, roasting time, the mass ratio, roasting temperature, etc. The results indicate that the best agent is a combination of sodium chloride and calcium chloride, its mass ratio ofmuscovite/NaCl/CaClz is 1:0.25:0.25. Calcined at 8500 for 30 minutes, the rubidium leaching rate is up to 90%. The reaction of muscovite ore with the chlorinating agent CaC12 has been studied by TG/DSC, the calcined intermediates are identified by XRD, and the surface morphology before and after leaching is characterized by SEM. Rubidium chloride products can be obtained with a purity of 92% by using t-BAMBP extraction, hydrochloric acid reextraction and purification.IntroductionRubidium is one ofrare alkali metals, which is found in 1981 by German R.W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchhof. Rubidium includes the following features: atomic number is 37, each atom weight 85, the body-centred cubic lattice, each unit cell has two metal atoms, and the density is 1.532g/cm3. The properties of low melting point (312.46 K) and malleability make rubidium have a strong chemical activity and photoemission. Rubidium provides a main material for manufacturing phototube with a wide range oflight waves, which possess high sensitivity and stability. Efforts are being made to carry out research on rubidium ion gngine, magnetic flux generators and thermoelectric transudcer, etc. Rubidium exists in muscovite ore(KA12[AlSh01o](OH)2 (monoclinic system and hexagonal layered structure) as isomorphism and replace the large radius of the potassium atoms, as well as part of rubidium locate between structure layers. The complex components bring great difficulty in comprehensive recycling."

Jan 1, 2013