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By R. R. Hawthorne, H. F. Dunlap

A method of calculating formation water resistivities from chemical analyses is presented which is somewhat faster and more accurate than previously described methods. For 26 formation water samples taken from wells in the Texas Gulf Coast, the average deviation of calculated from measured water resistivities was 3.3 per cent, with an average bias of + l.l per cent in the calculated values. This compares with average deviations of 4.6 per cent and 7.8 per cent, with corresponding average biases of +3.2 per cent and -6.3 per cent, for the two methods previously described in the litera-

Jan 1, 1951

By John E. Shively, Tracy K. Lundin, Francis Fong

The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) features two 20 TeV counter rotating proton beams which will be housed in 87 km (54 miles) of tunnel. Four additional lower energy particle accelerators will be housed in 26 km (16 miles) of tunnel and underground structures. Physics experiments will be conducted in two underground detector halls approximately 67 m (220 feet) deep with footprints measuring about 30 m (100 feet) by 100 m (330 feet). Definition and design of underground facilities is advanced with construction of approximately one-third of the SSC program underway. This paper presents an overview and status of the SSC project.

Jan 1, 1993

Institute of Metals Division Ferrous and Nonferrous Physical Metallurgy Established as a Division April 26, 1918 (Bylaws published In the 1944 TRANSACTIONS Volume of the Division) A A SMITH, JR, Chairman E A ANDERSON, Past-Chairman F N RHINES, Senior Vice-Chairman W A DEAN, Vice-Chairman H A MALONEY, Treasurer ERNEST KIRKENDALL, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N Y Executive Committee R M BRICK 2 W A JOHNSON 1 H I DIXON 2 E W PALMER 1 M GENSAMER 2 J H SCAFF 3 J D HANAWALT 1 J D SULLIVAN 3

Jan 1, 1952

By S. Mischler, J. Noll, G. Schnakenberg, A. Bugarski, M. Crum

Diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems and biodiesel fuels are two of the most promising technologies available to the mining industry to reduce the exposure of underground miners to diesel particulate matter (DPM). A study has been conducted to estimate the potential of DPF systems and biodiesel blends to reduce DPM emissions from production vehicles. Results of testing three DPF systems in an isolated zone showed 88% to 99% reductions in elemental carbon concentrations. The test results also show that biodiesel blends, B20 and B50, reduced the elemental carbon concentrations in the mine air by 26 and 48 percent, respectively.

Jan 1, 2004

By Robert W. Geehan

The Bureau of Mines has been developing deposits of critical and essential minerals in the United States since 1939. A preliminary examination of the Union lead mine was made in November 1944 and January 1945 by W. T. Benson, a Bureau of Mines engineer, who recommended development by diamond drilling. The Bureau conducted a drilling project at the mine from February 12 to May 16, 1947. The property is in sec.12, T. 17'N., R. 19 E., Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, in. southern Washoe County, Nev., about 15 miles south of Reno. The Union lead mane, also known 4s the Commonwealth mine, has been an intermittent producer of zinc-lead-silver ore since 1860. During World War II, ore was shipped to smelter& near: salt Lake City, Utah. The Bureau drilled 21 diamond-drill holes having a total length of 1,549 feet and 20 long percussion-drill holes with a total length of 359 feet. The program was designed to test for horizontal and vertical extensions of the ore body and to prospect for parallel ore bodies. As a result of this program, extensions of the ore zone were established, but no parallel ore-bearing structures were found. The areas drilled were limited by drill sites available.

Jan 1, 1950

The purpose of this paper is to list by tabulation and flow sheet, the operating equipment and installations in use at Rosebery, and to refer to particular items which may be of interest for purposes of comparison, or because they possess some unusual feature. The general perspective has been taken from the viewpoint of operating and maintenance experience.The sequence begins with ore breaking and transport and proceeds through milling operations. The paper is in two sections, first, mechanical equipment, second, electrical equipment. A brief outline of a scheme for using gravel wash for stope filling, which is in course of installation, has also been given.

Jan 1, 1949

Although Australia is the world's second biggest producer of iron ore, the last few years have not been easy for companies in Western Australia's Pilbara region (see map) where more than 90% of the nation's iron ore is produced. For at least two years, the industry has been plagued by dwindling markets abroad, production-crippling strikes at home, skyrocketing costs (well above the official 13% annual inflation rate), an acute shortage of investment capital, increasingly ferocious competition from foreign iron ore producers-and, as if all this weren't enough, by an over-valued currency that has caused incalculable damage not only to iron ore producers but to the entire mining industry of Australia. (This last problem was mitigated less than two months ago, on November 28, 1976, when the Australian dollar was devalued by a whopping 17 1/2%.)

Jan 1, 1977

By C. G. Fink

A PART of the material incorporated in this paper was derived from the studies of ancient metal objects examined by the authors from time to time for museums and art collectors, in order to verify the age of the metal. The data thus accumulated during several years was systemati-cally surveyed and supplemented by new material obtained in examina-tion of a set of specimens that had been generously donated by museums for this study. Altogether over 50 pieces were investigated, of which 39 are described in this paper. Every specimen is at least 1500 years old; the majority are considerably older. Exact conditions to which these bronze and copper objects were exposed in the ground are unknown, unfortunately. It is safe to say that exposure conditions did not remain constant during the long period of burial. Although the collection of specimens studied represents a wide variation in location and age of the objects, as well as in the nature and composition of the metals, it was found that fundamental changes in the metal structure were limited to a few typical cases which, therefore, may be considered as more or less general. The authors' chief aim was to study the effect of extremely long periods of corrosion on the structure of bronze and copper.

Jan 1, 1936

By Warren H. Westphal

For mining and exploration, and indeed the entire mineral industry, the first century of AIME has ended with far more problems than it began. Paradoxically, most of these problems have arisen not because, the industry has been unsuccessful, but rather because it has succeeded too well. Whatever the public demand for minerals over the past 100 years, it has somehow been met-and met at a price well within the public's ability to pay for the products. But as AIME moves into its second century, the past successes of mining and exploration are beginning to levy a tax on the future. Prospectors have already found most of the rich and ready ores, and miners have dug them out. New mineral assets grow progressively harder to come by, and as they do, the need for them grows inversely more pressing. How and where and at what cost can adequate supplies be found? How and at what cost can they be mined from heretofore inaccessible recesses deep underground and under the seas-or from vast surface tonnages containing only minor values? And once they are found or won, how can these assets be husbanded for generations to come? How also can they be extracted without injury to the land, air and water on which we and our successors must depend? And what constructive use can be made of the incidental materials now treated merely as wastes-sometimes at great expense?

Jan 1, 1971

By Fred A. Williams

The cause of many deaths and extensive property damage in coal mines resulting from explosions and mine fires has been directly attributable to electric cable failures (including splice failures). The Federal Bureau of Mines data show that out of 355 underground coal mine fires investigated from July 1952 to January 1960, 103 (29 percent) were directly related to trailing cables. These cable failures resulted in the death of 7 men and injuries to 37 others. These potential hazards have become greater, obviously, through the widespread adoption of mechanized mining methods with electric-driven machinery powered through trailing cables according to Young,4 68.1 percent of the total bituminous and lignite production of the United States was mined underground in 1959. About 85 percent of this production was attained by mechanized loading methods. A large majority of the mines using the hand- loading methods also used equipment with trailing cables such as cutting machines, drills, and gathering locomotives. The problem of minimizing the loss of life, resources, and equipment from cable failures should be of concern to the management of all coal mines. It would be misleading to imply that no consideration has been given to the problem and its associated hazards. Through research cable manufacturers have endeavored to develop trailing cables that will withstand the severe service imposed by underground mining conditions. Technical research groups have undertaken studies for determining improved procedure and materials for field splices. Coal companies have instituted cable maintenance programs with a view toward the reduction of cable failures and consequent improvement in safety and efficiency of operations. Safety agencies are alert to unsatisfactory cable handling practices, poor workmanship in field splicing, mechanical

Jan 1, 1962

PURPOSE: Evaluate practical technological advances in level-dependent hearing protectors and inexpensive personal acoustic monitors. RESEARCH SUMMARY: The results of previous NIOSH research show that miners develop hearing loss much more quickly than nonoccupationally noise-exposed individuals and that miners experience a greater severity of hearing loss than would be expected for nonoccupational noise-exposed persons of the same age and gender. Using hearing thresholds at 4,000 Hz as an indicator, coal miners experience hearing loss 2.5 to 3 times greater than would be expected for persons not exposed to occupational noise. At age 50, 90% of coal miners and 49% of metal/nonmetal miners were found to have a hearing impairment. In comparison, only 9% of a nonoccupationally exposed control group had a hearing impairment at age 50.

Jan 1, 2000

By R. F. Tylecote

"The closure of the iron and steel making plant at Consett in Durham in 1980 marked the end of an era-a long era in the world's iron and steel making history. Iron had been smelted in the Tyne-Wear area of the United Kingdom since before the Roman period, but apart from evidence of smithing in the Roman period, the historical evidence for iron production on a large scale dates from the 14th century.The paper describes sites in the area that first worked the bloomery process and then, in the 16th century, as did most of Europe, graduated to the blast furnace process. The main emphasis is on the early introduction of coal to iron making at the end of the 18th century and the use of the steam engine to render integrated sites possible.IntroductionIron has been smelted in the Tyne-Wear area of the United Kingdom since before the Roman period, but apart from clear evidence of smithing in the Roman period, the historical evidence for iron production on a large scale dates from the 14th century. Like many other countries, the United Kingdom benefitted from the visits of foreign observers, such as Jars, Svedenstierna, de la Houliere and Dufrenoy, who left detailed records. In modern times, information gained from excavations of iron and steel making sites has supplemented the historical record.Natural ResourcesUp to the end of the 19th century, the industry was wholly dependent on its own resources. Iron ore, limestone, wood, coal and water power were all found a short distance away from the main valleys of the Tyne and Wear. The main sources of iron ore were the coal measures, with rider ores from the lead vein s in Alston and Weardale, and carbonate ores from shale horizons in the Carboniferous limestone. Good coking coal was available from West Durham and reasonable coal from the Tyne valley and Northumberland limestone. Limestone was plentiful."

Jan 1, 1983

By C. J. Newman, D. J. Kemp, R. M. Sweetin

"The smelter is described by area; feed preparation, continuous furnace line, gas handling and auxiliary systems, blister refining, Hazelett casting of thin anodes, and scrap remelting. Early smelter campaign data is presented and compared to design. Some modifications to the basic design of the furnaces and gas trains are indicated, with their respective impacts on improving smelter performance.Plant compactness, the use of jumbo tanks, and a highly automated electrode handling system are featured in the refinery description, with brief coverage of the liberator and slimes leaching sections. Early experience in refining thin regular Hazelett anodes, and submersible pump recovery of raw slimes are relayed, together with automatic stripping from titanium blanks.Refinery tonnages and operating parameters are given showing the relatively trouble-free attainment of refinery design performance.IntroductionPrevious papers and articles ( 1), (2) ,(3 ) have described the metallurgical facilities serving the copper-zinc-silver Kidd Creek orebody located near Timmins, Ontario. For convenience a brief review of their mid-1983 operating status is presented.The concentrator, originally designed for 9,000 short tons, was commissioned in late 1966. It can now comfortably process over 13,000 metric tonnes per day largely as a result of the addition of a fourth circuit in 1978."

Jan 1, 1984

By P. Diehl, M. David

"As shortage in the supply of mineral commodities become more probable, there is an increasing need for reliable and comparable reserve/resource data. It is therefore necessary to standardize the traditional classification procedure by quantifying the three basic criteria in resource evaluation: economic feasibility, geologic assurance and recovery. For the portion of fairly well documented deposits and as far as their geologic parameters are concerned, geostatistical methods can considerably improve the quality of ore classification. In respect of economic feasibility and recovery, approved geostatistical methods can be introduced directly into the classification procedure. The concept of geologic assurance, however, requires a new interpretation in terms of geostatistical error spread. As the ""risk"" in estimating an ore parameter is also a function of the respective block size, it is reasonable to define not only upper limits for the risk intervals for each class of uncertainty, but also block dimensions which reflect the typical stage of planning associated with the different ore categories. An algorithm has been developed to block out areas inside a mine or a large panel which satisfies the constraints of an ore category in respect of the risk intervals of a parameter and in respect of their size. The method has been computerized and is demonstrated on a massive copper-nickel deposit.IntroductionFacing an uncertain future with respect to the demand and supply of mineral commodities, both governmental authorities and the mining industries show an increasing interest in a useful framework for the assessment and classification of the remaining mineral resources"". This is reflected by the recently published appraisal and classification scheme of the United Nations as well as by the new or revised classification systems of the USA; Canada or Australia. Moreover there are various classification schemes which are currently discussed in major mining companies."

Jan 1, 1982

By René Lucio Rech

A injeção de carvão pulverizado (PCI) é uma técnica altamente utilizada nos altos-fornos pelas siderúrgicas brasileiras, buscando a redução do consumo específico de coque por tonelada de gusa. A combustão do carvão pulverizado ocorre em temperaturas elevadas (em torno de 2.000°C), altas taxas de aquecimento (104 a 105 °C/s), tempo de reação de poucos centésimos de segundos, seguida pela gaseificação na presença de CO2. Este trabalho visa apresentar o andamento da construção do simulador da zona de combustão do alto-forno desenvolvido pelo LASID-UFRGS e os estudos previstos nos projetos em andamento, que contemplam também a avaliação de carvões brasileiros que apresentem potencial de substituição de carvões atualmente importados para injeção em altos fornos brasileiros. A partir do levantamento do estado da arte e visitas técnicas a simuladores em operação, foi discutido um projeto moderno, automatizado, de configuração vertical e que possibilitasse a operação tanto em modo one shot como contínuo. Algumas inovações podem ser destacadas, como a possibilidade de alterar o tempo de residência da amostra carbonosa na zona de combustão do simulador, a medição da temperatura com termopares ultra-rápidos (ms), o controle e aquisição de diversos parâmetros termodinâmicos (P, T, t) e avaliação dos produtos sólidos e gasosos resultantes.

Aug 1, 2018

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. This paper is a continuation of a series made in cooperation with the Coordinating Fuel Research-(CFR) Committee of the Coordinating Research Council (CRC), Inc. The first of this series of reports presented data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36, and succeeding reports described motor gasolines sold during the summers and winters to and including the summer of 1941. 2/ No reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942. However, starting with the winter of 1942-43. the semiannual reports were resumed.

Jan 1, 1950

By Johann-Paul Stemplinger

For lubrication of open gear drives applied in rotary furnaces, often gear greases are used as well as for lubrication of gear boxes in difficult sealing conditions. The selection of the gear grease influences strongly the wear behavior. Investigations with flow greases NLGI 00 were made in a back-to-back test rig determining the weight loss due to wear acc. to the standardised procedure ISO 14635 part 3. Different influences like base oil viscosity, thickener type and additional solid lubricant type were analysed. Only the type and amount of solid lubricant shows a significant influence on the weight loss due to wear. Finally, a linear wear coefficient clT according to the calculation method of the wear amount according to Plewe is derived and can be used to transfer the test results to any gears in practice.

Jul 31, 2018

By L. B. Pankratz

Thermodynamic data on the elements, oxides, sulfides, halides, and selected hydrides, carbides, nitrides, carbonates, sulfates, silicates, and miscellaneous compounds were reviewed, evaluated, and compiled at the Bureau of Mines. Values for CP°, S°, H° -H°298, ?Hf°, and ?Gf° are given in tabular form. A brief thermodynamic background and a number of examples and applications are presented.

Jan 1, 1984

By George A. Desborough

Marine black shales of Paleozoic age in the Western United States that exceed 10 weight percent organic carbon contain as much as 5,000 ppm vanadium, 1,000 ppm molybdenum, 1,300 ppm nickel, 600 ppm cobalt, 16 ppm silver, 7,000 ppm chromium, 18,000 ppm zinc, 280 ppm cadmium, and 350 ppm selenium. Depositional settings include: (1) continental-rise and marginal-ocean basins, (2) continental-shelf and foreland basins, and (3) cratonic-platform embayments. Most of these metalliferous organic-rich shales have not been examined for resources because of rapid weathering and poor exposures which preclude easy sampling of unoxidized rock necessary to determine actual concentration and residence of indigenous metals. Generally, the marine black shales of Paleozoic age in the Western United States are richer in metals than marine Paleozoic black shales in the Eastern United States.

Jan 1, 1982

By Davi Alves Marques

Este trabalho visa analisar a temperabilidade dos aços ABNT 1045 e ABNT 4140 através do ensaio Jominy e correlacionar suas propriedades com a variação microestrutural devido ao gradiente de transferência de calor através dos corpos de prova, também como analisar o efeito dos elementos de liga presentes. O ensaio Jominy foi realizado segundo a norma ABNT A255-10. Foi observado que o aço ABNT 4140 apresenta maior temperabilidade que o ABNT 1045 devido à maior profundidade de têmpera e, por conseguinte, apresentou produtos de transformação martensítica em profundidades maiores do corpo de prova. Visto que o teor de carbono em ambos os aços é aproximadamente igual, a maior temperabilidade do ABNT 4140 se dá devido aos elementos de liga presentes. Os elementos de liga do ABNT 4140 contribuem para uma maior percentagem de carbono equivalente, quando comparado ao ABNT 1045, deslocando assim o diagrama de transformação isotérmica para a direita, reduzindo então a taxa de resfriamento crítico.

Oct 30, 2017