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By Bin Xu, Qian Li, Xiaoliang Liu, Yongbin Yang, Tao Jiang, Yan Zhang

The cohering behavior of iron ore pellet powder in kiln cannot be reflected entirely through the conventional briquetting method, so a novel natural stacking method was proposed in this paper. The results showed that in the two methods the cohering strength of powders from different iron ore pellets (numbered A, B and C) rose with the increase of roasting time and temperature andpresented the same result, i.e., C > B > A. Comparatively, the natural stacking powders obtained much lower cohering strengths under the same roasting condition. The structure analyses of ring from the kiln tail and cohering briquette by the natural stacking method indicated that the occurrence of crystallized particles of them were extremely similar. Therefore, the initial information of pellet powder’s cohering behavior could be provided by the natural stacking method, improving the methods to study the actual ringing process and mechanism of pellet powders in kiln.

Mar 1, 2017

By Filipe Sathler

O projeto CR298 se iniciou no final do segundo semestre de 2014 quando o Coque Rate (CR) médio era de 351,0 kg/t. A meta definida foi de atingir média mensal de CR de 298 kg/t em dezembro de 2016, permitindo aumento de produção com alta taxa de injeção de carvão PCI, porém, com baixo Fuel Rate, garantindo competitividade de mercado. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvido e divulgado um novo modelo mental de operação, processo, manutenção e gestão, envolvendo toda a área de Redução, Utilidades e Aciaria. Várias premissas técnicas foram estabelecidas com um plano de ação detalhado para garantir estabilidade no processo dos altos fornos de forma a obter este resultado. A meta foi atingida antes mesmo do planejado: CR 291,3 kg/t em Maio de 2016 e em 2016 a média anual foi de 297,0 kg/t, com Fuel Rate de 484,4 kg/t.

Oct 30, 2017

By Juliana Satie Watai

Foi estudado o efeito do método de incorporação de pó de serra em PP/EPDM/talco, nas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas do compósito final. Os três métodos de incorporação foram: pré-mistura, por tamboreamento, de todos os componentes com injeção subsequente; alimentação em separado da fibra, da matriz polimérica e compatibilizante em extrusora dupla rosca co-rotacional, com injeção subsequente; pré-mistura, por tamboreamento, de todos os componentes, alimentação conjunta em extrusora dupla rosca co-rotacional, com injeção subsequente. A adição de fibras conferiu maiores valores de temperatura de deflexão ao calor (HDT), resistências à tração e à flexão, módulo de Young e menores resistência ao impacto e deformação em relação à matriz. Para o mesmo teor de fibras, o método de alimentação conjunta apresentou os maiores valores de resistência à tração e flexão, módulo de Young, e HDT, e maior queda na resistência ao impacto. O método com dois alimentadores apresentou maior deformação e maior resistência ao impacto. Análise termogravimétrica revelou menor teor de fibra incorporado, para o método com dois alimentadores em relação aos outros métodos. A análise de micrografias obtidas por MEV não revelou diferenças significativas na adesão entre fibra e matriz, quanto ao método de incorporação.

Aug 8, 2018

By Donna L. Anderson

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report discusses the status of a laser-based guidance system to provide position and heading feedback and closed-loop control of tramming maneuvers for a continuous mining machine. The system has been developed and tested at the Bureau, and is now being prepared for underground experiments. The system hardware includes laser scanners, a sensor communication network, and host computer hardware. The system software includes a position and heading computation module and a tram control module. The description of the software includes discussions of laser data acquisition, error compensation methods, position and heading determination, safety checking for continuous miner tramming, and closed-loop tram control. The accuracy of the laser scanner's data, the reliability of the lasers in a dusty environment, and the system's accuracy on tracking the position and heading of the continuous mining machine are shown in the results of experiments performed at the Bureau. Conclusions are stated based on these experimental results, and further work to improve the system performance and prepare for underground testing is discussed.

Jan 1, 1990

For handling rough rock, the shovel-train system is unexcelled. The ideal application is a physically large, but not excessively deep, open-pit mine from which the coarsely blasted ore and waste must be transported distances in excess of three miles. If, in addition, a high production rate is to be maintained, railroad haulage will probably afford a lower cost per ton transportation than will any other haulage method. Relatively gentle grades must be employed- usually 3% for uphill hauls and 4% for downhill hauls. The greater the differences in elevation the greater are the railroad track grade space requirements. By way of illustration, a 3% ramp out of a pit only 300 ft deep must be almost two miles long. Mainline track locations should be selected carefully so that the frequency of movements during the life of the mining operation is minimized. This applies both to ore and to waste haulageways. Such moves are not only expensive but difficult to execute without adversely affecting production rates. The large mine affords greater opportunities for judicious location of semi-permanent trackage.

Jan 10, 1967

By R. Yost

"This paper describes a case study that illustrates how detailed geological engineering results were communicated to address a range of stability challenges in a producing mining environment. Instead of using standard geological engineering terminology, findings and recommendations were communicated as mine design options and mining responses to accommodate possible slope instabilities and associated risk. The resulting medium- to long-range mine plan integrated the potential slope instabilities and associated mining responses to provide a higher probability of planned resource extraction. It also reduced the potential for long-lasting production and processing delays.RÉSUMÉ Cet article décrit une étude de cas illustrant l’intérêt de la communication de résultats détaillés de géologie appliquée pour résoudre un éventail de difficultés relatives à la stabilité dans un environnement minier en production. Plutôt que d’utiliser une terminologie classique de géologie appliquée, les résultats et les recommandations ont été communiqués sous forme d’options pour la conception d’une mine et de réponses dans le contexte minier permettant de surmonter les éventuelles instabilités des pentes et les risques associés. Le plan de mine sur le moyen à long terme qui a résulté intégrait les instabilités potentielles des pentes ainsi que les réponses connexes dans le contexte minier afin de renforcer la probabilité de l’extraction des ressources prévue. Il réduisait également la possibilité de retards durables dans la production et le traitement.INTRODUCTIONSlope failures in an active mining operation are unscheduled but expected events, in the sense that the geotechnical design often assumes the potential for slope failure but cannot predict exactly when a failure will occur. Unfortunately, the geotechnical engineering cycle—characterization, slope design, displacement monitoring, instability management, and failure remediation—that is necessary to manage slope-failure risk is not always well known or understood outside the geotechnical engineering profession. The first introduction many personnel have to geotechnical engineering is when a slope failure starts to develop and appears to threaten the safety and livelihood of their workplace.At that point, the task of communicating the risk management of slope failure falls to the geotechnical engineer, who must summarize analytical methodology, design concepts, monitoring trends, and analysis results, frequently to an audience with limited exposure to the geotechnical field. All too often, the response has been to present a risk-management plan in the vernacular of geological engineering— using terms such as factor of safety (FOS), pore-pressure reduction, and slope unloading—instead of expressing the problem and solution in more readily understood mine production terms."

Jan 1, 2017

By Charles V. Jenkins

The structure of steel, when rendered coarse by over-heating, is made fine by re-heating to a certain temperature, the determination of which has received much attention from eminent metallurgical authorities. Among these, I may particularly mention Prof. D. Tschernoff' [Chernoff], who, about thirty years ago, studied this question in connection with his investigations on the structure of steel in genera1. † Some years later, Mr. J. A. Brinell took up the inquiry, and arrived at many important conclusions, stated in his well-known rules on the treatment of steel. ‡ These two gentlemen, however, based their reasoning chiefly upon the aspect of fractures—a method which, though it affords valuable information, does not readily reveal the different steps by which a change in structure takes place. For further light on the subject, we owe much to more recent microscopic investigations, which have made us better acquainted with the internal structure of metals. Such an investigation, closely connected with the present subject, and made by Mr. John E. Stead a few years ago, was first published in 1898.6

Jan 1, 1903

By Artur Camposo Pereira

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a microestrutura de cerâmica de argila incorporada com um lixo na forma de lodo gerado durante o tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de fabricação de papel. A microestrutura de cerâmica incorporada com 0 e 10% em peso de lixo, e depois disparada a 600°C, foi avaliada por microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que o desperdício altera a microestrutura da cerâmica argilosa aumentando a porosidade, bem como formando novas fases cristalinas, principalmente com compostos de cálcio.

Oct 30, 2017

By Charles J. Cohen, Donald F. Reed

"INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis report supplements a previous report on work done in this same area 4/ but covers only the period from November 1945 to November 1946. The project was established in 1943 to investigate magnetite deposits in the northwestern Adirondacks by geophysical surveying and diamond-drilling for the purpose of increasing iron production in the eastern United States.In its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the primary objective of the Bureau of Mines is the more effective utilization of our mineral resources, that they may make the greatest possible contribution to our national security and economy. The policy of the Bureau is to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as possible after its conclusion. Maps showing the detailed magnetic surveys of the deposits and anomalies discussed in this report are on open file at the offices of the Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md., and at the University of the State of New York in the office of the Director of the State Science Service, Educational Building, Albany, N. Y.The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary exami¬nations, performs the actual investigations, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests.The chemical analyses included in this report were made at the Eastern Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines at College Park, Md., under, the general supervision of J. B. Zadra, chief, College Park Division, Metallurgical Branch, and the immediate direction of Dr. Alton Gabriel, in charge of the laboratory service unit."

Nov 1, 1947

By T. H. Aldrich

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) THERE are two conditions generally prevailing upon the earth-those within atmospheric influence, tending towards oxidation, and those away from atmospheric influence, tending towards reduction. Practically all mineral substances from mines of any depth are in a reducing condition. Since the cyanide process, in order to dissolve silver or gold, requires that the prevailing conditions under which it operates shall be oxidizing, and the materials usually acted upon being of a reducing character, it becomes necessary to supply oxygen to the solution carrying the cyanide. This oxygen is usually supplied through the medium of dissolved air in the solution, or through the medium of various chemical compounds, which upon combining with the solution or the ore give off a part of their oxygen. Strange as it may seem, practically all mineral substances are partly soluble in water, especially water carrying alkali or cyanide. The greater the surface exposed and the finer the material is ground, the greater will be the rate of dissolving of the reducing agents from the ore into the cyanide solution. In most cases, if the solution carrying the ore particles is agitated with air, the air will dissolve into the solution faster than will the reducing-agents; but in some cases the reducing-agents will dissolve more rapidly on account of easy solubility or greater surface exposed. It is a dissolving race between the oxygen from the air and the reducing-agents from the ore, and if the reducing-agents predominate, cyanide will not dissolve the gold from the ore. In many cases it will dissolve some of the gold, because in a mass of irregular shape some of the gold particles might be exposed upon the outside surface of a particle of rock;' but if the solution had to penetrate through cracks, the side-walls of which were lined with reducing-agent-

Feb 1, 1912

By Thiago Augusto Ávila

A limpidez de aços e a diminuição de problemas de lingotabilidade em aciarias tem sido alvo constante de esforços de engenheiros na siderúrgica. O bom entendimento dos efeitos do processo e as suas respectivas particularidades garantem a redução de ocorrências de inclusões e má lingotabilidade. Dentre os principais aços de construção mecânica com maior ocorrência de problemas de inclusões e lingotabildade estão os aços “Baixo Si” e aços com faixa de S e acalmados ao Al e Si/Mn. Entre os parâmetros de análise, a ordem de adição de ligas, definição de temperatura de lingotamento e a estabilidade térmica e química, são os de maior influência na quantidade de inclusões e problemas de lingotabilidade. Para aços baixo Si, a pré-desoxidação com Al, auxiliada por maiores temperaturas de lingotamento, confere inclusões líquidas no inicio do processo promovendo a maior remoção destas. Da mesma forma, aços com S e Al são beneficiados pelo aumento da temperatura de lingotamento, mas fortemente afetados pela estratificação térmica do aço na panela, quando é elevado o teor de S e Al nestes. Sendo assim, o tempo de espera e o estado térmico da panela e distribuidor passam a ser um fator importante para redução da estratificação térmica bem como a redução de problemas com macroinclusão e má lingotabilidade.

Jul 30, 2018

By Keli Vanessa Salvador Damin

A produtividade de uma linha de moldagem numa fundição é determinada pela vida de banca dos moldes. No processo com resina fenólica alcalina (Alphaset), a cura ocorre devido à reação de polimerização entre a resina e o catalisador orgânico ester. O tempo no qual a reação de polimerização ocorre é influenciado por dois fatores: temperatura e a relação entre a quantidade de resina e catalisador (vazão mássica). Esse estudo procura estabelecer um entendimento entre estes dois fatores no tempo de banca, estabelecendo o mais predominante, para que assim possa-se aperfeiçoar o processo utilizando a quantidade adequada de resina e catalisador, sem perder a produtividade. Para avaliar o efeito da temperatura no tempo de banca foi realizado o teste de gel time com a resina em diversas temperaturas. Para avaliar a variação da vazão mássica da resina devido as diferentes condições de temperaturas foi realizado o ensaio com o Copo Ford. Observou-se que o tempo de polimerização da resina reduz exponencialmente com o aumento da temperatura da resina, sendo o inverso verdadeiro também. O teste com o Copo Ford mostrou que a vazão da resina é muito sensível a temperatura, aumentando quase 40% num acréscimo de 10oC na temperatura.

Aug 16, 2017

By Ana Maria Gontijo Figueiredo

Muitos dispositivos biomecânicos têm sido produzidos com ligas superelásticas (SE) de NiTi. Na maioria das aplicações, o material é submetido a solicitações mecânicas cíclicas, tornando seu comportamento sob fadiga um parâmetro importante. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados de ensaios de fadiga por flexão rotativa de um fio SE, ensaiado a seis temperaturas diferentes, sob amplitudes de deformação (?a) variando de 1% a 12%. As curvas mostram que a vida em fadiga do material na fase martensítica estável (ME) é cerca de 100x maior do que na fase austenítica estável (AE). A curva do fio SE se aproxima da curva do fio AE para pequenas ?a e, com o seu aumento, se aproxima da curva do fio ME quando ?a aumenta. As superfícies de fratura obtidas foram observadas ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura e foram calculadas as áreas correspondentes à fratura por fadiga (af). Os resultados mostram que, para o fio nas fases AE e ME, af decresce continuamente com o aumento da ?a. Para o caso do fio SE, af permanece relativamente constante para valores intermediários de amplitude de deformação (2% a 8%). Para uma mesma deformação, af cresce com a redução da temperatura, com o consequente aumento do número de ciclos para falha.

Aug 8, 2018

By Bráulio Campagnaro Santana

Na indústria da mineração, a liga Fe-Cr-C destaca-se como um revestimento duro em chapas de desgaste objetivando aumentar a vida útil do ativo. Três ligas, duas delas contendo Fe-Cr-C, sendo uma com aproximadamente 28% (p) de Cr e outra com 38% (p) de Cr e uma terceira liga com 24% (p) de Cr e 7,0% (p) de Nb foram levadas a ensaios de desgaste abrasivo roda de borracha conforme norma ASTM G65-04, além de medições de dureza, microdureza e caracterizações microestruturais. Constatou-se que os revestimentos contendo Nb, depositados com uma ou duas camadas de solda, possuem maior resistência ao desgaste abrasivo, seguidos pelos com maior teor de Cr. Os revestimentos que possuem maior fração volumétrica de carbonetos, finamente distribuídos na matriz, apresentaram os melhores resultados na resistência ao desgaste. Analisando no microscópio confocal 3D os revestimentos contendo Cr, notou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste são do tipo microcorte e microssulcamento, enquanto naqueles contendo nióbio prevalece o desgaste por rolamento em boa parte da superfície. A liga contendo Nb apresenta o melhor desempenho na resistência ao desgaste abrasivo em relação às demais, e se torna viável economicamente sua aplicação na indústria.

Oct 30, 2017

By P. T. Bloomer

Introduction Mining of the orebody of the Sullivan mine, which is owned and operated by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, has reached a point where pillar extraction is rapidly becoming a major part of the operation. Very few of the larger pillars have been completely extracted; consequently, this paper contains much that is theory and expectation. Due to early mining methods and the physical characteristics of the Sullivan deposit, similar conditions may not exist in other older mines facing the problems of pillar extraction, but it is thought that the methods employed and those contemplated may be of general interest. History The Sullivan orebody, which is at Kimberley in the Fort Steele mining division of the East Kootenay district of British Columbia, was discovered in May, 1892, by Messrs. Sullivan, Smith, Cleaver, and Burchett. After passing through the hands of several owners the property was optioned in 1909, and purchased in 1910, by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. Early mining was highly selective, the objective being a clean, high-grade silver-lead ore. By 1923 the difficulties of milling the very complex ore had been overcome and the first unit of a concentrator was completed with a capacity of 2,500 tons daily. Capacity was increased by stages to the present rate of 8,500 tons per day. Concentrates are shipped over the Canadian Pacific railway ? to the Company smelter at Tadanac, British Columbia, for final treatment. Approximately 45,000,000 tons of ore has been mined to date.

Jan 1, 1948

By G. Richards Gwinn

In modern warfare, mica is truly indispensable. Coordination of combatant units necessitates maintenance of intricate communications equipment, in the construction of which high-grade sheet mica is essential. Scrap, ground, and the poorer qualities of block mica, which are less essential to the military program, are not considered in this paper. Furthermore, as the paper is designed primarily to assist mica miners, mica derivatives, Such as splittings and films, also are excluded from discussion. The paper therefore relates solely to block mica of strategic quality. Understanding of t e many factor involved in marketing mica is definitely advantageous to mica, miners. The nature and detrimental effects

Jan 1, 1943

By Efrem R. Reeves

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most common occupational illness in the United States, with 30 million workers exposed to excessive noise levels [NIOSH 1996] every day. Of particular concern is the mining industry; which has the highest prevalence of hazardous noise exposure of any major industry sector [Tak et al. 2009] and is second only to the railroad industry in prevalence of work-ers reporting hearing difficulty [Tak and Calvert 2008]. This document is for operators, safety personnel, and mechanics in the mining industry who are not specialists in noise control engineering or acoustics. Evaluations of successful and unsuccessful attempts at controlling noise on several large, underground metal mining machines are detailed to illustrate the basic principles of noise control. Once personnel understand the guidelines and principles of noise control, they will be able to ¦evaluate the extent of a noise problem; ¦determine the best approach to the problem; and ¦apply the most appropriate solution. Because of the insidious nature of NIHL, it can go unnoticed until a considerable loss of hearing has occurred. In some cases, diagnosis is delayed because an exposed individual claims to have become accustomed to the noise. In reality, that person may have already suffered irreversible hearing loss. Humans can hear sounds in the frequency range from about 20 to 20,000 Hertz (Hz). Within this range, NIHL usually begins in the frequency region around 4,000?6,000 Hz, the upper levels of the speech region. The first noticeable symp-toms include difficulty understanding higher pitched voices, such as the voices of females and children, and difficulty understanding certain consonant sounds, which are primarily high frequency in nature. The extent of NIHL varies depending on the level and duration of noise exposure and on an individual?s susceptibility; despite having similar noise exposure, individuals can experience differing degrees of hearing loss, or none at all. NIHL is almost always preventable. To reduce or eliminate the possibility of NIHL, an individual?s noise environment must be analyzed and appropriate action taken to reduce noise exposure.

Dec 1, 2009

By Márcio Zamboti Fortes

A alguns anos os setores residencial e industrial tem se deparado com mudanças de paradigmas que tangem a necessidade de melhorias em suas atividades, com o intuito de desenvolver processos com menor impacto ambiental, sustentáveis e com eficiência energética, objetivando reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica. O uso de tecnologias baseadas em fontes renováveis para a geração de energia elétrica, tais como a solar e a eólica, tem apresentado-se como uma alternativa a ser implementada por estes setores para atender às exigências do mercado, se beneficiando da difusão da tecnologia e uso destes equipamentos, para a consciente utilização da energia elétrica. A instalação e avaliação de novas fontes de geração de eletricidade estão sendo desenvolvidas pelo projeto Cidade Inteligente de Búzios através da implantação de painéis fotovoltaicos e aerogeradores de pequeno porte em unidades consumidoras residenciais, comerciais e industriais e alguns resultados estão apresentados neste texto.

Sep 25, 2017

By E. M. Frost

"A new apparatus has been devised for quickly and precisely analyzing natural gas for its helium content. The following outstanding advantages make it far superior to any equipment now available for the purpose.3/4/5/6/1. It enables more rapid determinations to be made.2. It has far greater sensitivity than previous apparatus. 3. It is portable.Fifty or more samples may be analyzed in an 8-hour day with the new apparatus and procedure. A maximum of about 10 samples per day could be analyzed with previous apparatus. In the apparatus described, the volume of pure helium obtained from a sample is determined by measuring the pressures created by that pure helium when it is expanded into a constant calibrated volume. In older methods the pure helium separated from a sample is pumped into a burette and measured at atmospheric pressure. The new apparatus and Procedure used with it reduce the average time for an analysis from about 40 minutes to less than 10 minutes,Samples containing a few thousandths of a percent helium may be analyzed as readily as samples containing 1 percent or more, This was not possible with former apparatus. Duplicate samples containing a few thousandths of a percent helium have been analyzed, results checking to one ten-thousandth of a percent. Attempts to measure a corresponding volume of helium in a burette at atmospheric pressure become futile. The ability to determine very small quantities of helium has become of great importance recently in gas- and oil-field engineering studies such Os the utilization of helium as a tracer gas in following the movement of gases through underground structures.A complete apparatus was recently carried more than a thousand miles in a passenger automobile. It arrived without breakage, was .set up and ready to make an analysis in a few hours. .Former apparatus was not portable. The portability of the present apparatus permits taking the apparatus to the field for more efficient prosecution of field engineering problems. The only services required in the field are electricity, tap water, and a source of liquid air or liquid nitrogen.The principle involved is based upon the fact that large volumes of all the constituents usually found in natural gas, except helium, are adsorbed quantitatively on cocoanut charcoal that has been cooled to the temperatures of liquid air. A volume of sample is measured and transferred to a tube of cocoanut charcoal maintained at the temperature of liquid air. After adsorption of all the constituents other than helium, the charcoal tube is connected to a sensitive pressure-measuring device, and the Percentage helium originally in the sample is calculated from two pressure readings and the volume of the original sample."

Jun 1, 1946

By G. Richards Gwinn

Vermiculites are secondary minerals formed by the: alteration of biotite and philogopite mica and are associated with basic rocks such as dunites, serpentines, and pyroxenites. Vermiculite was first described by T. H. Webb in 1824. It remained a mineralogical curiosity until 1913, when the first commercial deposit was discovered in the Turrett mining district of Colorado. Expanded or exfoliated vermiculite was first marketed in 1915 from a deposit in this district 5 miles southeast of Hecla, Colo. This activity was brief, but successful and continuous commercial development began in 1921 in Montana. 'Deposits in other States have been found and developed, but Montana is by far the largest producer. Vermiculite has also been found in South Africa, Western

Jan 1, 1944