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By Hinde J. S

The Fitzpatrick Orebody is a three and a half million tonne fault bounded portion of the early-middle Proterozoic Broken Hill Orebody.The Fitzpatrick Orebody was discovered in 1975 by diamond drilling from the 36 Level Exploratory Drive. This followed persistent geologically oriented exploration and a courageous decision by mine management to deepen No. 3 Shaft to provide exploratory development across the Globe Vauxhall Shear and allow effective drilling of the target area.The stratiforrn oebody consists of three lenses, the lead rich No. 2 and 3 Lenses and smaller zinc lode. They represent a down plunge extension and boudinaged, fault-bounded portion of the main Broken Hill ore lenses. The surrounding host rocks are extensively faulted and jointed due to complex history of movement on the bounding shears. This results in extremely poor ground conditions during mining. The ore was delineated for mining development using three dimensional fan drilling from exploratory and hanging wall drive drill sites.

Jan 1, 1990

By Horace T. Reno

This information circular surveys the iron are industry of the world. It presents a comprehensive statistical record through 1970 of the U.S. iron ore industry and world trade patterns. The supply position of the United States and the other principal industrial countries of the world are summarized; detailed information is given on iron are production, consumption, imports, exports, mine capacities, substitutes, properties, and uses. There is a generalized discussion of the technology of mining and smelting iron ore, with a selected bibliography on the current state of these arts. The circular contains a summary economic account of world iron are resources, and discussions of the structure of the domestic and principal foreign mining industries, iron are mine employment and labor productivity, research and development, legislation, government programs, and strategic factors.

Jan 1, 1973

By Günther Staudinger

Danieli Linz Technology has been honored at 4.1.2013 with the first contract for the exchange of a 350 t BOF converter for ArcelorMittal Poland Dabrowa Gornicza on a turnkey basis. This paper describes the new design features of this converter based on the development of a new Danieli converter suspension system. The issue was to install a new converter (incl. trunnion ring, suspension system and bearings) with maximum volume but keeping most of the existing equipment unchanged. So, the big tilting drives on both sides had to be reused and the existing foundation, pedestals as well as the bearing distance had to be maintained. Further on the welded coreequipment (vessel shell, trunnion ring, pedestals, slag shields, etc.) was manufactured in-house within the pressure vessel division of Danieli Thailand. Due to the huge dimensions of these parts the delivery had to take place in parts which had to be welded together on site under full production conditions of the steel plant. But also the erection had to be applied under this condition. Additionally the main support bearings, parts of the screening (doghouse) as well as an upgrade of the existing relining machine had to be delivered.

Jul 29, 2018

By S. K. Kawatra, J. A. Halt

"Low-grade iron ores are finely ground and processed to recover iron-bearing minerals. However, the iron-rich powder is too fine to be used directly in blast furnaces and most direct reduction furnaces, and must be agglomerated or pelletized into a usable product called “pellets.” Bentonite clay has traditionally been used as a binder to make iron ore concentrate pellets, but it is expensive and contaminates the pellets. Organic binders may be a viable alternative to bentonite clay. This manuscript reviews organic materials that have been used to make iron ore concentrate pellets. Included are discussions on the development of organic binders, common pros and cons to organic binder use, organic binder structure and its effects on agglomeration, and additives to organic binders.IntroductionIron ore agglomeration turns finely disseminated, low-grade iron ores into a usable product, called pellets. During pellet production, fine-grained, iron-rich minerals are liberated from low-grade ores, concentrated, and agglomerated into round balls that are thermally hardened or cold-bonded to form pellets. Pellets are then transported to blast furnaces or direct reduction operations where they are used to produce iron; iron is further refined and shaped into the wide variety of steel-based industrial and consumer products in use today.Over the years, pellet production has become increasingly more prevalent with the increased exploitation of low-grade iron ores and increased iron and steel consumption around the world. In 2010, world iron ore pellet production was 388 Mt. It could be argued that the current pellet production process has been enabled by the use of binders – practical experience has shown that it would be nearly impossible to agglomerate iron ore concentrates using rotary drums and discs without using a binder."

Jan 1, 2015

By Arthur F. Hagner

The titaniferous magnetite deposit at Iron Mountain, Wyoming, is in Precambrian anorthosite. Individual ore bodies are lenses, commonly arranged en echelon, conformable to the platy crystal structure and compositional layering of the anorthosite; a few transect these features at various angles. The ore bodies are on the east flank of the principal anticline in the anorthosite mass. Magnetite and ilmenite, accompanied by spine!, are the ore minerals. The principal gangue minerals are olivine, which was introduced with the ore, and plagioclase, the chief constituent of the anorthosite. The anticlinal region appears to have been a structurally weak zone, and westward-bowing curves of the axis were especially favorable sites for localization of the two largest massive ore bodies. These bodies are synclinal and plunge southeast. The proportion of magnetite-ilmenite to olivine and to anorthosite appears to be related to structural features. Where magnetite-ilmenite is present with olivine, the magnetite-ilmenite is encountered along the most pronounced parts of a fold where anorthite content is highest, whereas olivine is associated principally with more gently folded portions. During granulation and recrystallization of the anorthosite mass, temperature and pressure changes furnished the energy required to release and mobilize iron and other elements that migrated to areas of low pressure, the ore zone. Some iron and magnesium may have combined with silica from partly dissociated plagioclase to form olivine. The ore formed by replacement of anorthosite as indicated by: (1) the marked changes in mineralogy along strike, dip, and plunge of an ore body; (2) the concentration of massive ore in folds and olivine on limbs; ( 3) the halo of low-grade mineralized rock that transects the structure of the anorthosite in the hanging wall; and ( 4) the layering in the large southern ore body, that strikes more easterly than the trend of the body.

Jan 1, 1968

A virtual reality approach is presented that can aid entities such as mining companies and land use planners in communicating a visual understanding of a mining operation to interested stakeholders, citizens? groups, and public committees. These visualizations are particularly useful in permitting, production planning and mining closures, contributing to accurate communication and evaluation of mine plans, ultimate land use and evaluation of potential design options A case study is presented, that was created using commercially available virtual reality tools, to emphasize the benefits of visualization technologies in the sustainable development of mineral resources.

Jan 1, 2003

By S-J. Park

When evaluating mining investment opportunities, one should consider the risks associated with mineral exploration and development. These are commonly classified as technical, economic, and political risks, and are accounted for in the investment decision by changing the discount rate. Thus, a company may use different discount rates associated with varying risks in order to compensate for the variability of success. The discount rate has a tremendous effect on the economic evaluation of mineral projects. Even when all other factors used as inputs for calculating the NPV (net present value) are equal, the project under consideration may be accepted or rejected depending upon the discount rate. Determining a realistic discount rate for a given project is therefore the most difficult and important aspect of cash flow analysis. It should be determined with the consideration of proper technical, economic, and political conditions surrounding the specific project undergoing economic evaluation. One key problem for determining the appropriate discount rate is that it typically depends more on subjective perception of the degree of risk or other experience factors than on a systematic approach. Thus, this study aims to identify, analyse, and document the type, role, and impact of risk factors influencing the determination of discount rates, and then to determine discount rate by using the aforementioned factors.

Jan 1, 2011

By H. H. Kellogg, T. R. Ingraham

Three anhydrous zinc sulfates have been identified. They are: ZnSO,(a), stable below 1007°K; ZnS04(/3), stable above 1007OK; and ZnO.ZZnSO,. The decomposition pressure of each sulfate has been measured and the following relations calculated from the results: The measured data have been combined with the known themzodynamic properties of ZnS, ZnO, Zn, SO,, and SO, to yield univariant and bivariant phase diagrams for the system Zn-S-0. The application of these diagrams to problems of roasting zinc concentrates is discussed. PRESENT knowledge of the equilibrium chemistry of the system Zn-S:O, so essential to scientific control of zinc-blende roasting, is deficient in several respects. A basic sulfate of zinc has been reported by many investigators, but its composition is in doubt and its thermodynamic properties have not been measured. Our scanty knowledge of the properties of the normal sulfate at roasting temperatures is based on old and inexact studies. A crystal transformation in the normal sulfate, involving a sizable heat effect, has been noted by several investigators but has never been quantified. The studies reported herein were designed to fill these gaps in knowledge and to make possible a reasonably complete thermodynamic description of the system Zn-S-0 at roasting temperatures. The results make possible a far more exact understanding of zinc roasting chemistry than was hitherto possible. EXPERIMENTAL The principal experimental technique employed was the measurement of the total gas pressure developed from decomposition of either ZnSO, or ZnO2ZnS0, in a closed system. The apparatus employed was essentially the same as that described by Warner and lngrahaml and Flengas and tngraham.' The unusual feature is a flexible Pyrex bellows used to separate the reaction gas mixture (S03, SOz, and 02) from the mercury in the manometer and thus prevent corrosion of the mercury by SO3. The bellows operates without evidence of hysteresis and, barring accidents, may be used for several months. The response of the bellows varies from manometer to manometer, but is generally of the order of 0.6-cm displacement for a l-cm change in pressure. The response for all manometers has been linear over the range 0 to 1 atm. To prevent condensation and polymerization of sulfur trioxide, the bellows-manometer was maintained at 100.0" * 0.5" by a circulating bath of silicone oil. The connecting tubing between the manometer and the furnace was maintained at 100.0" * 0.2"* also, with a stirred air bath. The open end of the manometer was connected with a chamber which was maintained at a known pressure. The pressure could be varied so that readings of the height of the mercury column, measured with a cathetometer, could be made with both rising and falling mercury column. By using the average of the readings, any error due to sticking of the mercury column was minimized. The sample was placed in a 2-in.-long platinum boat formed into the shape of a half-cylinder. The sample was prepared as a fine powder and pressed against the inner wall of the platinum boat. A silica thermocouple well, covered with a platinum sleeve, was placed lengthwise along the center of the boat. The temperature of the sample was read on a calibrated Pt-10 pct Rh theirnocouple. The temperature profile of the furnace was constant within ± 0.2 C over the length of furnace occupied by the sample. The horizontal furnace used to contain the sample and the quartz reaction tube was electrically heated, with the control thermocouple placed 1/4 in. from the windings. A Brown Pyro-O-Vane temperature controller with a 3-sec response time was used to maintain the furnace temperature. Before beginning a run, the apparatus, including the bellows manometer, was thoroughly washed in sib with acid and distilled water to remove any

Jan 1, 1963

By L. L. Oriard

In order to predict the influence of blasting on slopes, one must first understand the action of explosives, the manner in which rock is broken or displaced, and how seismic waves are transmitted, and the nature of these seismic waves. In this paper, the author describes the action of high explosives on rock masses, beginning at the source of the explosion, extending through the zone of rupture to a distance where only elastic waves of low energy persist. The paper describes the relationships between explosives charge quantities and distances, including the character and intensity of the seismic waves in various types of terrain. In looking at the analysis of slopes subjected to seismic waves, it has been common practice to assume a simplified model in which the anticipated acceleration is applied horizontally to the slope as an equivalent static force, or a model in which there is a rigid base subjected to mechanical shaking. Such models do not accurately portray blasting activity taking place within or near the slope in question. In dealing with blasting effects, it is important to under- stand seismic wave types, wave lengths, attenuation and transmission paths, as well as vibration intensity. In most cases, those slopes that are the least stable under static loading will also be the least stable under dynamic loading, although there may be rare exceptions. Thus, the more that is known about a slope statically, the better will be the assessment of it dynamically.

Jan 1, 1983

Training by Inclusiveness ?Background ?Video ?Results ?Partners ?How SEM works ?Future of SEM Background: Inclusivity partners ?Northwest Community College ?Smithers Exploration Group ?With support from the Province of BC ?Federal government ?And First Nations across the northwest

May 1, 2010

By Kiyotaka Ohno, Nobushige Yasuoka, Yosuke Hioki

"The diameter of improved columns adopted by the original DJM Method had been 1000 mm, however, in order to comply with the social need for construction cost reduction, the Expanded Dry Jet Mixing (EX-DJM) Method with maximum column diameter expanded to 1300 mm was developed between 1998 and 2001 and has been widely applied since then. From the first application of EX-DJM in January 2002 for a first construction project, the total volume of improved soil has reached 325,000 m3 in 17 projects up to September 2014. Because of the advantages of the EX-DJM such as reduction of construction costs and periods leading to reduction in the number of improved columns, adoption of this method is expected to increase in the future. This paper describes the advantages of the EX-DJM, its construction results and case examples including those applied to restoration projects after the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011.1. BACKGROUND OF DEVELOPMENTThe Dry Jet Mixing (DJM) Method is a soil stabilization method in which a powdery or granular binder is pneumatically fed into and mixed with soft soil to induce chemical reactions that stabilize and strengthen the soil. It was developed by government - private collaboration in Japan between 1977 and 1979. Up to March 2014, the total volume of soil improved by DJM method reached 33,500,000 m3. The initial diameter of improved columns of the original DJM Method was 1000 mm. In order to comply with the social need for construction cost reduction, the Expanded Dry Jet Mixing (EX-DJM) Method with maximum column diameter 1300 mm was developed between 1998 and 2001.2. ADVANTAGES OF EX-DJMThe construction equipment for the EX-DJM consists of two major parts, which are DJM machine and binder plant are shown in Fig. 1.The construction machine is of double mixing-shaft type with its column diameter expanded to 1200mm or 1300mm. In association with the increase in the column diameter, the binder feeder has also increased its discharge rate by approximately 1.69 times. Same as the increase rate of the area of original diameter 1000mm to diameter 1300mm are shown in Fig. 4."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. M. Bangert, F. S. Boericke

"INTRODUCTION Determination of the thermodynamic properties of metallurgically important compounds of chromium has been one of the activities of the Pacific Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines. Earlier reports have dealt with the entropies 4/ 5/ of chromium, chromic oxide, and chromous and chromic chlorides, with the thermodynamic properties of the chlorides of chromium, 6/ and wits the thermodynamic properties of the carbides and oxide of chromium. 7/ Evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of chromite, FeO.Cr2O3, is desirable, as this material in impure form constitutes the only natural source of chromium of any consequence.Two general methods are available for directly determining heats of formation - (1) measurement of heats of combustion and (2) measurement of heats of solution. Neither of these methods is directly applicable at present to ferrous chromite, which accounts for the lack of previous data. Combustion of a stoichiometrical mixture of iron and chromium under conditions prevailing in a calorimetric bomb yields a mixture of iron and chromium oxides rather than chromite. None of the usual calorimetric solution media dissolve chromite at temperatures low enough for solution calorimetry. Sulfuric acid and an oxidizing agent, such as MnO2 or CrO3, are known to dissolve chromite, but the possible calorimetric use of t is medium would require long preliminary investigation. Consequently, recourse must be taken to some indirect method. At the start of the present work, the most promising method appeared to be the determination of equilibria in the selective, reduction of the iron in chromite by hydrogen;"

Jun 1, 1945

By Rosenblatt M, Gilroy J. A C Cunningham C V B

Vaal Reefs Exploration and Mining Company Limited operates one of the largest producing gold mines in the world. The annual production of 76 tons of gold from 12 million tons of ore treated is obtained mainly from underground sources. Daily some 6.6 km of stope face is blasted and 41 tons of explosives is used to break the rock. The mine employs 45 000 men of whom 35 000 work underground. The company operates nine large vertical shaft systems of which seven extend more than 2000 m below surface and an eighth, currently being sunk, will bottom at 3700 m below surface.

Jan 1, 1995

By K Taylor

Small scale tests have been conducted in blasting vessels in the laboratory, where the effects of explosive composition, charge diameter, explosive confinement as well as additives to the explosive were examined on NO, NO2, CO and CO2 production. Fumes were analyzed continuously using a flue analyzer, providing analysis every 15 seconds. The results were compared to previous work conducted in the laboratory and to literature findings. It was found that the type of the explosive was the most dominant factor with emulsion explosives producing significantly less amounts of toxic gases. ANFO was shown to always produce nitrogen oxides, even when fuel rich. Tests were also conducted by detonating explosives in broken rock, simulating the release of products of detonation during the formation of a muckpile. Products of detonation were affected by the presence of atmospheric air or rock around the charge. Gaseous products of detonation migrated through the rock piles at different rates, resulting in a change of toxicity values over time. In the small scale experiments, CO appeared to travel faster than CO2 while NOX was not identified. Analysis of the gases that were released during digging, several hours after the blast, resulted in high temporary concentrations of toxic fumes.

Jan 1, 2014

By Lloyd A. Morley

This annual report details progress under USBM Grant G0155003 during the project period of January 1, 1977 through December 31, 1977. The report contains four principal chapters covering accomplishments in the mine electrical safety research areas of continuous monitoring, battery and battery-charging safety, and computer modeling. Highlights of the work are summarized in the last report chapter.

Jan 1, 1978

By J Visser

Dust mitigation has long been seen as nothing more than managing a nuisance issue, but the reality is that poor dust management can lead to one or more of the following negative consequences: an increased risk of safety incidents, lost revenue, reduced and possibly even lost licence to operate, regulatory intervention, high staff turnover and/or absenteeism and occupational health and safety (OH&S) issues. Dust mitigation and management is not a black art; rather it is a scientifically driven process that can provide an opportunity to increase profits, increase the companyÆs status as an excellent corporate citizen, enhance staff retention and reduce the safety risk profile of the operation.The way to achieve success in dust mitigation and control is to apply the scientific method to each problem that can arise and plague any operation by using current industry best practice. This method of dust problem-solving can be applied to dust issues arising from specific dust sources and locations. The dust sources can include wind impacting on stockpiles, open areas, tailings storage facilities, moving train and truck loads, vehicular traffic on roads, the operation of shovels, front end loaders, draglines and other equipment, as well as ore movement on conveyors.The solutions will come from a combination of deployment of dust collection equipment, dust and moisture monitoring equipment, the appropriate application of water and chemicals, the introduction and maintenance of appropriate barriers and the use of predictive data from local and public weather stations. The paradigm shift required is to view dust mitigation as one aspect of normal operational practice, not a ænice to haveÆ or æunnecessary expenseÆ as most operators currently view it. This attitude is becoming more important as more and more local communities oppose the development of mines. One of the reasons for this local opposition is the inevitable dusty environment that is usually associated with mining.Dust mitigation is not a significant expense if correctly designed and included into the system, either as part of the original design of the operation or as a brownfield installation after the fact. Indeed, there is always a loss of revenue associated with dustiness resulting from ore movement and avoiding this goes a long way to paying for any associated dust mitigating costs.CITATION:Visser, J, 2013. Dust mitigation - changing the paradigm, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 27-38 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By Lloyd M. English

Accurate knowledge of the gas content of coal seams has always been important, according to the work of W. P. Diamond and J. R. Levine, 1981, but is becoming increasingly important for several reasons: Excessive gas emissions in the mine can create explosion hazards. Depletion of shallower coal reserves is forcing underground operations to greater depths where coal gas content is often greater. Natural gas prices and the need for new energy sources make naturally occurring coal gas a potential resource of economic interest. Information on coal gas content will impact mine designs, mine ventilation system specifications, and the effectiveness of methane control procedures used. Accurate resource assessment is needed for projecting and designing potential gas utilization enterprises. The emphasis upon methane hazards in mining operations, and upon potential methane utilization, has led us to improve upon the procedures used to determine coalbed methane levels.

Jan 1, 1984

By J Mar·n, R Anderson, S Strohma, R Harvey

Xstrata is the operator of both Minera Alumbrera Ltd (50 per cent Xstrata, 50 per cent Wheaton River) and Ernest Henry Mining Pty Ltd, (99.99 per cent Xstrata), both copper-gold deposits, using conventional SAG/ball milling at current capacities of 36 Mt/yr and 10.3 Mt/yr respectively. Alumbrera is located in Catamarca Province, in the north west of Argentina. Ernest Henry is located in Cloncurry, north west Queensland, Australia. Both operations started in late 1997, with commercial production achieved in early 1998. Different designs and equipment are in use for both operations, however the evolution of SAG milling performance, although logically related to their specific features, reflect similar trends of consistent increases in throughput. This paper will discuss the main changes to the SAG mill liners in both operations and the results achieved to date. A summary of the operating strategies will be included.

Jan 1, 2003

By R. H. Chambers, L. Alderman

"The paper is introduced by an examination of the factors which have led to the present world-wide interest in charging preheated coal to coke ovens. Various possible methods of preheating and charging the coal are considered and reasons are given for the adoption of the methods chosen. The design of the pilot preheating plant for the British Coke Research Association is discussed and its influence on the design of the commercial units for the South African Iron and Steel Corporation's plant at Pretoria and the British Steel Corporation's plant at Beighton are explained. Operating procedures on the pilot plant are described, particularly with regard to the charging of the preheated coal. Design features of the commercial installations, engineered by Simon-Carves Ltd., are explained with emphasis on the built-in safety of the control system of the preheating plant, and the particular problems associated with the erection of such plants on working coke oven batteries. Commissioning and operating procedures are described and the problems associated with the integration of the preheating plant into the normal pushing schedule of the plant are discussed. Preliminary operating results with regard to the effect of preheating on coal throughput on the commercial plants and on the properties of the coke produced are given."

Jan 1, 1972

By Walter E. Hopper

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) I. LOCATION AND EXTENT. THE Caddo oil-field, shown in Fig. 1, is located in Caddo parish, northwestern Louisiana. The known producing territory of oil is covered by townships 19 N, 20 N, 21 N, 22 N, and ranges 15 and 16 W., shown in Fig. 2. The center of the field may be taken as Oil City, 24 miles north of Shreveport, on the Kansas City Southern railway. Shreveport is the second largest city in the State, and is the connecting point of five rail-road-lines. Drilling at the present time, however, is going on all over northern Louisiana, especially in Caddo and the neighboring parishes. II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT. Natural gas escaping at the surface is found at numerous places in northwestern Louisiana. At Shreveport, the plant of the Shreveport Ice & Refrigerating Co. has been lighted by natural gas for 20 years. The well was drilled for water, but was abandoned on account of the gas. A test well, put down in 1905 near the western limits of Shreveport, was driven to 1,650 ft., and encountered indications of gas and oil at various depths, but did not succeed in finding enough to be profitable. Attention was first attracted to the Caddo field in 1895 by indications in water-wells from 40 to 60 ft. deep, in which the pressure of natural gas was noticeable. This indication of gas in a shallow well led to the drilling of the first well in the Caddo field, the old Savage Brothers & Morricell, or the Caddo Lake Oil and Pipe Line No. 1. The rig for this well was erected in May, 1904, and drilling began in June, 1904. The well was bailed Mar. 23, 1905, with a small amount of oil. It was deepened July, 1905, and converted into a "gasser " Jan. 3, 1906. It was abandoned January, 1907. In consequence of the finding of oil in the Savage well, drilling-operations were pushed with energy; and in April, 1905, four wells were drilling. Great trouble was experienced with

Apr 1, 1911