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By Z. Trojanová

Mg micropowders generated by gas atomisation of a magnesium melt with argon were mixed and ball milled with ceramic nanoparticles prepared by laser-induced gas phase reaction. The materials were then hot extruded. Specimens were deformed in tensile as well as compression tests at temperatures between 20 and 300 °C at a constant initial strain rate. The flow stress is significantly influenced by the test temperature. The yield stress decreases with temperature. This decrease and the flat character of the stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures indicate possible contributions of softening processes. The materials studied exhibit high-damping characteristics. The results are analysed and possible mechanisms are discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By T&apos Kê, ing-sui

INTRODUCTION ACCORDING to the classical theory of elasticity, the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve is represented by a straight line. Such a representation implies that there is a linear relationship between strain and stress and also that strain is a single-valued function of stress and vice versa. Actually, such a one-to-one correspondence between strain and stress does not exist in real metals. A well-known example is the elastic after-effect on unloading. Another familiar example is damping or internal friction, that is, the dissipation of energy attending vibration. In an extensive review of such phenomena, Zener1,2 has proposed the term "anelasticity" to denote that property of a solid in virtue of which strain is not a unique function of stress in the non-plastic region. The phenomena arising from anelasticity are called anelastic effects. The measurements on inelastic effects are, important in many fields of metals technology. Thus, in precise instruments such as watch springs, difficulties often arise from the slight dimensional changes after fabrication. The internal friction or damping capacity of metals is often an important factor in deciding whether they are appropriate for instruments in which there are accompanying vibrations.' However, for metal scientists, the study of anelastic effects furnishes a powerful tool for understanding many properties of metals in terms of their microstructures or atomic interactions. In order to utilize the anelastic measurements to their fullest extent for acquiring such information, the experimental studies of anelasticity must be interpreted by appropriate mathematical analysis. For a great many problems, however, the necessary information often can be obtained by general qualitative arguments. From the definition of anelasticity, any physical changes occurring in a specimen as a result of the applied stress will cause anelastic effects if such physical changes are accompanied by a delayed change of elastic strain. Under these circumstances, we have the condition that strain lags behind the stress. We may mention the stress-induced transportation phenomena as examples. These include the stress-induced thermal diffusion," the stress-induced diffusion of particles,8-12. and the stress-induced viscous slip along the microelements in metals.12-15 The differential equations describing the microscopic mechanism in these phenomena lead to relations in which stress is linear with respect to strain (and/or their derivatives). Thus if we can - demonstrate that the superposition principle is valid under the circumstances in which the anelastic effects are observed, we would expect in. the macroscopic relation a linear relationship between stress and strain and their derivatives. This report is to describe a number of anelastic effects observed in alpha-iron, and an attempt is made to derive valuable information from a critical study of these

Jan 1, 1948

By Clarence Zener

IT is customary to regard the stress-strain relation as consisting of two parts, the elastic region and the plastic region. The essential attribute of the plastic region is the presence of a permanent set, which remains upon removal of all stresses. The essential attribute of the elastic region is the absence of such a permanent set. Absence of a permanent set does not imply a linear relation between stress and strain, nor even a single valued relation. In fact, in no real metal is stress a single valued function of strain in the elastic region. The property of a solid in virtue of which stress and strain are not uniquely related in the elastic range will be called "anelasticity." The purpose of the present article is to review and correlate the past work upon the anelasticity of metals. The following paper by W. A. West124 describes investigations upon anelastic properties of iron. Many manifestations of anelasticity have been observed, the first as early as 1835 by Weber.1,2 In his experiments Weber subjected a specimen to a constant load (or deformation) for a given time, and then suddenly removed the load. He observed that most of the deformation suddenly disappeared, but that there remained a residual deformation, which disappeared only gradually with time, as is illustrated in Fig. I. The occurrence of a residual deformation which only gradually disappeared, Weber called the elastic after-effect (Elastische Nackwirkung). An extensive review of the early work upon elastic after-effects has been given by Auerbach.3 Another manifestation of anelasticity is the dependence of the elastic constants-e.g., Young's modulus upon the method of measurement. Thus, if dynamic methods are used, the measured value will depend upon the frequency of oscillation. Still another manifestation is dissipation of energy attending vibration, called damping or internal friction. One objective of metallurgical science is the understanding of the plastic and fracture properties of metals in terms of their microstructure. Through such an understanding will come the ability to design microstructure to give the desired mechanical properties. A study of an elasticity will furnish an invaluable aid in the attainment of this objective. Such studies, when properly guided, yield information regarding the relation between stress and strain in the individual components of the microstructure. In order, however, that this type of information may be obtained, it is necessary that the experimental studies of anelasticity be interpreted by the appropriate mathematical analysis. This article, therefore, starts with the mathematical formulation of anelasticity.

Jan 1, 1946

By Neal Lee, Braden Lusk, John Silva Castro

One of the most common assumptions regarding the use of ANFO versus utilizing 100% sensitized emulsion is that ANFO “turns over” the muck-pile better, due to the “higher gas volume” supposedly inherent in ANFO. This paper examines this assumption and provides quantitative data for analysis. Total gas volume from each product was evaluated using Orica’s I.D.E.X. Code analysis. This analysis was used to determine if gas volume is a significant contributor to differences in fragmentation and movement between blasts utilizing the two different products. A constant drilling and blasting cost per yard for given cut depth, hole diameter, stemming height and rock type was utilized. The cost per yard was held constant by adjusting patterns considering product, accessory, and drilling costs. Photographic fragmentation analysis, dig rates measured quantitatively through production tracking and time studies and qualitative information about the diggability of the blast provided through video recordings were used to evaluate performance. The data collected during the study is presented and recommendations are made regarding the performance of ANFO and Emulsion holding other variables constant for a limited number of blasts.

Jan 1, 2012

By E. Contestabile, B. von Rosen, P. Lightfoot

As part of an accident investigation ANFO was subjected to various abusive tests. A tractor-trailer carrying 18,000 kg of blasting explosives, caught fire, burned for approximately 30 minutes, and then detonated. A series of tests was designed to observe the behaviour of ANFO when subjected to different thermal stimulus tests and more specifically, the Height-to-Detonation Test. Three diameters of steel pipes were used in the Height-to-Detonation Tests thereby simulating cylindrical columns within a pile of ANFO. The ANFO samples were then subjected to various thermal stimuli to initiate a reaction. Through the use of some instrumentation, the response of large ANFO samples was recorded and its behaviour, including the occurrence of phase changes will be analysed.

Jan 1, 2001

Terramin Australia LimitedÆs Angas Lead and Zinc Mine operates in the unique and picturesque environment of Adelaide Hills, 60 km South East of the Adelaide city centre itself. The mine was granted approval for construction by the South Australian Government in April 2007 and the Process Plant was constructed and commissioned in July 2008. This paper outlines the background to the plant design and the approval process given the close proximity to the local town of Strathalbyn, with a major focus on the commissioning learnings from the Concentrator startup for future reference and a review of the operational performance of the Concentrator throughout the first year of successful production versus design and expectations.

Jan 1, 2009

By Michael Gauna

A high seam geologic condition exists at Jim Walter Resources No.4 mine which requires immediate rib support after a continuous miner cuts a place, High seam mining heights are typically 2.4 to 2.6 m (8 to 9 it) and a thick rock layer is present in the upper portion of the coal rib side. The 610 m (2000 ft) mining depth at No. 4 mine induces horizontal rib line movement after excavating an entry. Horizontal rib movement greater than 30.5 cm (12 in) have been noted. When lateral movement occurs in the high seam areas, the thick rock layer, and the coal above the rock layer, become fractured and tend to roll into the entry. If not adequately supported, large rib rolls develop in the place being bolted as well as in previously mined areas which endanger men and equipment. To control this situation rib support must be installed in the roof bolting operation as the bolting crew works towards the face. A rib control system has been developed for this high seam mining condition utilizing a mechanical anchor bolt placed at an angle in the rib and installed with a modified Fletcher DDFI- 15 bolting machine. Over 120 km (75 mi) of entry have been supported with angle rib bolts. These angle bolts constitute 43 to 60% of the total roof and rib bolt footage in the high seam port- ions of No.4 mine. The angle rib bolting system has proven safer, more effective, and more efficient than the earlier support method employing bolts installed horizontally into the rib. No rib roll accidents have occurred since the angle drill bolting machines were placed in service in 1981. By securing the broken rib material with an angle bolt anchored above the coal pillar, a more effective means of rib control is achieved. Angle rib bolting does not interfere with continuous miner productivity. In addition, bolting crews are now reduced from three to two people and the total drilling supply costs are approximately 60% the previous cost, when compared to the previous support method using horizontal rib bolts.

Jan 1, 1983

By K. R. Price, M. Gauna

A high seam geologic condition exists at Jim Walter Resources No. 4 mine that requires immediate rib support after a continuous miner cuts a place. High seam mining heights are typically 2.4 to 2.6 m (8 to 9 ft) and a thick rock layer is present in the upper portion of the coal rib side. The 610-m (2000 ft) mining depth at No. 4 mine induces horizontal rib line movement after excavating an entry. Horizontal rib movement greater than 305 mm (12 in.) have been noted. When lateral movement occurs in the high seam areas, the thick rock layer, and the coal above the rock layer, become fractured and tend to roll into the entry. If not adequately supported, large rib rolls develop in the place being bolted as well as in previously mined areas that endanger men and equipment. To control this, rib support must be installed in the roof bolting operation as the bolting crew works toward the face. A rib control system has been developed for this high seam mining condition using a mechanical anchor bolt placed at an angle in the rib and installed with a modified Fletcher DDM-15 bolting machine. More than 120 km (75 miles) of entry have been supported with angle rib bolts. These angle bolts constitute 43% to 60% of the total roof and rib bolt footage in the high seam portions of No. 4 mine. The angle rib bolting system has proven safer, more effective, and more efficient than the earlier support method using bolts installed horizontally into the rib. No rib roll accidents have occurred since the angle drill bolting machines were placed in service in 1981. By securing the broken rib material with an angle bolt anchored above the coal pillar, a more effective means of rib control is achieved. Angle rib bolting does not interfere with continuous miner productivity. In addition, bolting crews are now reduced from three to two people. Total drilling supply costs are about 60% the previous cost, when compared to the previous support method using horizontal rib bolts:

Jan 1, 1985

By Stuart R. Cotterill

Open cast surface mining requires blast hole drilling with many interesting facets in order to achieve mine planning forecasts. Interestingly, no single method or combination of theoretical hypothesis of mining economics is right for all conditions. On occasion mine planners introduce a project with little or no regard to drilling and blasting. Generally, drilling and blasting costs are a significant percentage of total mine overhead. One such drilling and blasting method which can be utilized to reduce overall mine expenditure is inclined or angle hole drilling. One must bear in mind, that angle hole drilling per-se mill not reduce costs, unless a set of required circumstances is met. An attempt will be made to detail when conditions of the mine design criteria dictate the use of angle drilling.

Jan 1, 1984

By L. C. McCabe

THE object of the present investigation was to discover a physical basis for rank differentiation of coals, particularly the coals of the Illinois basin. Vitrain1 was selected as the most appropriate coal material to use in the investigation, because of its homogeneity and ease of acquisition and handling. Previous Investigations.-Hoffman and Jenker2 have shown that their index of reflection is a characteristic of coal rank and that the Leitz slit microphotometer may he used in determining the different intensities of reflection. Zhemchuzhnikov3 measured the luster of several Russian coals with a color analyzer and found that the degree of luster was indic-ative of rank. Luster-volatile matter curves based on data from Sucan and Donetz coals were satisfactorily used for determining the rank or volatile content of other coals after the luster strength was determined. In 1934 Fisher4 reported refractive indices of 1.76 for bituminous vitrain and 1.87 for semibituminous vitrain. Investigation of Angle of Polarization.-Early in the present investiga-tion several determinations of the refractive indices of the vitrains were made by immersing the minus 150 plus 200-mesh powder in oils. It was found that all the samples fell within the range 1.6 to 1.8. However, difficulty was encountered in securing oils in this high index range that were closely enough spaced to separate some of the coals. The writers made a number of determinations of the angle of maxi-mum polarization from the polished surfaces of the vitrains and derived their refractive indices by the procedure described in the follow-ing paragraphs.

Jan 1, 1937

By W van Drunick, S Naik

To date, Anglo Research has carried out several projects, based on the techniques developed in the AMIRA P9 (AMIRA International Limited), to develop comminution and flotation models for several Anglo Base Metals and, to a lesser degree, Anglo Platinum flotation plants. Plant optimization is thus achieved through steady-state sampling, model-fitting and simulation using the JK SimMet and JK SimFloat software packages. The surveys can vary depending on the needs of the plant/client. The survey can therefore include as little as a single piece of equipment, an entire milling/flotation circuit, or a complete circuit from primary comminution to final flotation concentrate (i.e. the ?integrated survey?). The presence of the AR team on-site usually precipitates in face-value observations that can lead to initial improvements. This stems from the knowledge-sharing on best practice that exists in parallel with the surveys. Numerous (reasonable) changes can then be simulated, thus indicating the optimization step most likely to result in the best efficiency improvements. The simulations can include changes in the flowsheet, ore characteristics, mill loads, grinding media size, change in grind, flotation residence time, air hold-up and several more. Plant surveys can result in process changes that provide the plant with either: higher plant tonnage, improved plant grind, additional flotation recovery and/or improved product grade. The additional benefit of performing an integrated plant survey is that the effects of an optimization change in the comminution circuit can be simulated using the flotation model. This paper describes a number of case studies where individual and integrated plant surveys were conducted by AR for Anglo Base Metals.

Jan 1, 2007

By V Ser, R Crosbie

To date, Anglo American Research Laboratories (AARL) has carried out several projects, based on the techniques developed in AMIRA International LimitedÆs (the mineral industries research association) AMIRA P9 project, to develop models for several Anglo Base Metals flotation plants. Further detailed analysis of the data which was generated has realised additional benefits: the various hydrodynamic measurements were useful in comparing cell operating parameters to literature sources, while the laboratory batch tests give an indication of plant recovery potential. A detailed cell by cell mass balance, which is a critical feature of the modelling process, is in its own right a valuable diagnostic tool. Several examples of how this can be used to highlight potential improvement areas in the plants are presented. The added understanding gained from sampling each cell is clear and this is shown to more than compensate for any necessary modifications needed to allow sampling to take place. The model fitting process generates an ore floatability distribution, which is used in the JK SimFloat simulation package to assess the effect of possible changes to each of the circuits. An example of an actual circuit change as a result of this approach is presented. The current limitations of and the potential improvements to the modelling process are also briefly discussed. Future models will be extended to include enhanced size and mineralogical information where the basic models suggest this has potential to improve understanding.

Jan 1, 2005

Anglo Coal Australia (ACA) takes a proactive position with regards to attracting and retaining employees at a graduate level. Currently, ACA has graduates in its program across all disciplines: Mining Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Commercial, Occupational Health and Safety, Environmental Engineering, Human Resources, Safety Engineering and Processing Engineering. The current program is three years in duration and involves two (generally) equal periods at different ACA mine sites or Brisbane Corporate Office. ACA takes an active role in promoting its status at the university level by maintaining a scholarship program. Six undergraduate scholarships are offered each year across all disciplines. Associated Vacation Employment is offered to each scholarship holder during the period of his or her university study. This commitment to education is regarded highly by future graduates. ACAÆs active role in sponsoring student bodies is also known and appreciated amongst the university population. ACAÆs graduate program has been a successful training program for future leaders of the coal mining industry. The company is committed to making the program more suited to the needs of the graduates across all disciplines and as a result the program is not stagnant but is constantly changing and evolving. Recently the æGraduate PassportÆ has been drafted with an aim to keep each graduateÆs needs in relation to experience and training firmly in focus for the duration of the three-year program. Appropriate training for each graduateÆs position is supported by the company; for instance, support through funding and time for a commercial graduateÆs CPA qualifications is provided.

Jan 1, 2005

By GA Harrison

The introduction of Extra Low Profile (XLP) mechanised equipment within Anglo Platinum is aligned with the overall New Mining Technologies strategy to focus on continuing modernization of our mining operations to achieve injury free sustainable production and cost effective mining technologies. The method allows for the introduction of a suite of XLP and Low Profile (LP) equipment in a narrow reef (1,2m) mining environment. For the first time it is now possible to achieve total trackless mechanisation at these stoping widths and XLP Breast mining has the potential to add more value when benchmarked with conventional mining and other mechanised methods. Various types of XLP equipment were tested at different sites within Anglo Platinum and this paper describes the XLP equipment evolution to-date. It concludes with recommendations on our future strategy regarding implementation and roll out of the XLP technology within Anglo Platinum.

Jan 1, 2008

By George A. Miller

OIL, the abundance of it in the hands of the Allies and the lack of it in the hands of the Axis, played a major role in winning World War II. It bids fair to implement the winning of the peace. In fact the signing of the revised agreement on petroleum between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on Sept. 24, 1945, may be considered as the first step in establishing a new pattern in foreign relations by our Government. The significance of this agreement on petroleum is that it was arrived at on the part of the United States of America through the advice and consent of the most interested parties, the leaders of the petroleum industry and the Government, distinctly a first step toward unifying the power of business and the strength of the Government, which places us on a par with the British Crown which has always had the advice and counsel of its business leaders in formulating its foreign trade policies. And what is the thing so patently discernible in this new first step toward winning the peace? It is that the petroleum agreement, the first draft of which, signed in Washington on Aug. 8, 1944, almost caused an epidemic of apoplexy among the leaders of the oil industry, represents the desire of the people most concerned with the problems of petroleum both at home and abroad. This new agreement, which will come up before the Senate for ratification this month-hearings will commence in January - derives its "power from the consent of the governed," something about which our forefathers were vitally concerned once upon a time.

Jan 1, 1946

By Max W. Ball

YOU have been kind enough to ask me to speak to you on "The War and Anglo-American Relations." A speaker always takes the liberty of putting his own interpretation on the scope of his subject. I am going to exercise that privilege, and try to look back over a generation of Anglo-American relationships and forward beyond the present war. I should like particularly to consider responsibilities as well as relationships. A more accurate caption for what I am going to say would be "Anglo-American Responsibilities.?? THE WAR WILL BE WON I am assuming that sooner or later we shall win this war. History and economics point to the same conclusion, that Germany has attempted the impossible and that the seeds of defeat are already sown. As to one ecof1:omic factor, I am already on public record as believing that Germany's oil supply is inadequate for the war she has launched. That opinion is unchanged. Aside from such tangible factors, moreover, I am convinced that the spirit of freedom is unquenchable, and that no combination of powers will be able to rout it from the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States. Stronger even than this conviction is my faith in a God who will not suffer the defeat of man's aspiration to be master of his own soul. I am sure that all of you share that faith, and that we need not argue it. We can start with the assumption that the war will end in victory. The subject we are to consider, then, is the relationship of the English-thinking peoples during the conflict, and their joint responsibilities in the difficult days that will follow it. A CANADIAN-AMERICAN No talk on such a subject is worth listening to unless the audience knows the background and fundamental beliefs of the speaker. No human statement stands alone; behind and beside and within it are the ideals and the bias of the man who makes it. Because I am a stranger to most of you, I am constrained to talk about myself before I talk about more important matters. The review may be profitable, not because of the subject, but because it may illustrate the evolution of an attitude toward England.

Jan 1, 1941

By Frederick Felder

The paper point out the Angostura deposit is located in Colombia. The Angostura deposit, located within the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia is hosted by Triassic-Jurassic quartz monzonite and quartz diorite porphyries emplaced into Precambrian gneisses of the Bucaramanga Group. Silicification, pyritization, sericitization, alunite and pyrophyllite and other alteration and indicator minerals suggest a high sulfidation origin for the strong hydrothermal alteration. Major faults and shear zones occur in the area with NE, E-NE, E-W, WNW, NW and N-S directions. Analysis of geological results and structural modeling has also demonstrated that there is potential for additional high-grade ore shoots within the presently known mineralized structures. Delineating these structures should result in an increase of overall grade and contained ounces.

Apr 22, 2003

By P. A. Korpi

The angular spiral lining system reduces energy consumption and grinding media consumption in grate discharge ball mills. This paper discusses the effect of this lining system on mill product size distribution. Performance comparisons of a grinding circuit outfitted with angular spiral liners in the ball mills are made with respect to standard double-wave liner installations. The angular spiral lining system was developed by Waagner-Biro of Austria. The installation of this lining system at Magma Copper Company, San Manuel, Arizona, is the first of its kind in a grate discharge ball mill used for wet grinding.

Jan 1, 1979

By A. E. Flynn

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to record the results of researches on anhydrite that have been undertaken at the Nova Scotia Technical College during the last two or three years. The work was carried out in the Mining Department of the College, and several investigators were engaged on the work from time to time. Messrs. R. E. Hanson and K. M. Ed devoted their mining theses to the investigation, and Messrs. J. C. Hall and G. W. Baker were engaged on the work during the summers of 1928 and 1929, respectively. The writer was responsible for the initiation and direction of these researches, which were made possible by the financial assistance of the Department of Mines of the Province of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia is the leading Province in Canada for gypsum production, its output being about a million tons per year, or over 80 percent of the production for the whole of Canada. The commanding position of Nova Scotia in this regard is due to the abundant supply of gypsum and its proximity to areas of intense utilization in the eastern United States. The resources of gypsum are contained in a total area of 627 square miles of gypsiferous rocks, so that an enormous reserve of this mineral is available. Present operations are confined to the highest grade and most easily worked deposits close to water transportation.

Jan 1, 1930

By K. S. Liddell

Ultra fine grinding is becoming increasingly used in the mining industry over recent years. The development of large-scale units for high volume grinding of low value materials and concentrates has opened up new areas of economical metal extraction. The ability of stirred vertical mills to produce very fine particles with high surface areas, is providing mine operators with novel extraction possibilities within gold concentrate regrind for Biox or leach feed, Activox autoclave feed preparation and lime slaking operations. The paper will review design, operational and maintenance aspects of ANI-Metprotech stirred vertical mills, comparing these to tower mills, horizontal bead mills and attrition mills.

Jan 1, 2001