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By M. S. Smith

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Mining Engineering) degree The condition of tunnels at Premier has deteriorated to such an extent that an objective viewpoint on what leads to poor condition was required. Poor and untimely development results in schedule deviation, rehabilitation, and increased working costs. The project focused primarily on quality, and not on efficiency. The project gave management guidelines that need to be focused on in order to produce quality infrastructure. The conclusions were reached by doing literature searches, underground site investigations, benchmarking and computer simulations. From the results we can see that, in order to produce good quality tunnels, we have to have the basics working. This was found to be one of the major problems. Firstly, tunnel profiles are not to the design specification and no fixed blast designs existed. After revising tunnel profile statistics, over break increased to 10% (previously 7%) and development metres were 50 m short of target. Blasting was not monitored and designs not optimized for the conditions. Furthermore, geological factors are the main contributor to tunnel failure, although this process is initiated and aided by poor development (overbroken tunnels, incorrect profiles, direction and location) and blast damage. Continuing to develop tunnels in the current manner will cost R 1.5 million in additional costs for loading and supporting overbreak, whilst an additional 1 800 man-shifts will be required. Blast patterns were designed as a starting point for trials, while the implementation of a blast management system, development statistical database, tunnel hand-over procedures and a revision of the bonus system were proposed.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. Krogerus, P. Jokinen, T. Lintumaa

The energy consumption and recovery of chromium are important economic factors in ferrochrome production. Outokumpu has a lot of experience of the reduction behavior of the sintered pellets in industrial-scale furnaces and also on the grounds of numerous laboratory and pilot-scale investigations. Sintered pellets have shown a superiority over lumpy ore and briquettes made of the same chromite grade. The good performance of the pellets has also resulted in investigations on the reasons for such a performance. In this study, the factors affecting pellet behavior in smelting furnace were investigated. This study is divided into two sections, i.e. the investigations were on the factors affecting solid state reduction and on the factors affecting reduction under melting. These tests were performed by means of thermo gravimetry and by smelting tests. The correlation between the pellet characteristics and reduction behavior was shown and its influence on industrial-scale furnaces was discussed. Factors worth of consideration are for instance, the extent of oxidation during sintering, slag formation and chemistry in respect of molten state reduction, and the grain size of the chromite mineral in the raw material in respect of kinetic reasons (retention time in smelting).

Jan 1, 2007

By G. A. Beiswenger

The application of the law of supply and demand to the sale of crude oil is generally conceded, but the motives underlying the buyer's (refiner's) demands are not always obvious to the seller (producer). In some cases this obscurity has led to the conclusion that the refiner may be unnecessarily particular when he selects one crude and rejects another. This preference, however, is very largely the reflection of the refiner's product demands and the quality of the stocks obtainable from the selected crude. The purpose of this paper is to point out critical characteristics of the major classes of refined products and to show how crudes vary in their suitability for such products. With relatively few exceptions, available processing methods and addition agents make it theoretically possible to produce any type of refined product from any crude source, although it may not be economi-cally sound to do so. The widespread application of thermal cracking for converting higher boiling stocks into gasoline is well known. More recently cracking and refining in the presence of catalysts9 have been developed, as well as various processes for polymerizing lighter hydro-carbons into gasolines having desirable characteristics.6 For several years, selective solvents have been applied commercially to refining inferior quality kerosene, Diesel fuel and lubricating oil distillates .3 Improved methods for refining lubricating oils from crude residua,4 formerly suitable only for fuel, are now in use and a number of special solvent processes are available for dewaxing lubricating oils to low pour point.5 These improved refining methods have been developed not only to meet the demand for improved product quality but also to enable the refiner to obtain quality products from crude sources that would not yield such products by the older refining methods. In many cases, the utilization of these modern refining tools necessi-tates an appreciable expenditure for equipment as well as added manufac-turing costs, and their application therefore must be justified economically. Despite the availability of such tools, the added processing costs involved and yields obtainable may render their application entirely impractical. To illustrate this point, inspections of typical cuts from various crudes

Jan 1, 1940

By H. B. FERNALD

THE interesting and carefully developed formula which Professor Bucky presents for answering the question of whether proposed new equipment will give a net return on investment equal to or greater than that on present equipment starts with an assumption that the management may make this relative return a determining factor in its decision whether or not the new equipment should be provided. I do not question that in some cases the management may take this position, but I would point out the error involved in so doing. The proper test is not a comparison of the return on new as compared with the return on old investment, but is rather a comparison of the return on a particular new investment as compared with the return which would be obtainable from some other new investment which now might be made. Then I would point out that I believe Professor Bucky is in error in using as a factor in his computations the item of unamortized cost of old investment. The financial advantage to be derived from a new investment does not depend on the extent to which we may in the past have written off the cost of old equipment, nor does it even depend upon what was the original cost of that old equipment. Even the salvage or resale value of the old equipment will only enter into the picture to the extent that the present salvage or resale value differs from the ultimate salvage or resale value otherwise to be obtained, after due allowance for the interest factor.

Jan 1, 1930

By Parissa Mirjafari, Ron Martel, Susan A. Baldwin, Luke Moger

Mine drainage contains metals and sulfate, which may be toxic to aquatic life at certain concentrations and should be removed to acceptable levels before release of any drainage to the environment. One method for treating mine drainage is passive treatment, which is increasing in popularity due to lower construction and operating costs. This method is based on the activity of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) respiring on sulfate while using fermentation products from decomposing complex organic materials. The product of this biological process is hydrogen sulfide, which reacts with metals in mine drainage and precipitates them as metal sulfides. However, in practice passive treatment systems are not always effective, reducing the reliability of this approach. In this study, a mixture of hay, cow manure and wood chips was tested in continuous flow experiments for efficacy at sustainable treatment of sulfate and selenium containing water from a mine tailings pond. Factors that contributed to a decline in performance included lowering of the pH due to acids leaching out of the organics, re-oxidation of sulfide back to sulfate and a reduction in dissolved organic compounds over time. In this paper methods are described to overcome these problems so that treatment is made more reliable.

Jan 1, 2011

By I. Cornet

INTRODUCTION WITH the greatly expanding use of magnesium during the war, it appeared necessary to the War Metallurgy Committee that the notch sensitivity of magnesium alloy extrusions be further investigated and the influence of various factors upon notch sensitivity be noted. Accordingly, the National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development placed a research contract with the University of California, supervised by the War Metallurgy Committee. The work discussed herein was done under "Restricted" Project NRC-21, reported in Dec. 1943 1; it has been released for publication by the O.S.R.D. SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION The notch sensitivity of various magnesium alloy extrusions was determined under axial tension, and also under several conditions of nonaxial tension. Hardness, grain size and other metallographic features were observed; stress-strain data were obtained, and the chemical compositions of the alloys were determined, in order to correlate these quantities with the notch sensitivity. Notch sensitivity under axial tensile load was determined for a few specimens which had been cold worked to various degrees by tensile prestraining. Magnesium alloy extrusions studied included Dowmetal 0, X, J, and M. For comparison, extrusions of aluminum alloy 24S-T, cast bars of aluminum alloy I22-T2, and cast bars of magnesium alloy C were also tested, The specified chemical composition of these alloys is given in Table I. All bars tested were within specification limits of composition. Investigation of the tensile notch sensitivity of various magnesium alloy extrusions, under conditions of axial and eccentric load, showed little or no correlation with stress-strain or other conventional data. Since the many uncontrolled variables present might mask significant relationships, one alloy was selected for intensive study. Magnesium 0 alloy extrusions were subjected to experimental heat treatments, and the changing hardness, tensile strength, microstructure, and notch sensitivity observed. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Tensile Testing Bars used for axial loading were machined with 3/8 in.- and with 1/4-in. minimum diam, and included specimens with 6o° V notches (Fig I and 2). Each V-notched specimen was roughed out carefully and then finished with a honed tool. These V-notched bars were sampled frequently, sectioned, polished, and examined at 500 X magnification to control

Jan 1, 1948

By L. M. Luckevich

Gypsum is a product from the neutralization of sulfuric acid by lime or limestone. This paper will discuss specifications for gypsum used in wallboard, cement and agriculture and the factors affecting its utilization potential. Process conditions during the neutralization which enhance or inhibit utilization potential will be included. In addition, this paper provides a technical and economic perspective of the gypsum industry in North America with a view to the factors affecting the utilization of synthetic gypsum in traditional applications. Current production and consumption of natural and synthetic gypsum in Nonh America are described and the impact of their differences on utilization options are discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By W. J. S. Craigen, G. E. Wittur

"In the context of today's continuously changing world, there are many factors which must be considered when attempting to assess the ability of Canada's primary copper producers to remain competitive in the face of increasing competition in world markets. In this paper, we have attempted to document those factors that will have the greatest impact on the future viability of Canada's copper industry, and to suggest possible strategies to fully utilize whatever inherent advantages Canada may have to enhance its competitive position. Technological factors related to the efficiency of precious and by-product metals recovery, energy type and utilization efficiency, production and sale of sulphur by-products, and control of 502 emissions are given high priority in this evaluation of Canada's future needs to remain competitive. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing the relative viability of hydrometallurgical versus pyrometallurgical processes for copper; to address uniquely Canadian conditions and problems. Due consideration is also given to the economic incentives required to allow Canada's copper producers to compete under anticipated world market conditions and to facilitate the continued development of Canada's copper resources. IntroductionWhen we try to assess the viability or competitiveness of any industry the bottom line is still usually, ""Can we produce a pound of product cheaper than the competition?"" Canada's copper industry is certainly no exception. However, as with most resource-based industries dependent upon exports, there are many factors which have a significant effect on the cost components which make up the total cost of producing and selling a pound of copper. It is desirable therefore to have as clear a picture as possible of the cost components, the major factors affecting them, and how they compare with the competition, particularly the third-world copper producers.In this paper we have attempted to provide a brief outlook for world copper markets and a brief overview of Canada's competitive position. We have also attempted to document those factors which will have the greatest impact on future production costs, and have suggested possible initiatives to utilize inherent Canadian advantages to enhance our competitive position. Special emphasis has been placed on technological initiatives designed to make full use of these ""advantages"", to develop superior beneficiation and extraction! refining technologies. Major factors considered in the present study are:"

Jan 1, 1986

By D. J. Dodds, W. L. Schroeder

INTRODUCTION The plate loading test is a simple, useful tool in rock mechanics. The test consists of applying load to a rock surface and noting the resulting deflections. Plate loading tests are typically used to obtain modulus of deformation and related material properties, but can also provide information on blast damage and in situ stresses (1). Properties obtained are of course dependent on test procedure and test environment . In order to eliminate extraneous results it is essential that the interrelationship between the physical test environment and various rock properties obtained be thoroughly understood. Test interpretation is based upon elasticity methods, and the general assumptions made during analysis which include the following: 1. The rock is homogeneous, isotropic, elastic and continuous. 2. The stress is induced in a semi-infinite solid. 3. The plate is perfectly rigid or completely flexible. 4. Rock properties are independent of in situ stresses. 5. The plate and rock surface are smooth and parallel.

Jan 1, 1974

The presence of undetonated explosives in a rock face after firing constitutes a hazard which can result in a fatal or serious accident if undetected before drilling commences.Most accidents caused by drilling into explosives are the result of failure to examine the working face properly and lack of care in subsequent drilling operations; it is not always realized that explosive may be left in the butts of holes or may be driven into cracks or crevices in the rock.Obviously the best means of preventing accidents of this nature is to adopt methods of drilling, charging and firing which will reduce the hazard to a minimum.There are three ways in which undetonated explosives may be left in the rock face, namely:1. Misfires.2. Cut-off shots.3. Incomplete detonation or failure of the charge to propagate throughout.MisfiresNo attempt will be made in this paper to deal fully with the question of the prevention of misfires, as apart from the fact that most of the preventive methods are well known, it is believed that if the miner receives his explosives and means of initiation in good order, and proper care is taken in their use, the failure of a charge to fire will be a rare occurrence. The provision of central fuse capping stations on mines has gone a long way towards the elimination of misfires caused by the mishandling of safety fuse anddetonators.

Jan 1, 1956

By C. R. Fast, G. C. Howard

The loss of fluid to the formation adjacent a fracture governs the areal extent of the fracture and the success of hydraulic fracturing as a production stimulation technique. The three flow mechanisms which control this loss are the result of the viscosity of the fracturing fluid and the permeability of the formation to the fracturing fluid, its wall building properties, and the combined effects of viscosity and compressibility of the reservoir fluid. The effects of these flow mechanisms can be evaluated in terms of a fracturing fluid coefficient, the fundamental concepts of which are developed in the paper. The fracturing fluid coefficient, which may be used in calculating the areal extent of fracturing, affords a direct measure of the effectiveness of fracturing fluids. The area of hydraulically created fractures is in-creased as the coefficient is de-creased. The fifteen-fold variation noted in this coefficient for the commercially available fracturing fluids tested resulted in a six-fold difference m the calculated areal extent of the fracture system.

Jan 1, 1961

A study of the electrolysis of PbS in molten PbCl2 showed cathode efficiencies which increased with current density at fixed sulphide concentrations, and decreased with increasing sulphide concentration at fixed current densities. The anodically produced sulphur dissolved rapidly in the melt, the rate increasing with temperature and sulphide concentration. Experiments with diaphragm cells, made to determine the relative effects that dissolution of lead and sulphur have on the cathodic current efficiency, demonstrated that dissolution of sulphur was the major contributor to the lowering in efficiency.

Jan 1, 1973

By Sidney Siegel, J. Gardner Brooks, Irvin R. Kramer

IN 1942 Grossmann1 proposed that the hardenability of a steel may be calculated from its chemical composition by considering the base hardenability associated with its carbon content and grain size and multiplying this base by factors for each element present. Since Grossmann's original publication, several investigators2-5 have reexamined the multiplying factors for the individual elements and in general have found that the multiplying principle is valid. However, some of the individual factor curves developed have been in poor agreement. Inasmuch as the carbon-factor curve obtained by Grossmann was dependent [ ] upon the factors for all the other alloying elements present in the steel, it logically followed that his results were in need of correction in the light of the new data available for manganese, silicon, and the other alloying elements. Furthermore, in order to avoid the possibility that errors in the manganese, silicon, or other curves might influence the carbon-factor curve, investigation of iron-carbon alloys containing little or no manganese and silicon was necessary. That the effect of carbon on hardenability was greater than indicated by Grossmann is shown by a comparison of the diameters of completely hardened rounds of iron-carbon alloys with the ideal critical diameter calculated from Grossmann's factors. These alloys have a greater hardenability in a hite quench than predicted by Grossmann's factors for an infinite quench (Table I). [ ] Among the other important variables that were in need of further investigation were the effect of deoxidation practice on the grain-size correction curves and the effect of stable carbide-forming elements on the depth of hardening. Most of the work by Kramer, Hafner, and Toleman4 was done on silicon-killed steels. It was not known whether Grossmann's grain-size correction curves, deter- mined on aluminum-killed steels, was valid when applied to steels with different deoxidation practice. More data on the

Jan 1, 1946

By David Cheung, S. Paul Singh

"The characteristics of a blasted muck pile can have a significant effect on the productivity and economyof loading and hauling operations. Poorly fragmented and tight muck piles, caused by insufficientdisplacement of the broken rock, lead to higher digging and hauling costs. Therefore muck pile must be tailored to suit the loading and hauling equipment. In order to achieve this objective, it is imperative to understand the relevant muck pile characteristics and factors governing them. In general, muck pile characteristics are governed by the blast design parameters, rock mass geology, explosive characteristics and post-blasting requirements."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. A., Pallanch

SO many variations of lead-zinc ores occur in nature that it is impossible to state any rules that will apply to the concentration of ores of this type. Some have lead and zinc in approximately equal amounts; others may have pre- dominant amounts of one or the other metal. There are gradations from all sulfide to completely oxidized minerals. Some such ores carry little pyrite, others contain much more pyrite than they do lead and zinc combined. The behavior of ores in flotation is largely a function of their lead-zinc ratios. their content of pyrite or pyrhotite, the nature of existing soluble salt conditions, the character of the gangue constituents: and the speed with which the minerals float. For the purposes of this paper only those lead-zinc ores handled commonly in present-day flotation practice will be considered. These are practically all-sulfide ores with relatively minor degrees of sulphatization or oxidation.

Jan 1, 1936

By H. Yavuz

Physical modelling is one of the research tools in the understanding of the failure mechanisms and the deformations likely to be experienced by the strata during mining operations. Success of the physical models to predict the strata behaviour depends on satisfaction of the scaling requirements in modelling material used. This paper gives results from a laboratory work carried out into the factors influencing the strength and elastic properties of a physical model material to satisfy the scaling requirements determined from application of dimensional analysis to the pertinent variables affecting the deformation and failure of the underground structures. It was found that the conditions for preparing the material over its composition had a great influence on the final properties. The effect of different water quantities, sand size and mixing time upon the properties of modelling material was studied and water requirement for different proportions of sand/plaster to prepare the material was optimized. Various sand/plaster ratios of compositions were cured at three different levels of oven temperatures. Curing at low temperature produced material within the average modulus ratios ranging from 290 to 432, which are common to most rock types according to Deere?s rock classification, whilst curing at high temperature produced material within the low modulus ratios ranging from 64 to 140 depending on its composition. A combination of low and high temperature curing resulted with an increase in modulus ratio compared to high temperature curing. Curing the material at low temperature compared to other curing temperatures provided a satisfactory range of strength ratio. It has been shown that the relative amount of filler to plaster in the mix controls the frictional properties of the material and results with an increase in strength and modulus ratio of the material provided that suggested preparation and curing conditions were applied. Model material developed by curing at low temperature simulated modulus ranging from 241 to 343 and strength ratios ranging from 11.6 to14.8 of a coal mine rocks, satisfactorily.

Jan 1, 2003

By Hon. Tasker Oddie

DURING the closing days of the last Congress a resolution was passed, creating the Senate Com-mission of Gold and Silver Inquiry. The resolu-tion charges the Commission with the responsibility to investigate and report to the Congress on Jan. 1, 1924, upon the following subjects: 1. The causes of the continuing decrease in the production of gold and silver. 2. The causes of the depressed condition of the gold and silver industry in the United States. 3. The production, reduction, refining, transportation, mar-keting, sale, and uses of gold and silver in the United States and elsewhere. 4. The effect of the decreased production of gold and silver upon commerce, industry, exchange, and prices. The personnel of the Commission is as follows: Senators Pittman, Sterling, Goodling, Walsh and Oddie. At a meeting on May 8, H. N. Lawrie, a mining engi-neer and economist, was appointed as Assistant to the Commission. The present situation with respect to the gold and silver mining industries is well illustrated by the follow-ing data: The total world production of gold (in dollars) for 1915 was $468,724,918, and for 1921, $329,915,101; as shown by the reports of the U. S. Mint; and for the year 1922, $306,793,000, which is based oh a prelimi-nary estimate; this indicates a decrease of 34.5 per cent. between 1915 and 1922. The total world production of silver (in fine ounces) for 1915 was 178,850,000 oz.; for 1921, 175,268,234 oz., a decrease of 2 per cent.

Jan 6, 1923

By S. Boone, J. N. Shirlaw

INTRODUCTION Soft, near normally consolidated clays generally provide ideal conditions for tunneling using Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shields. It is easy to turn the clay into a low permeability, viscous spoil that can be pressurized to maintain the required face pres-sure. Despite this, there are records of relatively large, and often quite variable, surface settlements over EPB driven tunnels in soft clay. To understand this variation it is necessary to identify the various factors that contribute to settlement. Tunnels in soft clay are ideal for study these effects in the field, as an unsupported void will close almost immediately, due to the low shear strength of the soil. In the short term, deformation in a soft clay will occur at constant volume, so short term surface settlements can be related to movements at tunnel level. In this paper, data will be used from EPB driven tunnels in Singapore marine clay. In all of the cases discussed the lining consisted of precast concreted segmental rings erected in the tail of the shield. The marine clay in Singapore has been studied, among others, by Tanaka et al.(2001). The clay typically has a plasticity index of 40 to 60, and the undrained shear strength (SU ) can be derived from: SU = 0.22 svo' where svo' is the current vertical effective stress. Figure 1 shows a summary of undrained strength/depth plots used for design on two sections of Singapore’s North East Line. The stability of a tunnel in clay can be assessed by comparing the stability number (N) of the tunnel with the stability number at total collapse (NTC). The stability number can be calculated from the equation: N = (?Z + q – Pt)/SU where: ? = the average unit weight of the ground above the springline of the tunnel Z = the depth to the springline of the tunnel from the ground surface q = the surcharge Pt = the support pressure within the tunnel The stability number at total collapse depends on the size, geometry and depth of the tunnel, and typically ranges between 5 and 9. Charts for assessing the number at total collapse are provided in Kimura and Mair (1981), based on the testing of model tunnels in a geotechnical centrifuge. For tunnels in the Singapore marine clay, the stability number of an unsupported tunnel would be over nine if the tunnel ois more than 8m deep. As a result, a support pressure

Jan 1, 2007

By J. T. Liu, G. H. Han, W. C. Chai, Y. F. Huang

"In beneficiation process, metal ions could adsorb onto clay mineral surfaces or interact with flotation chemicals, and then result in the flotation behavior changing of desired minerals. Al(III) is the dominating ion existing in the bauxite flotation system. In this research, the adsorption behaviors of Al(III) on two silicate clay minerals (including bentonite and kaolin) were investigated by means of UV-Vis spectra, zeta potential testing and scanning electron micrograph analysis. The adsorption experiment results show that the adsorption capacity of clays for Al(III) ions increases with the initial Al(III) concentration, contact time and solution pH. There are some different adsorption behaviours for two clays. Increasing the clay concentration decreases the adsorption capacity of bentonite, while increases first then decreases for kaolin. Higher temperature favours the adsorption of Al(III) on bentonite but goes against for kaolin. The adsorption capacities of bentonite and kaolin for Al(III) respectively reach 12.48 and 0.875 mg/g at initial solution pH 5. Zeta potential results show that the adsorption of Al(III) on two clays is characterized by electrostatic attraction mechanism.INTRODUCTIONIn beneficiation process, there is inevitably a wide variety of metal ions generated from mineral crushing, mineral dissolution and water chemistry conditions. Metal ions adsorb on the mineral surfaces or interact with the beneficiation agents, affecting the flotation efficiency of desired minerals (DiFeo et al., 2001; Parolis et al., 2008; Shackleton et al., 2012; Shengo et al., 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to have a detailed investigation on the adsorption behaviour of metal ions on clay minerals.Having good ion exchange capacity and negative surface charge, the clay minerals could take up various metal ions from the mineral-water system. Bentonite and kaolin are very common aluminosilicate clays in the mineral processing system. These two clays both hold a permanent negative charge, =X- on the basal surfaces, and a smaller variable charge, =SiOH on the mineral edges (Gu & Evans, 2008; (Gu et al., 2010). Adsorption experiments are usually used to study the adsorption affinity of metal ions for clay minerals (Sen & Bhattacharyya, 2012). The adsorption of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto natural bentonite showed that the adsorption amounts of metal ions increase with contact time, solution pH and metal ion concentration, but decreases with adsorbent concentration and system temperature (Sen & Gomez, 2011; Melichova & Hromada, 2013). Cr(III) adsorption on bentonite was significantly pH dependent. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model and the equilibrium adsorption was consistent with Freundlich isotherm (Lollino et al., 2015). The adsorption behaviours of Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) onto kaolin indicated that increasing pH favoured the adsorption of metal ions (Jiang et al., 2010). The adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) onto kaolin showed that an ion-exchange reaction occurred at pH<7.0 and inner-sphere surface complexes were prone to form at higher pH (Srivastava et al., 2005)."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. Melkumyan, M. Balamurali, J. Zigman

Understanding the contribution of geophysical variables is vital for identifying ore indicator regions. Both magnetometry and gamma-rays are used to identify the geophysical signatures of the rocks. Density is another key variable for tonnage estimation in mining, and needs to be re-estimated in areas of change when a boundary update has been conducted. Modelling these geophysical variables in 3D will enable investigation of the properties of the rocks and improve our understanding of the ore. The Gaussian Process (GP) was previously used to generate 3D spatial models for grade estimation using geochemical assays. This study investigates the influence of the following two factors on the GP-based autonomously generated 3D geophysical models: the resolution of the input data, and the number of nearest samples used in the training process. A case study conducted on a typical Hammersley Ranges iron ore deposit using geophysical logs, including density, collected from the exploration holes, is examined in this paper.

Sep 1, 2021