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By Bernard Porter

The solubility of UO2 was determined at 1,250° C. in ternary melts of UF4 and BaF2 with CaF2, LiF, and SrF2. The solubility of Ce02 was measured at 800° and 850° C. in a solution of CeF3, BaF2, and LiF. The amount of La203 which dissolves at 950° C. in a binary mixture of LiF and LaF3 and a ternary of LiF, LaF3, and BaF2 was also measured. In each case, the amount of soluble oxide was mound to be less than 5 weight-percent. A procedure was developed for filtering fused, oxide-saturated fluoride melts in order to obtain a representative sample for chemical analysis. The oxide content of the samples was determined by an inert-gas fusion procedure.

Jan 1, 1961

By Richard D. Miller

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 350 natural gas samples from 19 States collected during calendar year 1362 as part of a continuous survey of the United States for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted by the Helium Activity of the Bureau of Mines since 1917. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus. Four previous publications have been made to present the results of 5,648 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Mines, Helium Activity, prior to 1962. The first, Bulletin 486, 3/ contains analyses and data on 2,195 gas samples collected during the period 1917-47. Bulletin 576, 4/ the second publication, includes data and analyses for 1,575 samples collected from 1947 through May 1956. The third bulletin contains 1,444 analyses and source data of samples obtained from May 1956 to January 1, 1961.

Jan 1, 1964

By Richard D. Miller

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 350 natural gas samples from 19 States collected during calendar year 1962 as part of a continuous survey of the United States for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted by the Helium Activity of the Bureau of Mines since 1917. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus. Four previous publications have been made to present the results of 5,648 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Mines, Helium Activity, prior to 1962. The first, Bulletin 486, 3/ contains analyses and data on 2,195 gas samples collected during the period 1917-47. Bulletin 576, 4/ the second publication, includes data and analyses for 1,575 samples collected from 1947 through May 1956. The third bulletin 5/ contains 1,444 analyses and source data of samples obtained from May 1956 to January 1, 1961.

Jan 1, 1964

By A. W. Fahrenwald

The purpose of screening is to separate a crushed or natural product into one or more products in which size of grain is constant, or within certain size limits. The ore dresser finds need for this operation in the laboratory, in the study of ore-dressing processes, and for various purposes in the plants. In the plant, for example, screens are employed in closed circuit with crushing devices such as rolls, and sometimes are used in closed circuit with ball mills. Screens are generally used to prepare jig feed where a sized feed is wanted. For any given sieve opening there is in any feed a certain percentage of grains that will pass through the sieve meshes only with difficulty and under favorable conditions. For example, cylindrical grains of length greater than the maximum dimension of the sieve mesh and of diameter less than the sieve opening pass the sieve only when the long axis of the grain is normal or nearly normal to the sieve. Whether such grains should actually be in the through's or the oversize of a screening operation--considered from the point of view of the subsequent treatment of the grains--can not be said. The grains that pass the sieve opening in a screening process only under-favorable conditions have been named "difficult" grains by R. K. Warner.4 In many ore-dressing flow-sheets it probably matters little whether these difficult grains show up in the screen through's or oversize. The main objection to them is that they are sieve-blinding.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. S. Fowkes

The Bureau of Mines constructed a fully automated pilot plant facility to study the hydraulic transportation of solids through a lock hopper feeder system. An equation for the energy requirements to transport coarse solids hydraulically proved applicable to this system. Optimum velocities were obtained for limestone, mine refuse, and bituminous coal. The experimental data, calculations, and graphs show the effect of velocity, specific gravity, and solids concentration on head loss and power requirements. Other data were obtained and evaluated to determine the effect of particle size on head loss. Results also are given for (a) tests using friction reducing polymers; (b) tests using seven test sections of steel alloy pipe to determine their wear characteristics; (c) tests to determine spatial segregation of moving particles; and (d) tests to determine the effect of shape, size, and specific gravity on particle velocity in a horizontal pipeline. The lock hopper feeder system was found practical for continuous hydraulic transportation of the material types and size ranges tested.

Jan 1, 1969

By F. S. Crawford

It has been said that safety promotion passes through four stages--the band-playing, the machine-guarding, the protective equipment, and finally the educational stage; the last is the most important in the development of the safety program. It has been estimated that only 15 percent of accidents can be pre- vented by machine guarding and protective equipment; the other 85 percent must be stopped by the safety efforts of the individual workers and their supervisory officials, and one of the fundamentals of safety work is the education of workers to develop safety consciousness or safety mindedness. One way of educating men to think about safety is by the use of posters. Safety engineers at the Calumet 2 Hecla mines in Michigan have been conduct- ing a safety contest among the men by the use of posters of an unusual type in addition to those usually employed to illustrate bad practices and to display the number of days without a lost-time accident. The first requisite for the success of the safety poster is a good artist or draftsman; in the poster contest instituted at the Calumet & Hecla mines two sheets were prepared illustrating various conditions in the slope workings, including a large number of unsafe practices. The object of the contest was to get the men to think about safety through criticism of the unsafe conditions displayed on the posters. The following notice accom- panied the posters:

Feb 1, 1935

By G. W. Birge

Carbonizing properties of the principal coalbeds of Elk, Clarion, Jefferson, Clearfield, and Centre Counties, Pa,, are described in this Bureau of Mines report, Twenty-six samples, representing the Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Brookville beds, were carbonized by the Bureau of Mines--American Gas Association (BM-AM) method, and yields of products and physical properties of cokes were determined. Expansion or contraction of the majority of the samples was measured in the Bureau of Mines sole-heated oven. Chemical analyses, agglutinating values, and free-swelling indexes are given for all samples. In this area the coals generally are characterized by high sulfur and moderately high ash content, and their suitability for metallurgical use would depend largely upon satisfactory cleaning. The samples from Elk, Clarion, and Jefferson Counties were high-volatile A bituminous In rank, whereas, most samples from Clearfield County and all those from Centre County were of medium-volatile rank. Coals from Clarion County had dry, mineral- matter-free fixed-carbon contents ranging from 56.5 to 60.3 percent and were weakly coking. With the exception of two samples which contained excessive ash, the medium-volatile coals of Clearfield and Centre Counties were strongly coking and, as indicated by sole-oven expansion results, would require blending with lower rank coal to avoid oven damage.

Jan 1, 1963

By C. M. Frost

The hydrodesulfurization characteristics of a residual fuel prepared from Wilmington, Calif., crude oil were determined at temperatures from 600° to 900° F, pressures of 200 to 800 pSig, and space velocities from 0.2 to 2.0 Vo/Vc/hr, using cobalt molybdate type catalysts. A prediction equation, developed from the experimental data, satisfactorily predicts the fraction of total sulfur that can be removed under any combination of operating conditions within the ranges investigated. Yields and properties of the low sulfur product are correlated with the fraction of total sulfur removed. Kinetic calculations show that the apparent reaction order and activation energy change with space velocity and temperature.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. R. Hardy Jr., E. J. Kimble Jr., H. W. Shen

"The primary objective of this research project is to study the character of the bit-coal interaction during coal cutting and its influence on the size and shape distributions of the generated dust. Secondary objectives include the investigation of the acoustic emission technique as an indirect method for coal dust characterization and remote bit wear monitoring. The results of the project will be useful in developing efficient coal cutting techniques which significantly reduce the harmful coal dust components, and in providing methods for remote monitoring of bit condition and associated coal dust character. This paper will outline recent experiments carried out on coal under uniaxial compression, linear single-bit cutting, and cutting using a laboratory-scale, single-bit shearer. During the experiments acoustic emission and a variety of other mechanical parameters were monitored. · A commercially available artificial intelligence computer package, namely: JCEPAK (Intelligent Classifier Engineering Package), has been utilized to provide a powerful and objective means for AE waveform analysis. This program is able to evaluate a number of features of each AE event and to make objective comparisons between AE signals associated with different loading or cutting parameters. Finally, the paper will discuss the results obtained from a variety of coal breakage tests.INTRODUCTIONStudies to date clearly indicate that the reduction of the severity, and eventual elimination, of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) depends on gaining fundamental understanding in a number of major areas. These include dust generation and entrainment, transportation, suppression, medical effects of dust and possible treatment. At present a project is underway by the authors to investigate the character of the bit-coal interaction during coal cutting and its influence on the size and shape distributions of the generated dust. An important aspect of this on-going project is the development of acoustic emission (AE) criteria which will make it possible to carry out remote monitoring of coal cutting operations. Suitable on-line analysis of monitored AE data would allow engineers to evaluate factors such as shearer bit condition and cutting efficiency, and to quantify the particle size and shape distribution of the generated dust. The on-going AE studies are fundamental in form and were undertaken to evaluate the general feasibility of AE monitoring techniques using simplified coal cutting procedures. This paper will outline recent experiments on coal under uniaxial compression, linear single-bit cutting, and cutting using a laboratory-scale, single-bit shearer. Additional information on these studies are presented elsewhere [4]."

Dec 1, 1996

By M. M. Barr

Rapid expansion of the titanium-metal industry focused attention upon ilmenite as a possible substitute for the more expensive and less abundant rutile in producing titanium tetrachloride. Most of the rutile available for this use is imported. Preliminary studies were undertaken to determine the chlorination characteristics of high-titanium slags produced by electric-arc furnace smelting of alluvial Idaho ilmenite at the Federal Bureau of Mines Northwest Electrodevelopment Experiment Station, Albany, Oreg. Low silicon, calcium, and aluminum contents of the slags enhanced their potential value for chlorination.

Jan 1, 1958

By W. Beckering

In characterizing tars obtained by the low-temperature carbonization of North Dakota lignite, infrared spectra have been an invaluable aid in both qualitative and quantitative examination. Quite, early in the tar-research program of the Federal Bureau of Mines it became evident that the small number of published spectra available for hydroxy-aromatics would be inadequate for comparative purposes when dealing with the wide range of compounds present in coal tar; therefore, compiling a catalog of spectra was begun as a continuing part of the tar program. Because these spectra should be valuable to other investigators in this and related fields, they are being presented in these reports. This supplement to the original publications presents the spectra (figs, I to 32), representing 32 compounds, largely phenolic materials. The major problem of this project has been the availability of materials for examination. Most of the compounds included in this supplement were synthesized at the Bureau of Mines Lignite Research Laboratory. Some were obtained from commercial sources, whereas the compound 2'-hydroxy-l-phenylnaphthalene was synthesized at the Bureau of Mines laboratory in Bruceton, Pa. The spectrum of 2-ethyl-4-methylphenol, figure 32, is a correction of the spectrum presented as figure 26 in the original reports

Jan 1, 1961

By David C. Oyler

Methane-drainage holes must be completely filled by grout before mining to prevent the emission of large quantities of gas during mine-through, which would constitute an explosion hazard. In November 1980, seven horizontal holes at the multipurpose borehole, a small-diameter shaft drilled as a Bureau of Mines coalbed methane-drainage installation on the property of the Federal No. 2 Mine, Monongalia County, WV, were plugged using a sodium silicate gel grout. This report de- scribes the grout mix and the use of the grout at the multipurpose borehole, and discusses the results observed upon mine-through of the holes in early 1981. Cost data for the sodium silicate grout are also presented.

Jan 1, 1984

By Thomas L. McVay

Laboratory batch and pilot plant flotation tests were made to determine the feasibility of recovering commercial grade kyanite from a quartzite- kyanite rock from the Graves Mountain, Ga., deposit. Best results in laboratory and continuous tests were obtained using sodium carbonate for pH control, citric acid for quartz depression, and oleic acid as the kyanite collector. Over 80 percent of the kyanite was recovered in a concentrate analyzing 56.8 percent Al203 and 3.8 percent hydrochloric acid soluble Fe203. Subsequent treatment of the flotation concentrate by magnetic separation reduced the acid soluble Fe2O3 to 0.6 percent and increased the alumina content to 59.2 percent. Acid leaching of the concentrate gave a product analyzing 59.7 percent Al203 and about 0.1 percent Fe203. As a result of the beneficiation research, a commercial kyanite flotation plant was completed in September 1962 by private industry.

Jan 1, 1963

By Stanley M. Walker

Safety consciousness is not a constant for which a specific value can be assigned, but is a variable, which is frequently intangible. Its evaluation is not simple. We all know that safety consciousness is the most potent factor in the prevention of accidents. Safety consciousness may be defined as awareness of hazard and alertness to danger, which controls every action of an individual through his desire to remain alive and uninjured.

Jan 1, 1951

By S. H. Lorain

This paper briefly describes the principal commercial and near-commercial deposits of gold-bearing gravel and the important placer-mining operations in Lemhi County, Idaho. It is on of a series on western mining districts being published by the Bureau of Mines. This paper is based on a field survey of the placer-mining districts of Lemhi County in the summer of 1938. Available information concerning gold-bearing gravels was obtained from prospectors and claim owners; operators supplied the data on mining operations. No attempt was made actually to test the gravels. The principal object of the examination was to indicate placer areas worthy of further investigation by prospective operators.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. L. Dare

The Federal Bureau of Mines is publishing a series of studies on the methods and costs of mining uranium on the Colorado Plateau. This report describes the longwall-mining methods and techniques used at the Radon mine, Big Indian district, San Juan County, Utah. The tabular Radon ore body lies on the southwest flank of the Lisbon Valley anticline, strikes N. 10° W., dips 7° SW., and has an average thickness of 4-1/2 to 5 ft. The mine is developed by a three-compartment vertical shaft, a haulage level driven beneath the ore, and a system of drifts driven within and parallel to the strike of the ore.

Jan 1, 1961

By P. S. Haury

"INTRODUCTION Many ore deposits were discovered in the Wallapai Mining District, which covers the Cerbat Range in Mohave County, Ariz., during the early period of mining there from about 1865 to the 1890's. A considerable amount of production was obtained from shallow lead carbonate ores that carried considerable gold and silver.Mining was revived in 1906 and again during the First World War, and soma of the mines were deepened into the underlying sulfide zone. Substantial quantities of metal were recovered from two mines, the Golconda and the Tennessee-Schuylkill, that were, developed to depths of 1,600 and 1,400 feet, respectively. The Golconda is credited with $6,500,000 gross productions. 2/ This mine was not operated after 1917. The Tennessee-Schuylkill is still operating after a yield of about 300,000 tons of ore that averaged 4.33 percent lead and 7.74 percent zinc and contained an appreciable amount of gold and silver.Many of the old mines were reopened in 1942 or 1943 under the stimulus of premium prices for lead and zinc. A large proportion of this work was finished with loans from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. It was believed that a good deal of lead and zinc could be recovered from the mines if a custom mill for concentration of the ores was available locally."

Aug 1, 1947

By R. F. Abernethy

Recent investigations in the United States and in other countries have produced considerable information on the nature and occurrence of minor elements in coal. The possibility of recovering certain elements, particularly germanium and uranium, from coal ash and other coal products has received considerable attention. Some flue dusts are potential sources of germanium, and certain lignite deposits are potential sources of uranium, but industrial recovery of these elements has been limited to small quantities for technical and economic reasons. Considering the large amount of coal mined annually, a small percentage of a rare element may have industrial significance if an economical method of recovery can be developed. In 1944 information on the occurrence of rare elements in coal was reviewed in Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 669 (46).3 This report is a revision of that paper with the view of summarizing published information available for United States coals, and pertinent information concerning coals of other countries. Selected references from the original paper are retained. New references do not include all preliminary reports when more permanent literature describing complete projects is available. Consequently, the list of references should not be considered complete.

Jan 1, 1963

By Lindsay D. Norman

Four chloride and seven fixed-nitrogen processes for recovering manganese from domestic resources are described. The chloride processes are divided into two classes (leaching and chloridization) depending upon the major operation responsible for converting the manganese minerals to the chloride from which manganese oxide products are obtained. The fixed nitrogen processes, all of which yield high-grade manganese oxide products, are essentially either leaching or roasting processes. The 11 processes include HC1 leach, HC1 chloridization, HC1 chloride volatilization, CaC12 chloride volatilization, NO2 leach, HNO3 leach, HNO3 ?NO2 leach, H3 ?CO2-H2O system leach, (NH4)2SO4 leach, (NH4)2SO4 roast , and ammonium salt roast .

Jan 1, 1963

By Lindsay D. Norman

Four chloride and seven fixed-nitrogen processes for recovering manganese from domestic resources are described. The chloride processes are divided into two classes (leaching and chloridization) depending upon the major operation responsible for converting the manganese minerals to the chloride from which manganese oxide products are obtained. The fixed nitrogen processes, all of which yield high-grade manganese oxide products, are essentially either leaching or roasting processes. The 11 processes include HC1 leach, HC1 chloridization, HC1 chloride volatilization, CaC12 chloride volatilization, NO2 leach, HNO3-NO2 leach, NH3-CO2-H2O system leach, (NH4)2SO4 leach, (NH4)2SO4 roast, and ammonium salt roast.

Jan 1, 1963