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By H. Britton

This bulletin is the seventh in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189, 216, and 220 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919-20, and 1921, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan of classification of references has been followed, but several additions have been made. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to the following organizations for the use of their libraries in the preparation of this bulletin: University of California, Stanford University, California State Mining Bureau, Union Oil Co. of California, Standard Oil Co. of California, and the Mechanics Mercantile Library of San Francisco; acknowledgment for their assistance is also made to H. H. Hill, C. P. Bowie, A. L. Foster, M. J. Gavin, H. C. Miller, E. B. Swanson, and Miss Louise Janssen, all of the Bureau of Mines, and to Miss Elizabeth H. Burroughs of the Union Oil Co. of California.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. J. Wilhelm

The Carthage field, in Pamela County, Tex., is one of the largest gas-condensate in respect to both areal extent and volume of recoverable gas in the United States. The field (shown in fig. 1) is approximately 25 miles long by 20 miles wide on a southwest to northeast axis and includes 306 producing wells as of July 1, 1948. 3 distinct reservoirs in the Rodessa and Sligo formations have been found in the Carthage area the two main producing zones being the Upper and Lower Pettit, less important production being found in the Hill zone. Although a small amount of commercial production has been obtained in the Travis Peak formation, it has not been included in this report. An engineering study has been made by Bureau of Mines engineers, with the ultimate objective of arriving at an estimate of the gas reserves, by application of the data made available by the operators in the Carthage field. During World War II the Bureau of Mines submitted a restricted petroleum-engineering report on the Carthage field to the Petroleum Administration for War, at which time (March 1944) the development consisted of only 19 producing wells, 7 of which were dual completions. Because of the restricted nature of the first report and the limited development at the time of writing, a more complete investigation and subsequent publication was considered advisable. Bureau of Mines engineers have made use of all available records such as electric logs, drilling-time logs, core descriptions and results of core analyses, well-completion records, and production data in developing this report.

Jan 1, 1950

By Robert H. Peters

Groundfall accidents have been the leading cause of fatalities in the underground coal mining industry for many years. Statistics from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) indicate that approximately half of the victims of these fatal accidents were in an area where no devices had been installed to support the mine roof. This report was prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to provide guidance to operators of underground mines concerning the use of techniques that may help to keep miners from going under unsupported mine roof. The report is divided into two major sections. The first section reviews the findings from several areas of empirical research pertaining to strategies for convincing employees to avoid unsafe acts and/or adopt self-protective behaviors. The strategies are (1) incentives and feedback, (2) disciplinary actions, (3) training (primarily fear communications and behavioral modeling), and (4) nondirective techniques. This literature review has a broad focus and should be helpful in making decisions about how to encourage a wide variety of types of self-protective behaviors. The second major section of the report presents an analysis of each strategy's potential for keeping miners away from unsupported roof.

Jan 1, 1991

By R. J. Gunderman

Redesigns of the operator compartments on a continuous miner and on a face haulage vehicle are described. The objective was to optimize the compartments within limitations of existing equipment and functional configurations. Both safety and production should be improved through more comfort for the operator and more natural placement of controls. Design guidelines supplied by the Bureau from a previous contract were used along with human factors analyses to determine requirements. Mock-ups were fabricated from layouts and used to refine design details. The new compartments were implemented and the machines evaluated underground. Comments and reactions to both machines were favorable.

Jan 1, 1978

By Charles H. Rich

This Bureau of Mines report is an expansion and update of Information Circular 8719 and comprises maps and tables listing the name, location, and other pertinent data concerning certain fuel-related projects. The maps show the locations of the planned or proposed facilities. The tables include information on projects involving the proposed or planned development of fuel resources, as well as the development of storage, transportation, and conversion facilities. The report covers the 24 States west of the Mississippi River including Alaska and Hawaii. Of the 808 projects for which information is provided, 219 concern coal mines, 246 concern electric generating plants, and 115 concern uranium mines; Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act coal conversion notices are also included. Because of the dynamic nature of the energy industry, many uncertainties exist and some of the listed projects may never become realities. Also, no attempt has been made to determine the degree of certainty or viability of each project.

Jan 1, 1978

By Albert W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of 23 coal samples collected from nine of the more significant coalbeds of Fayette County, W. Va. In 1963 almost 5.4 million tons of medium to high volatile B coals of excellent quality for metallurgical and steam markets were produced in Fayette County. Of the 23 coal samples collected 11 would require some upgrading to pro-vide metallurgical quality products, 11 were acceptable as received, and 1 was a noncaking coal. Cleaning these coals to metallurgical standards would require only the removal of the sink 1.58 specific gravity material which would be quite easy as very little near-separating-gravity material was present at this gravity.

Jan 1, 1965

By F. D. Wang

This report presents a structural-mesh-generating computer program for the two-dimensional finite-clement method of mine structural analysis of single and multiple openings in nonhomogeneous rock mass. This program greatly reduces the amount of input data required and the chances of error which otherwise are large owing to the large amounts of data and the complex mesh involved. The program description, a user's guide, example problems, and program listing are included.

Jan 1, 1971

A series of laboratory evaluations examined the impact of water spray pressure, curtain setback distance, and external and underboom spray use for controlling respirable dust levels and sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas concentrations around a continuous mining machine. This mining machine was equipped with a flooded-bed dust scrubber and was positioned in the box or slab cut. Exhaust line brattice was used for all tests. Dust levels were measured in the return airway and at locations representing the operators of the continuous mining machine and the standard and off-standard shuttle cars. Increasing water pressure or using the underboom sprays produced no significant impacts on dust levels, although their interactions did produce some significant impacts. Increasing curtain setback distance often elevated dust levels, likely by reducing the amount of airflow reaching the face. Use of the external sprays created additional airflow around the mining machine that pushed the dust cloud past the scrubber inlets. This significantly increased dust levels at all sampling locations. Tracer gas levels were measured on the off-curtain and curtain sides of the cutter head and in the return airway. Increasing water pressure generally led to significantly increased gas levels on the curtain side, although a slight decrease was observed on the off-curtain side with the machine in the box cut. Increasing setback distance elevated gas levels on both sides of the cutter head and in the return by limiting the quantity of ventilation airflow reaching the face. Use of the external sprays provided additional airflow along the off-curtain side of the machine, significantly reducing gas levels in this region. These sprays adversely impacted the dilution and removal of gas on the curtain side of the cutter head. Use of the underboom sprays adversely impacted gas levels on both sides of the cutter head. Use of the external sprays provided the best control of respirable dust and face gas concentrations. The smaller increases in miner operator dust levels produced by these sprays were offset by larger reductions in face gas levels on the off-curtain side of the cutter head. Although the underboom sprays minimally impacted respirable dust levels, use of these sprays was not recommended because they increased face gas levels.

Jan 1, 2007

By Byron M. Bird, Earl R. McMillan

"The method and apparatus described herein was developed at the Northwest experiment station of the Bureau of Mines, Interior Department, in cooperative research work with the University of Washington. A fuller description will appear in a bulletin entitled ""study of coal washing problems in the Pacific Northwest, to be published by the University. During the past four years this Bureau and the University have been co-operating with various coal companies in the Pacific Northwest in an extensive study of coal washing problems. Much of the valuable data resulting from this study has been obtained with the well-known float-and-sink test. This test has known for a number of years****, but its possibilities have not been thoroughly understood. A few investigations have developed apparatus and technique suitable to their needs, but these were not adopted to the conditions faced in the Northwest. Thus, the necessity arose for designing suitably equipment and working out a method of procedure or technique in carrying on the fundamental studies of coal washing by means of the float-and-sink test method."

Feb 1, 1924

By C. R. Sponsler, O. C. Blade

"INTRODUCTION This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States is a continuation of a series of reports made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Coordinating Research (CFR) Committee of the Coordinating Research Coouncil (CRC) 4/ and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. The first of these reports presented data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36. 5/ Further reports were issued describing motor gasolines sold during the succeeding summers and winters to and including the summer of 1941. 5/ reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942. However, starting with the winter of 1942-43, the semiannual reports were resumed. 5/The present report presents analytical data for samples, representing the products of approximately 100 companies. Most of the samples represented in this report were obtained during December 1)55 and January 194o. As in previous surveys, the companies covered by the survey include both large and small suppliers. Conforming to former reports, the data cover three groups of samples - regular-price, premium-price, and third-grade gasolines.As the number of analyses submitted for samples of third-grade gasoline are not considered adequate to represent this type of motor fuel, data for the analyses have not been averaged, but the individual items are tabulated. The number of samples, items, and brands comprising each group is as follows:Regular-price, 1,958 samples, 317 items, and 96 brands; premium-price, 1, samples, 292 items, and 85 brands; third-grade, 58 samples, 22 items, and 14 brands. The meanings of these terms as used in the surveys are as follows;"

Jul 1, 1946

By J. A. HUFF, V. V. BAKER

This circular is intended to present in brief form the statutory provisions of Pennsylvania regarding mining operations, in force at the end of the 1931 session of the legislature. lo reference is made to general laws which affect mining only incidentally in common with other subjects, such as the workmens compensation law. The statements have been condensed as far as practicable, and provisions not deemed of general interest, such as matters dealing only with administrative details, have been omitted. This circular obviously is not written with such particularity as to be of great value to the legal profession, but it is hoped that it will be beneficial to the mining industry in giving this information in a relatively compact form. At the end of each paragraph the statute from which it is derived is cited to facilitate reference to the text of the law. It is planned to publish additional circulars from time to time dealing with the mining laws of other States. Any criticisms of the form of publica- tion followed herein, or suggestions aimed at the improvement of future circulars, will be welcomed.

Nov 1, 1932

By L. R. Herrmann

The research described in this report is the first phase of a comprehensive program for the development of a characterization for the structural properties of rock masses. The mathematical expression of the characterization is especial' tailored for use in conjunction with modern structural analysis procedures. The objective of the first phase of the project is to determine the feasibility of representing the structural properties of rock masses in terms of the analysis of an appropriate "representative volume" the results of this investigation are described in detail in the body of the report. The current state-of-the-art concerning the understanding and description of the fundamental mechanisms of rock behavior are determined from a survey of existing literature. The development of a representative volume that captures the most important of these mechanisms is described, In order not to unduly obscure the fundamental aspects of this development, the mathematical analysis of the representative volume is limited to plane strain conditions. A subroutine for the numerical evaluation of the proposed model (i.e., the analysis of the representative volume) is presented. The steps necessary for the incorporation of the subroutine directly into existing two-dimensional finite element structural analysis programs are described. Comparisons between the predictions of the proposed characterization and published results of simple laboratory tests are presented and discussed. Finally recommendations are given concerning suggested improvements of the model and the extension of it to the general three-dimensional case.

Jan 1, 1974

By Eugene H. Skinner

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted experiments on the use of lightweight concrete in the density range of 100 Ib/ft3 for liners in underground mines. Three test sections were completed: a monolithic, portal-type structure with integral walls and arch constructed aboveground; an underground test section constructed in a mine drift using plywood forms; and a second section constructed in a drift using an air-supported formwork. The lightweight concrete in the two underground test sections was placed using piston pumps and a slickline. Fiber reinforcement was added to the concrete in the mine sections without any apparent problems with either pumping or placement of the concrete. In another experiment, the Bureau and Hecla Mining Co., Mullan, rD, used lightweight concrete in the density range of 25 Iblfe to replace timber blocking in a raise preparation structure. Other experiments are described in which low-density, lightweight concrete blocks were produced for mine ventilation doors, stoppings, and barricades. Other mine uses reviewed include pillars and collapsing beams. An advantage of low-density concrete is that it will display up to 50% deformation at a constant yield stress. These hlllovative concepts in deformable concrete lining systems will aid mine operators by decreasing capital and maintenance costs, increasing the available space in underground haulageways, and providing productivity gains and improved resource recovery in the soft, caving, squeezing, or bursting grollnu conditions often found in deep mines.

Jan 1, 1989

By E. L. Garton

[The oil-producing district, "Southern Oklahoma," is generally considered to be that part of the: State lying; southwest of the Arbuckle Mountains. It includes six counties: Carter, Cotton, Garvin, Jefferson, Kiowa, and Stephens. At present cost of the oil is produced from formations of Pennsylvania age. The individual crude oils resemble those produced in other parts of the State, except that the sulfur content is rather high. This report is a continuation of a study of Oklahoma crude oils3/ being made, by the Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Experiment Station, Bartlesville, Okla. in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma. Analyses are given of 27 samples obtained from 21 fields in the southern part of the State, end the physical and chemical characteristics of these crude oils are discussed briefly. Analyses of crude oils from other Oklahoma areas and publications in which these analyses may be found are listed in tables 2 and 3.]

Jan 1, 1941

By John C. Machisak

INJURY experience and employment data for the nonmetal mining industry in the United States are presented for the calendar year 1958. Statistical tables 6 to 12 give detailed information on injuries and employment at nonmetal mines. Data for nonmetal mines are presented separately from those for nonmetal mills, tables 23 29. The Bureau is authorized to send questionnaires to the nonmetal industry for their voluntary submission on of injury and employment experience at their operations. As this information contributes to the promotion of safety in the nonmetal mining industry, every effort has been made to make these questionnaires as complete as possible.

Jan 1, 1962

The Bureau of Mines has conducted considerable research to improve life support technology for underground mining applications. This proceedings volume presents several new developments that may help increase the chances of mine workers in surviving underground disasters. Several papers address the performance of present self-contained self-rescuers (SCSR's) and provide proposed guidelines for the design and testing of a second-generation SCSR. Improvements In the safety and effectiveness of mine rescue and recovery operations are described, including the design of a low-profile rescue breathing apparatus and a rescue team helmet.

Jan 1, 1987

A symposium was held on January 30 and 31, 1973, at Pittsburgh, Pa., to review the state-of-the-art in designing and utilizing diesel-powered equipment in underground mining. The Health and Safety Activity of the Bureau of Mines sponsored the symposium with major assistance from the following four participating organizations: The American Mining Congress J. Allen Overton, President The United Mine Workers of America Arnold R. Miller, President The National Independent Coal Operator's Association Cloyd D. McDowell, President The Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Inc. Guy Farmer, President Seventeen papers were presented during four half-day sessions devoted to the general subjects of the diesel engine, the place of the diesel in underground mining, health protection using diesels underground, and maintaining safety of diesels underground. Eleven of the speakers were from industrial organizations here and abroad; one represented the Provincial Government of Nova Scotia; two were with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and three reported on Bureau of Mines work related to diesels.

Jan 1, 1975

In the spring of 1944 the Congress passed Public Law 290 (58 Stat. 190, 30 U. S. C. Sec. 321) "authorizing the construction and operation of demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal, oil shales, agricultural and forestry products, and other substances, in order to aid the prosecution of the war, to conserve and increase the oil resources of the Nation, and for other purposes." Section 2 reads: "In order to carry out the purpose of this act, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized- (a) to conduct laboratory research and development work, and, with pilot plants and semi-works plants, to make careful process engineering studies, along with structural engineering studies, in order to ascertain lowest investment and operating costs necessary to determine the best demonstration plant designs and conditions of operation;

Jan 1, 1948

By C. H. Riggs, Kenneth H. Johnston

The application of modern secondary-recovery methods has made possible the the extraction of more than 13 million barrels of crude petroleum from the eastern part of the Delaware-Childers field Nowata County, Okla., over and above the production that might have :been expected by continuing primary production methods, including the use of vacuum. Foremost among the secondary-recovery methods used in this foil was the repressuring of the Bartlesville sand with air and gas through injection wells spaced on sym-metrical patterns. Between 1925 and 1945, about 51 billion cubic feet of air and gas were injected into the producing formation, and the total recovery was increased from, 25 million to about 40 million barrels of oil. To produce as much as possible of the 28 million barrels of recoverable oil remaining in the sand will require the initiation of systematic water-flooding projects on many properties and the continuation of air and gas injection on others.

Dec 1, 1946

This publication contains eight papers presented at a Bureau of Mines Technology Transfer Symposium in Charleston, W, on June 22, 1983, Five of the papers describe the results of Bureau-sponsored research on cabs and canopies for low-coal underground mining equipment. The other papers describe the efforts of three underground coal mining equipment manufacturers (FMC, Joy, and Lee-Norse) in the area of cab and canopy design.

Jan 1, 1985