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By Courtenay de Kalb

THE Exposed Treasure gold-mine has, for the past four years, been one of the largest producing mines of Southern California, its annual output having constituted 1 per cent of the total gold and silver production of the entire State. At the present moment the property is idle, owing to the large quantity of water encountered oil the lower levels, which will require the installation of a powerful pumping-plant before operations can be recommenced. Moreover, a prompt change in the character of the ore has occurred at water-level, which makes imperative an extensive campaign of development in the region of the unoxidized ores before a plant adapted to their treatment can be definitely decided upon. The character of the changes encountered in these deeper ores makes the geology of this deposit a matter of importance, not only for the immediate district, but for the desert region of Southern California in general, where many mines exist having in the oxidized belt conditions that, in many respects, resemble those in the Exposed Treasure mine. The deposit is situated in an apparently isolated butte about 2.5 miles south from the town of Mojave, on the Mojave desert; The butte, though apparently isolated, is in fact geologically part of an extinct volcano, known as Soledad butte, which rises out of the plain 1,5 miles SW. of the mine, to an altitude of 4,650 ft. above sea-level. Other buttes also rise from the desert plain toward the south and east, and again to the westward, all being closely related geologically to Soledad butte,-the whole constituting a single system as to origin and time. Since the end of the period of active volcanism in this region, there has been extensive denudation, the ancient plateau having been dissected during an epoch of apparently exces-

Jan 1, 1907

By Charles R. Holmes

MORE than 70 igneous pipes and dikes are known to occur in Cambrian sediments throughout an approximately circular area of about 75 sq miles in southwestern Ste. Genevieve County and southeastern St. Francois County, Mo., across the southern portion of the Farmington anticline, which is outlined in fig. 1. From evidence obtained from fossil fragments taken from some of the intrusive, and from the similarity in composition of the more basic intrusives to those of known age in surrounding states, these pipes and dikes are believed to be at least post-Devonian and probably Cretaceous in age. As first postulated by Rust, these intrusives are believed to represent explosion tubes, or diatremes, punched through great thicknesses of solid rock by gaseous pressure. The particular intrusive studied is located about 1 mile north of the small town of Avon at an elevation of 880 ft in the EM SES NE% of sec. 2, T. 35N, R. 7E. Outcrop is through the Bonneterre dolomite in two separated exposures. The larger outcrop extends east and west for about 50 ft along a tributary in a small ravine (fig. 2). The smaller exposure occurs as a few scattered patches over an area 20 ft square about 100 ft to the north. The area between the exposures is covered, but scattered patches of the Bonneterre dolomite outcrop throughout the area surrounding the diatreme. Where exposed, contact relations show the surrounding dolomite to be shattered and metamor- phosed to a fine-grained rock for a distance of 15 to 20 ft from the intrusive. The igneous rock occurs as a dark greenish-gray porphyry near the center of the diatreme and as a fine-grained, greenish-gray material containing lapilli and metamorphosed fragments of dolomite near the contact with the country rock. The most abundant original mineral of the porphyritic rock is olivine now largely serpentinized as the result of extensive hydrothermal alteration at time of emplacement. The most common constituent of the fine-grained rock, which occurs near the border of the intrusive, is calcite. Mica is a common constituent of both types of rock, occurring as tufts or

Jan 1, 1950

By H. LIVINGSTONE LMAN

A GOOD DEAL of information concerning flotation has come out during the patent litigation of recent years, and the legal situation has cleared considerably, to the satisfaction of Minerals Separation, Limited. Hence, Mr. H. Livingstone Sulman, one of the originators of the successful process of that company, felt at liberty to explain, on Thursday, Nov. 20, his experience and his views in a "Contribution to the Study of Flotation," before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. He did not give technical details. He dealt with the physical problems, so simple, as he remarked, that he had wanted 96 pages to express his views. He presented much data, partly new and based on observations of his own, bearing upon the very complex flotation phenomena in an instructive wav and made frequent references to the valuable researches especially of Prof. Edwin Edser and Mr. Emil Hatschek.

Jan 1, 1920

By Merlin H. Aylesworth

THE subject assigned to me is peculiarly appropriate to the anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. If we applied to our present problems the ideals and methods of the Great Emancipator, the future of American institutions would be so definitely assured that there would be little need to discuss the matter. The only inquiries would relate to the pace of progress, not to the possibility of progress. As a nation we have grown more and more to revere the memory of Lincoln, to honor his character, to extol his teachings and to eulogize his concepts of democracy. We rec-

Jan 1, 1940

Elected Died 1895 *ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 * ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 * ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1906 * ADAMS, JOHN C. 1913 1905 * ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 * ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 *ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 * AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 * AKERS, WILLIAMS A. 1906 1905 * ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 * ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1894 *ALLEN R B 1896 1905 * ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1874 * AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 *AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ** ANDRSON, JOHN W 1905 1895 *ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 * ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 * ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 *ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1882 *ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 *ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 *ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 *ATKINS, C M , JR 1885

Jan 1, 1917

By Joan Melcher

The oil embargo and increasing disillusionment with nu- clear power have put this country's abundant coal reserves in growing demand. Both the government and industry are looking toward increased coal mining, and with this goes an increased interest in new and advanced methods of coal utilization. One advanced coal system stands out among the rest-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Its high efficiency, strong probability of sulfur dioxide control, and limited consumption of cooling water place MHD in a unique position to help the power generation industry. Another point in MHD's favor is the capital costs of operation, which are lower than those of other advanced technologies. However, initial costs are higher and realization of a commercial MHD plant in this country may be more than a decade away.

Jan 12, 1977

By Clyde Williams

IF you would allow me some liberties, I would restate the title of this talk as "Scientific Research, Our Greatest Resource," because that title would represent more clearly a present-day conception of the metals and minerals situation. It is a subject worthy of careful consideration. Canada and the United States are so similar and interdependent in their national economies that, in the following discussion, examples of conditions in the United States may be interpreted to apply to Canada as well. Moreover, it is a striking fact that the per capita value of mineral production in Canada and the United States in 1940 was almost the same. Therefore, in the consideration of this subject, I have made no attempt to differentiate between the two countries. Consumption of the world's mineral resources in the last few decades. and particularly during World War II, has been so enormous as to require some form of magic to ensure the continued progress of civilization in the face of a diminishing supply of these resources which are so critically essential. As C. K. Leith pointed out, in 1941, indus-

Jan 1, 1947

By John T. Wizzard, R. P. Killmeyer, B. S. Gottfried

The Coal Preparation Branch of the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center has developed a computer program to calculate the performance characteristics of coal washing devices. This program uses specific gravity analyses of the clean coal and refuse streams as input, and generates dependent and independent performance criteria for the washer. Partition curves are internally represented in a functional form by a Weibull function. Performance criteria generated by this computer program are compared to manually calculated performance criteria for air tables, Dynawhirlpools, Baum jigs, hydrocyclones, and dense medium cyclones. The comparisons show that the computer program gives results in close agreement with the hand- calculated values while greatly reducing the amount of time involved in performing the analyses.

Jan 1, 1983

By Ernst F. Eurich

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) ALEXANDER PARKES patented in England in 1851-52-53 a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, making use of the greater affinity of silver for zinc than for lead, discovered by Karsten in 1842. The efforts in England to develop it commercially were not particularly successful, nor was the attempted introduction into the United States. This last was not surprising, as it was about the beginning of our Civil War, and at that period there was very little lead-bullion produced in the united States and there was no field for the process here. There was at that time on Staten Island an establishment that pattisonized lead, probably from Rossie, N. Y., and Chester, Pa., and possibly some Spanish lead, but the production of lead-bullion in the Far West had not yet begun. In 1864, Edward Balbach, of Newark, N. J., patented in this country a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, and in 1867 Edward Balbach, Jr., patented a " movable black-lead retort with a neck, placed in a furnace," for the purpose of distilling the alloy of zinc, lead, and the precious metals. A brief comparison of the Parkes and the Balbach processes is interesting. The Parkes process as practiced in England consisted in stirring into silver-bearing lead, melted in a kettle, from 1 to 2 per cent. of zinc, cooling, skimming the alloy of lead, zinc, and silver that rose to the surface, liquating it in an iron retort, distilling the residual rich alloy in fire-clay retorts, thus regaining the zinc, and refining the desilvered lead at a low heat in a shallow cast-iron pan that formed the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. If the lead was too impure, it was first softened * Presented also at the Joint Meeting of the Institute and Section IIIa, Metal¬lurgy and Mining, of the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1919, and here published by mutual agreement.

Dec 1, 1912

By Charles E. Hughes

HERBERT HOOVER had to sit through an hour and a half of eulogy of himself at Carnegie Hall last night, said the Sun and New York Herald of Feb. 19. When his turn to answer came he remarked that, although one of the speakers had referred to him as a modest man, he would never, in view of this experience, be able to prove it. The occasion was the presentation by the Civic Forum to Mr. Hoover of its medal of honor for distinguished service, the only recipients in past years having been General Goethals, Thomas A. Edison, and Alexander Graham Bell. Only by distortion of intent could there be said to be anything political in the affair, which was carefully described by the chairman, Charles E. Hughes, as non-partisan. Nevertheless, the praise bestowed on the former Food Administrator by the former Republican candidate for President, proved specially interesting to a much applauding audience which filled the hall to the uppermost gallery. A piece of real news was supplied by Horace V. Winchell, whom Mr. Hoover succeeded on Tuesday as President of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. He said that Mr. Hoover, when in Europe after the . armistice, caused to be collected the literature of the war in all Europe.

Jan 1, 1920

By A. T. Churchman

The deformation modes of rhenium have been identified as those typical of the hexagonal metals, titanium, zirconium, and beryllium whose c/a ratios, in common with rhenium, are less than ideal for close packing. Slip is observed on (1010), (1011), and (0001) planes and twinning on (1121), (1122), and (1012) planes. The very high rate of work hardening is believed to be associated with intersecting partial dislocations on two (1010) systems which can combine to form sessile barriers. If the stacking fault energy is low, as postulated by Seeger, these barriers should be strong and not easily bypassed by cross slipping. Such an explanation could also account for the very small temperature dependence of the yield stress which was observed. RHENIUM is interesting scientifically as a member of the group of high melting point hexagonal metals: titanium, beryllium, and zirconium with a c/a ratio less than that for ideal close packing. Unlike them, however, it work hardens at a very high rate. This rate is greater and continues to a much higher degree of deformation than for nickel, normally considered to have a high rate of work hardening. This paper presents experimental observations on the modes of deformation of rhenium and, by comparison with other hexagonal metals, some speculation on the cause of the high work hardening. MATERIALS Johnson, Matthey rhenium powder of both 99.9 pct and 99.5 pct purity, see Table I, was compacted at 10 tons per sq in., part sintered at 1350°C in vacuo, and finally arc melted in a "gettered" argon atmosphere arc furnace to produce small buttons. Little difference was observed in the as-cast hardness or working down behavior of the two purities suggesting that either silicon and potassium do not have a significant effect on the working properties of rhenium or they were lost during arc melting. SPECIMEN PREPARATION The cast structure was broken up by cold-rolling with inter-stage annealing at 1600o or 1800°C in a vacuum high-frequency furnace using a tungsten susceptor. Strip for tensile testing was taken from two thicknesses of material 0.011 and 0.064 in. The former with intermediate anneals at 1800°C had a grain size of 900 grains per sq mm, while the latter with inter-stage annealing at 1600°C had a grain size of 3600 grains per sq mm. A coarse grain size was obtained by secondary recrystallization in a half button cold-worked by 30 pct reduction. Annealing times of from half an hour to several hours at 2200° to 2600°C in a "gettered" argon atmosphere arc furnace1 resulted in grains of up to 2 mm diam.

Jan 1, 1961

By F. O. Garrabrant

Power is furnished to the Climax Molybdenum Co. by the Public Service Co. of Colorado over two 100,000-volt lines to a bank of three 3333-kva. transformers 100/13.8 kv. These transformers are so designed that with the addition of forced cooling their capacity may be increased 33? per cent at 12,000-ft. altitude. Under present conditions, these transformers are operated at 140 Per cent of their rating with forced air cooling. On the secondary side of this bank there is a 15-kv., 1200-amp. Westinghouse oil circuit breaker provided with automatic reclosing relays allowing three successive short circuits before lockout. From this breaker 13.8-kv. power is transmitted to a central switching station (Fig. I) where all circuits radiate to the different operations of the property. Each circuit is protected by a 23-kv., 600-amp. oil circuit breaker with by-pass and isolating disconnecting switches. Mine Power at 13.8 kv. enters the mine through a ventilation raise over a three-conductor, size 1-0 varnished cambric insulated, leaded, steel-wire armored cable, insulated from 17 kv. This power is received and distributed through one switching station and four underground substations, shown in Fig. 2. No. 370 substation (Fig. 3) contains three a 13,800/440-volt, single- phase Pyranol transformers protected on the high-voltage side by a 600-amp. manually operated oil circuit breaker. This station serves 20 slusher-hoist motors, a 45-kw., three-phase, 220-volt electric furnace, a Massco hot miller for tempering and milling Timken detachable bits and a hoist with 175-hp motor on the No, 3 development shaft. Also at this shaft are three pumps. One two-stage pump, 1200 gal, per min., 500-ft. head, 3600 r.p.m., driven by a 150-hp. motor, is at the bottom of the shaft, Two deep-well pumps, 500 gal. per min., 500-ft. head, are at the collar of the shaft. under normal operation the one pumping 1200 gal. per min, is controlled by a float switch to take care of the water. If this pump fails, or if its capacity is insufficient, the first 500-gal. pump is automatically started1 and if still more capacity is needed the second 500-gal. pump automatically starts. Time delay relays are provided on the deep-well pumps, so that if power fails the column will have time to drain before the Pumps restart. On failure of any Of these, an alarm is sounded in the train dispatcher's office, so that mechanics can be sent to ascertain the cause of failure and make repairs. The cable from No. 37' substation is run to the switching station, in which are four 15-kv., 600-amp. direct-current sole-noid-operated oil circuit breakers. The current for Operating and tripping is furnished by a 125-volt storage battery. All breakers are operated from the switchboard in the compressor room. One circuit from this switching station goes to the

Jan 1, 1946

By K. BRUCE DAVIDSON

-The North Central Texas area includes the following counties in Railroad Commission of Texas District 7-B: Brown, Callahan, Coleman, Comanche, Coryell, Eastland, Erath, Fisher, Hamilton, Haskell, Hood, Jones, Lampasas, Mills, Nolan, Palo Pinto, Parker, S

Jan 1, 1946

By William H. Spice

Drilling activities in South Central Texas for the year 1945 continued the steady increase over the past two years, while new fields discovered for the year included four new gas fields and one field extension. In the 30 counties included in this area, which comprises district No. 1, Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, 141 exploratory wells were completed, compared with 61 drilled in 1944 and 29 drilled in 1943. Of these 141 tests, 55 were field well and 86 were wildcats; 38 were completed as oil wells, S as gas and gas-distillate producers, and 95 were abandoned as dry. Atascosa and McMullen Counties were the most active in the district, accounting for 73 of the wells drilled.

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1934

By Thomas T., Read

THE education of adolescents to perform the duties and assume the responsibilities of maturity has been a characteristic of human society since the dawn of history. In the beginning the members of the immediate family performed this function, and in modern life they still have an important part in it. Possibly religion was the first field in which education began to be functional; young people were sent for instruction to a teacher who had a broader and deeper knowledge of the subject than was possessed by the family. It does not seem necessary for our purpose to attempt to determine how, when, or where instruction in the practical arts first' began to become functional, and the brief outline which follows must suffice. The discovery and utilization of mineral substances to improve and maintain the conditions of human living is a practical art, which must have had an almost accidental origin and have been developed by empirical experiments. We do not know, nor would it be useful to try to fancy, how men first learned that they could make use .of mineral substances to their benefit, but how- ever that knowledge was initially gained it was certainly trans mitted through instruction in the family. At first such activities must have been merely a .minor part of the making of a-living, but in time those who excelled found it better to devote them-

Jan 1, 1941

By William R. Barton

It is generally conceded as axiomatic that the aggregate producer and the average urban resident have mutually incompatible goals. The producer wants to be near his mass market and the average resident wants him as far away as possible. The traditional economic decision to mine local material to avoid transportation costs is increasingly challenged by zoning and planning bodies and by citizens' groups. This conflict generated much written and spoken word and offered opportunity for great flights of rhetoric. The pressure on the producer also has forced re¬appraisal of the need for the classic confrontation with indications that much of the conflict is more apparent than substantive. In New England several factors combine to increase complexity of the siting problem. It is a region of high land values and population density. Due to the proximity of metropolitan areas, even rural communities have experienced a prolif¬eration of environmental groups with concomitant enthusiastic regional planning and critical watch over land use. In New England where there is little public understanding of the necessity for, and the realities of, mineral production a sophisticated approach to aggregate production site location is required.

Jan 1, 1975

By R. Lee-Aston

HALLOWAY mine of Tennessee Copper Co. at Copperhill, Tenn., has been under development for several years. It has two shafts, the A shaft, 1336 ft deep from the surface to the 16 level, and the B shaft, lying 500 ft to the southeast and extending 1385 ft deep from the 10 level down to the 24 level. A section through the two shafts, Fig. 1, shows the development work entailed by the proposal and the area involved. The Problem: For operational reasons it was necessary to extend the B shaft from the 10 level to surface, and the pilot hole and raising method was chosen. This method had been used to extend the Company's Boyd manshaft from the 10 to the 14 level in 1954, but no satisfactory hole surveying method had been employed. In that instance, when the hole was located it was found to be about 8 ft from its calculated position. The success of this shaft extension method lies in the ability to keep the pilot hole within the proposed shaft diameter for nearly the entire length. The approximate 670 ft of extension distance in one hole was thought to be excessive because of deflection encountered locally in other core drilling. Since a connection between the two shafts, intermediate between the surface and the 10 level, would be required at some future date, the pilot hole drilling was done in two sections. This intermediate level was fixed at the 6 level and distances became 470 ft from surface to the 6 level and 230 ft from the 6 to the 10 level. A rock pentice of 25 ft was left temporarily in place just above the 10 level.

Jan 3, 1958

By Paul H. Price

The history of the salt industry in West Virginia dates back nearly two hundred years; however, the history of salt as an important raw material for the chemical industry is much more recent. The earliest record of West Virginia salt was in 1753, when a raiding party of Shawnee Indians attacked frontier settlements in Virginia taking captive a number of the pioneers. One of these, who later escaped and returned to her friends, described how the Indians camped at a salt spring on the banks of the Kanawha River and evaporated the water to obtain a supply of salt to take back to Ohio with them. Settlement of the Kanawha Valley began in 1774, that same year the Battle of Point Pleasant ended the Indian's power in the Ohio Valley; and settlement of the Kanawha Valley progressed rapidly with a consequent increase in the importance of the Kanawha Licks as a source of salt. In those days the evaporation of the brine was a family matter for which the family wash-kettle was commandeered.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. M. Brick

EDUCATIONAL benefits for veterans of World War II have largely removed one of the two former barriers to a college education for everyone, namely financial means and intellectual capacity. This latter limita¬tion has not kept privately endowed institutions from increasing 50 to 100 percent in size of student body, even after applying moderately rigid entrance standards. Growth of some land-grant universities, which cannot well exercise such restrictive judgements, has been even greater. After a weary board of admissions, subject to student, alumni, faculty, and even political pressures, has admitted double the former number of freshmen, the university's worries really begin: to find laboratory, classroom, and instructional facilities. If this were a one- or two-year problem, the answer would be simple: double up, hold night classes, particularly of laboratories, rent space, and have instructors work 24 class or contact hours a week instead of twelve (it takes usually two to three hours of outside work by the instructor for one hour in class). However, most engineering school faculty men are worn out now from four to five years of "accelerated" (frequently downward!) programs and they couldn't continue teaching in a way satisfactory to their own consciences on

Jan 1, 1947