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By Ferdinand S. Ruttmann

The Tilly Foster iron-mine is situated in the southeastern part of Putnam County, New York, about fifty miles north of New York City, on the line of the New York City and Northern Railroad. There are a number of deposits of magnetite scattered throughout the county, the most important being those known as the Tilly Foster, the Mahopac, and the deposits of the Croton Magnetic Ore Company. (See the paper of Mr. Wendt, Transactions, xiii., 478.)

Jan 1, 1887

By J. C. Jr. Vaughan

ALTHOUGH a considerable amount of practical importance attaches to systems involving gases and molten metals, little is known regarding the effects of alloy elements upon the solubility of gases in liquid iron. The solubilities of hydrogen1 and nitrogen2,3 in pure liquid iron are known and it has been shown that small amounts of silicon and aluminum3 exert only a small effect upon the solubility of nitrogen but greatly increase its rate of solution. This paper presents the results of a study of the Solubility Of nitrogen, at pressures approximately one atmosphere, in molten iron containing up to 1.5.5 per cent silicon.

Jan 1, 1939

By R. J. Shaffer

Hydraulic fracturing in rock masses involves complex and coupled processes of fractures propagating in discontinuous media and of fluid flow in discrete channels. The Unconventional Gas Program at LLNL is actively developing numerical models to gain insight in the physics of these coupled processes. This paper describes the current status of the FEFFLAP code, which models fluid-driven discrete fracture propagation in jointed media. We also discuss the results of a preliminary series of physical tests in which hydrofractures were driven across slanted interfaces between dissimilar materials, in blocks loaded in biaxial compression.

Jan 1, 1984

By F. R. Morral

HOT-DIPPED heat-treated zinc coatings on sheet steel were examined with X-rays. The phases identified were compared with those listed in the modern literature of the zinc-iron system. The zeta (FeZn13) phase is shown to correspond to the phase found by Schueler (1925) in heat-treated zinc coatings. An investigation was undertaken to determine the phases present in hot-dipped FIG. I.-SYSTEM IRON-ZINC ACCORDING TO J. SCHRAMM.11 heat-treated zinc coatings on steel sheets and wire. This kind of coating on wire was studied some years ago by Schueler1 by microscopic and chemical methods. He reported a new phase, FeZn10. Later, Clark and Stillwell,2 using X-ray crystal analysis, identified a new phase in ordinary galva-nized wire, which was assumed to be the FeZn10 phase.

Jan 1, 1940

By P. J. Potter

PRACTICALLY all tin-base babbitt metals used in engine bearings are made to customers' specifications, which are many and varied. The copper ranges from 3 to 8 per cent. and the antimony from 4 to 13 per cent.; generally, the babbitt with lower copper content will contain from 4 to 8 per cent. antimony and that with higher copper will have from 7 to 13 per cent. antimony. The allowable lead content varies from 0.20 to 2.00 per cent. If a solder is used as a bonding material instead of tin, the resulting material in the finished bearing will have a higher lead content, but it would not be enough to bring the lead above specificational limits. Impurities such as iron, arsenic and bismuth should be determined in the tin before using to insure a uniform and high-grade product. These points must be considered when segregating and grading the waste that comes from the finishing operations on lined bearings.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. L. Hendrix, R. B. Dix

A study was made of the United States Bureau of Mines chlorine-oxygen leaching process for complex sulfide concentrates. The investigation sought to determine the kinetic order and mechanisms involved in the reactions between galena and sphalerite with chlorine. The influence of copper on the extraction rates was also studied. It has been shown that the rates of reaction of chlorine in aqueous solutions with sphalerite and galena are both zero order at 373 K with rate limiting step being the chemical reaction. Addition of cupric chloride increased the extractions of both lead and zinc.

Jan 1, 1981

By R. F. Lee, G. Purcell

Tests carried out in the Department of Mining and Metallurgy at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology indicate that high density rigid foams may, with the addition of suitable fillers, have structural properties comparable with concrete. Since polyurethanes have other useful properties that are unique to the foams, they have great potential value for both mining and civil engineering applications. Polyurethane, a generic term for a wide variety of closely related foam compounds, suggests rather misleadingly that foams are simple polymers of the urethane monomer ethyl carbamate (H,NCOOC,H,) . Polyurethane foams certainly do contain urethane groups, but these need not necessarily preponderate. Other reactive groups may be, and usually are, present so that the final polyurethane product will most likely contain, in addition to urethane groups, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, ester, ether, amide and urea groups.

Jan 9, 1963

By Charles R. Simcoe

It was pointed out in a recent paper'g that the initial flow stress of as-quenched martensite is very low even in an alloy steel with an M, well above room temperature. It was also shown that the high ultimate tensile strength resulted from a very high rate of work

Jan 1, 1967

(This list. includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. A complete list will he found in the Year Book mailed with this Bulletin. Another Honor Roll is maintained in the reception room of the Institute.) ALDEN, HERBERT W., Lieutenant-Colonel, Ordnance Dept. ALDER, ALFRED; Engineers' Reserve Corps. ALFORD, NEWELL G., Sergeant, Bureau of War Risk Insurance, Headquarters 84th Division. AMBLER, HARRY A., Lieutenant, 30th Infantry. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Sec. C, 1st Co.; 3d Officers' Training Camp. AYER, -FRANK A., 1st Lieutenant, 43d Squadron, 3d Prov. Regiment, Aviation Camp.

Jan 3, 1918

By Robert J. Alberts

Our shop started up in April of 1969, and during its 8th month of operation produced over 300,000 tons. Production continued to increase, and by January of 1970 tonnage rates significantly above 300,000 tons per month were being realized. Ours is a three vessel shop, producing 200 ton heats, with a normal grade breakdown indicating more than one half semi-killed carbon steel, with the balance distributed over rimmed and capped steel, alloy steel, killed carbon, and special killed drawing quality steel. The recent christening of a continuous billet caster has dictated that close to a quarter of our liquid steel be delivered to the caster.

Jan 1, 1972

By Allen L. Hatch

Perhaps the greatest challenge to the non-ferrous extractive industry, aside from discovery and cost reduction, is the continuous effort toward the total recovery of metals. This is-and must continue to be-a joint endeavor on the part of the miner and the smelter, the first to trend constantly toward that form of concentration most amenable to the smelter and the latter to upgrade technical efficiency on the product delivered. What follows will be a smelter's-eye view of the relative value of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc as they each are contained in copper, lead and zinc concentrates. The variety of combinations is obviously of such a magnitude that it will be necessary to restrict the observations to fundamental concepts.

Jan 1, 1966

By E. B. Jensen, C. E. Doane, J. F. Pirozzoli

Results of an extensive one-year test of a nonelectric explosives detonating system led to the mine-wide adoption of this system in early 1978. Since that time, further experience with nonelectric initiation has verified the earlier results, which include the following benefits: Electrical insensitivity Improved productivity Cost effectiveness High reliability While electric blasting caps still experience a limited we restricted to trunkline initiation, all heading rounds as well as the bell, undercut, boundary-cutoff, and raise blasting are detonated nonelectrically. The primary blasting agent used at the Henderson mine is AN/FO, and primers are typically one of the following products, depending on applications: PETN, semi-gelatin dynamite, or a nonnitroglycerin water-gel slurry

Jan 1, 1984

By S. J. Im

Bupyung Silver Mines daily treats average 14 tons of concentrates containing 9,000 g Ag per ton. Bupyung Silver Refinery uses Merrill Crowe process to recover the silver from the leach solution containing 1.0 g/l Ag; Series of experiments were carried out to recover the silver from the solution by means of direct electrowinning in place of Merrill Crowe process. The recovery of the silver was 99% when the cell voltage and the retention time were 1.9 v and 3.0 hours, respectively. Power consumption was 3.2 Kwh/kg of Ag. It was found that impurity buildup was not significant during the recycling. The direct operating cost for the electrowinning was evaluated to be $ 0.35/kg of Ag.

Jan 1, 1984

By K. U. Snowden, J. N. Greenwood

EARLY studies by Gough and sopwith' have shown that the fatigue resistance of certain metals increased when the test was carried out in a partial vacuum; lead showed this effect to a marked degree. This communication describes surface deformation differences between high-purity lead fatigued in air and in a vacuum of approximately 5 X l0-3 mm Hg. Both air and vacuum tests were carried out by the same alternating flexure machine at a frequency of 500 cpm. Flat cantilever-bend specimens with tapered sides were cut from strip, annealed at 100°C, and chemically polished.

Jan 1, 1959

By Thomas L. Kesler

Lithium raw materials usable with present technology consist of pegmatite ore and shallow evaporite brine. Deposits of these materials occur in many parts of the world. Those advantageously located supply the present lithium industry. Less favorably located deposits will come into production as markets expand and present sources are depleted. In this discussion, materials listed as reserves include fully explored and partly explored deposits. For those closely drilled and assayed, the data provide measurements rather than estimates, and such reserve tonnages are "proved." For deposits partly explored, the data support reserve estimates of "probable" tonnages. Materials lacking exploratory data are classed as resources, and their "possible" tonnages are inferred mostly from indirect evidence and are essentially objectives for exploration. All figures for pegmatite ore apply to total materials in the ground.

Jan 1, 1979

By Harold B. Foxhall

THIRTY per cent of the mineral wealth of the United States is obtained from seven states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. This area, which produced 84,727,156,000 worth of minerals in 1948, constitutes an almost complete economic unit in relation to mineral resources essential to industry. All of these states are producers of fuels and some of metallics, but in the field of important nonmetallic industrial minerals the picture is near perfection-a mineral any one of the seven states lacks, one of the others has in quantity.

Jan 5, 1951

By Edward R. Bingham, John R. Suffron

A comprehensive program to rehabilitate waste disposal areas is in progress at the integrated primary copper production facility at White Pine, Michigan. The various aspects of the program are described, including cooperative studies with State and Federal agencies in revegetating efforts and wildlife management and also waste disposal practices as they relate to reclamation planning.

Jan 1, 1976

By Ali Altway, M. E. Tunison, T. W. Chapman

Simulations of various contactor configurations for simultaneous extraction or stripping of two metals reveal the dependence of conversion and selectivity on operating and design parameters A two-film mass transfer model is used to provide the rates in countercurrent column and stirred-tank cascade calculations Even in these mass-transfer-limited cases the stoichiometry of the extraction reactions introduces nonlinearities and interactions between the two metal transfer rates, but these can be represented In a suitable model One conclusion is that a countercurrent column should be considerably more efficient than a cascade of mixer-settlers of comparable size.

Jan 1, 1981

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D.-BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman. CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 9, 1918

1. Healthy and active Local Section organizations are vital factors in promoting the vigor and growth of the Institute. 2. Activity on the part of Local Sections should be recognized and stim¬ulated by appropriation of funds from the Institute's treasury; and these appropriations should be as large as is consistent with the relative needs for other activities. 3. As between different Sections, the amount of such appropriations should be based primarily on the extent of activities as reflected in the number and character of meetings .held and the attendance of the members at such meetings. 4. In making a request for funds for any year, the officers of a Local. Section should submit: (a) a report showing in reasonable detail its income, and expenditures for the preceding calendar year; (b) a statement of the number of. members to whom announcements of each meeting had .been mailed; (c) a record of meetings held, the character of the program, and _ attendance of members at each; and (d) any further facts having a bear¬ing on its financial requirements for the coming year.

Jan 1, 1937