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By H. S. Gipson

A process that has come to be known locally as "multistage stabilization" has been developed in the Haft Kel field of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. in southwest Iran, for the recovery of casinghead gasoline. It consists in releasing the dissolved gases from the crude by stages, a practice common in many fields, but which, so far as is known, has nowhere been carried to the extent to which it is employed in Iran. It has been in use there for nearly nine years, during which time some 200 million barrels of crude have been handled by the process. This process of gasoline retention consists in preventing the greater part of the casinghead gasoline hydrocarbons (the butanes and pentanes) from ever leaving the crude, instead of allowing them to be vaporized and then recovered from the lighter gases by the usual compression or absorption processes. Its efficiency is fully equal to that obtained by the absorption process; its disadvantage is that it increases the quantities of ethane and propane in the crude sent to the refinery, but with the growing demand for propane this drawback is vanishing. When casinghead gasoline is recovered as a separate liquid in the Iranian fields, it is blended with the crude, as the only outlet is through the refinery, and the crude-oil pipe line offers the cheapest means of transportation. It is under these conditions that the retention of the butanes and pentanes in the crude by multistage stabilization is a most attractive process, possessing as it does the following advantages: (1) extreme simplicity, (2) low first cost, (3) easy installation! (4) practically 100 per cent operating-time efficiency, (5) no operators required, (6) no water or other services required, (7) negligible maintenance, (8) once established, very little routine testing is necessary. The one essential for reasonably efficient multistage stabilization is that the flowing pressures of the wells should be relatively high; i.e., they should not be less than about one-third the saturation pressure of the crude in the reservoir. This is a very general statement, of course, and much depends on the type of crude and its temperature.

Jan 1, 1940

By I. N. Gridasov, V. V. Khromov, R. I. Ismagilov

"Over 50 mln.tonne is the average annual output of oxidized ferruginous quartzites typically containing Fe38-42% mined in Mikhailovskoye ore field. The most promising and cost-effective way to expand concentrate production maintaining current output of magnetite is processing of oxidized ferruginous quartzites (hereinafter referred to as OFQ) mined as a by-product in Mikhailovsky open pit mine. However lack of proven and efficient concentration and agglomeration process applicable to OFQ and insufficient data for feasibility evaluation of OFQ processing encumbered full-scale addressing of this challenge. Based on outcomes of multiple various studies a process of OFQ flotation was designed by MC Metalloinvest LLC and PJSC Mikhailovsky GOK engineers. Comparative lab-scale testwork have proven performance and production advantages of flotation against magnetic separation feat. flotation and combined concentration method. Lab-scale flotation enabled production of concentrate with average Fe66.6% and SiO22.06% grade. Geologic and production contouring of OFQ deposited in Mikhailovskoye ore field has been carried out to collect necessary data for feasibility study incl. cost and profit estimation. As a result processing and production properties of over 3,500 samples have been analyzed which is characteristic of every direction and level of prospective ore mining within Mikhailovskoye ore field up to year 2032. Following work has been done based on geologic and production contouring of OFQ: – natural typification of ores and production (processing) grades of OFQ, determination of average mineral composition; – correlation analysis of interrelation between OFQ mineral composition and processing features thereof for overall bulk of samples as well as for individual data blocks related to various directions of open pit mine; – OFQ classification with account of defined mineral composition and processing features. Total Fe weight content in chamber product of flotation (known as concentrating ability in flotation) was applied as a major differentiating factor for processing grade classification of OFQ. Three processing grades of oxidized ferruginous quartzites were established as a result of flotation tests run to determine concentrating ability, i.e. – hard concentrated OFQ (TO) – below Fe65%; – mean concentrated OFQ (SO) – Fe65-67%; – easy concentrated OFQ (LO) – over Fe67%. Outcome of this work provided initial data for feasibility study and cost-profit evaluation of medium-term industrial-scale processing of OFQ deposited in Mikhailovskoye ore field."

Jan 1, 2018

By Werner Klein

The Production Management solution (Level 3) covers TYASA’s existing steel making plant, billet caster and new Castrip based coil production line in Ixtaczoquitlan, Mexico. It steers the order based production utilizing product routing information and corresponding process instructions for the individual processing units. A seamless material tracking along the entire production route from heat creation in the electric arc furnace down to the final coil product provides TYASA with the genealogy information customers require for flat products. At each important process step the Level 3 compares actual quality related production results with order requirements. In case of deviations from ordered quality the plant staff is guided by rule based dispositions. The highly configurable solution supports customer to operate its production plant as a smart factory in the sense of industry 4.0.

Oct 30, 2017

By JOHN DUNFIELD

Good quality sphagnum peat bogs occur across Canada in areas of ample rainfall and cool, temperate climates. Early peat production techniques were restricted primarily to hand digging blocks of peat and piling them up to be dried by sun and wind. Suburban de velopment in the 1950s and the concomitant spread of home gardening triggered a dramatic growth in peat demand; labour costs rose in the same period. Peat production techniques had to alter accordingly. The three mechanical inno vations attempted were hydraulic mining, mechanical block digging and vacuum harvesting. Of these, the last method pro ved the most successful in Canada and is used to harvest 80% of Canadian peat production. Escalating transportation costs are the most important feature affecting future development of the Canadian peat industry.

Jan 1, 1984

By Jens Markowski

The EU Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles (ELVs) states that in 2015 at least 85 wt.-% of a vehicle has to be reused or recycled. This result in the obligatory need to separate additionally metallic and other components of the automotive shredder residues (ASR), so that they can be professionally prepared for recycling and reuse further. Currently the iron-containing fines of ASR are deposited as it is not possible to process in blast furnaces due to its particle size (< 4 mm), composition and material properties. Additionally problems are also caused in handling and transportation (dust) of the material. This work focuses mainly on the ASR materials utilization in blast furnaces. Material was further separated into two consecutive fractions by carrying out repeated crushing and magnetic separation twice. The two fractions have significantly higher iron content (up to 75 wt.-%) compared to the initial material mixture. The materials were assessed for their usage in blast furnaces based on the possible pelletisation with and without binders, stability of pellets, shape and size of pellets, etc. Pelletisation of the material was carried out with a single mould pellet press. Further lignite coal was added to the mixture as additive which improved the pelletisation behavior and the mechanical stability of pellets. Lignite coal was chosen as a reducing agent in the blast furnace process contributing towards additional savings in energy supplied. The experiments reveal that the production of pellets from iron-containing fines is possible with a lignite coal admixture of about 15 wt.-%. These pellets displayed good mechanical stability and can be used in blast furnace processes in recovery of the recyclable metals which are currently not recycled. The recycling of not yet recyclable metals would reduce the deposition and can be easily adopted into the economic cycle by their utilization. Keywords: Automotive shredder residue (ASR), FE-fines, pelletisation

Sep 1, 2012

By Tugba Basargan Çagatay Morall, Gülhayat Nasun-Saygili

"The aim of this study is to prepare the apatitic material using colemanite mineral (2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O) which was obtained from Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. For this purpose, colemanite mineral was reacted with different phosphate sources, namely, dipotassiumhydrogen phosphate, ammoniumhydrogen phosphate and ortophosphoric acid at various temperatures and time periods. Experiments were run in batch system. The apatitic material was prepared by a wet method and followed by heat treatment at various temperatures. Structure of the samples was analyzed by XRD, FTIR, XRF and SEM. The particle size analysis was also made for the result product. The experiments showed that reaction temperature, contact time and heating temperature are important parameters to transform the colemanite into apatitic structure. Reaction of colemanite with dipotassiumhydrogen phosphate and ammoniumhydrogen phosphate results in amorphous, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite type structure, while acid based phosphate source gives brushite and monetite type product before and after heat treatment, respectively.IntroductionBoron which has properties intermediate between metals and non-metals is a member of semiconductor group of elements. Its atom is very small and has three valence electrons. Boron exists in Earth's crust (from 5 mg/kg in basalts to 100 mg/kg in shale) and in the oceans (4.5 mg/l) [1]. Turkey has 60% of world's boron reserves which is mostly in the form of colemanite (2Ca0.3B203.5H20). Colemanite is the most important calcium containing commercial borate mineral with 5 mol of crystal water [2].Calcium phosphate cements are very useful for bone repair applications because of its chemical structure. They are injectable, easy to shape and can be maintained locally. Because of those reasons calcium phosphate cements are very effective to fill bone defects with an irregular shape [3]. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO)6(OHh) is the major component of the bone (70 wt%). However, hydroxyapatite stoichiometry, composition and crystallinity differ in human skeleton system [4, 5].The main objective of the present work was to study the transformation of colemanite to apatitic material using different phosphate solutions at several time spans and temperatures. The experiments were run in a batch system, change in pH and also weight loss were measured after the experiments. Several analysis methods were used to investigate the chemical and structural changes."

Jan 1, 2012

By F. M. Isik

Due to not to being our own sources, some energy sources such as oil and natural gas which are used frequently, are not reliable energy sources for our country. Coal is an important energy source that Turkey also has a certain reserve as many countries have. To be able to use for many years the reserves of this source that comes from fossils, there is a great need to make more investigation and development activities on it. On behalf of using more productively the current sources, briquetting facility is represented that commenced production in The Aegean Lignite Establishment in 2005 which is in Manisa, Soma. This facility is a part of General Directorate of Turkish Coal. This facility is run by Soma Coal Establishment that works in return for royalty in a licensed field that belongs to TKI. As the demand of market for 0.5 mm dust coal diminishes, we had to accumulate and stock unmerchantable dust coal. Besides, we have intermixed 0.5- 1 mm powder coal and 0.1 ? 0.5 mm fine powder coal obtained as a result of washing in coal washer with thermic coal with low price as we could not find a client in the market. In this study, the production stages of briquette coal with high quality produced as a result of pressing by mixing 0.5- 1 mm powder coal and 0.1 ? 0.5 mm fine powder coal with molasse and lime, quality control, and data?s obtained about calories and solidity of products were presented. By briquetting of 0.5- 1 mm powder coal and 0.1 ? 0.5 mm fine powder coal washed in coal washer, it became possible to sell these coals on a high unit price and by providing the demand of coal of the market, we contributed to productivity of our firm. Keywords: briquette coal, briquetting, producing stage

Sep 1, 2012

By J. O. Costello

Marble is a preferred surfacing material in up-scale buildings. Its use increased in the 1870&apos;s with rising national wealth and declined in the 1950&apos;s when synthetic materials for these applications were developed. Natural marble is now limited to high-end domestic and commercial structures. Cultured marble is a paste of white marble dust and polyester resin cured in molds yielding fixtures of specific finished dimensions. Dyes incorporated at different stages in the mixing cycle mimic shades and veining of natural marble. This paper discusses the filler requirements for cultured marble production and reviews new techniques to cut and finish natural marble.

Jan 1, 1999

By Takahiko Okura

Most non-ferrous raw materials are associated with sulphur. To extract the metals, the sulphur is recovered typically as sulphuric acid or liquid SOz, On the other hand, natural gas may contain over 20% of hydrogen sulphide (HzS) and a huge quantity of elemental sulphur is produced through oil and gas refining processes in the world. A large fraction of the sulphur mined from natural sources is eventually returned to the earth as fertilizers, by-products of desulphurisation and neutralisation processes, or as fugitives to the atmosphere. However, the supply and demand for sulphur are in imbalance. Such situation urges to develop a new smelting process without sulphuric acid production. This paper briefly reviews the global sulphur balance and the technologies for recovering elemental sulphur. The core of this paper is a proposal to convert SO2 gas to elemental sulphur by using organic materials. Some results of thermodynamic calculations and experiments are presented.

Jan 1, 2003

By Takahiko Okura

Most non-ferrous raw materials are associated with sulphur. To extract the metals, the sulphur is recovered typically as Sulphuric acid or liquid S02. On the other hand, natural gas may contain over 20% of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and a huge quantity of elemental sulphur is produced through oil and gas refining processes in the world. A large fraction of the sulphur mined from natural sources is eventually returned to the earth as fertilizers, by-products of desulphurisation and neutralisation processes, or as fugitives to the atmosphere. However, the supply and demand for sulphur are in imbalance. Such situation urges to develop a new smelting process without sulphuric acid production. This paper briefly reviews the global sulphur balance and the technologies for recovering elemental sulphur. The core of this paper is a proposal to convert S02 gas to elemental sulphur by using organic materials. Some results of thermodynamic calculations and experiments are presented.

Jan 1, 2003

Crandallite and millisite in Christmas Island &apos;B&apos; and &apos;C&apos; phosphate ores are rapidly decomposed by sodium hydroxide solutions at about 80QC. As these phosphates generally contain less than 1% silica, an alkaline extraction process can be designed, in which up to 95% of the sodium hydroxide used, may be recycled. The insoluble residue consists of an impure, highly reactive apatite, which in pot trials, has given good responses as a direct application fertiliser; alternatively this residue can be underacidulated to give a granular product with fertiliser potential. The hot leaching solution contains up to 95% of the alumina and approx- imately half of the phosphate from the original ore. Simple crystallising techniques have been developed on a laboratory-scale to use this leaching solution for producing smelter-grade alumina and detergent-quality trisodium phosphate. As the demand for detergents is limited, an investigation was made of the reaction between trisodium phosphate and slaked lime, derived from a high-grade New Zealand limestone occurring near Oamaru. The product is calcium phosphate, containing up to 40% P205, and less than 0.2% each of iron, aluminium and fluorine, and it should be a useful raw material for phosphoric acid manufacture. A preliminary economic evaluation of the whole process looks promising, And warrants further investigations, including pilot-plant work.

Jan 1, 1971

By Hitoshi Iijima, Fumitaka Tsukihashi

"Fine powder of tantalum is used as materials of electric condenser. It is important to control the distribution of particle diameter of tantalum fine powders for the commercial use. In this study, fine powders of tantalum were produced by reducing tantalum chloride vapor with hydrogen gas at 1673 and 1773K. The tantalum chloride vapor was reduced with hydrogen and the produced fine particles of tantalum were collected to observe the distribution of particle diameter. The effects of reaction temperature, partial pressure of hydrogen gas and vaporization temperature of tantalum chloride on the distribution of particle diameter and reaction efficiency of reduction were determined. The mechanism of reduction reaction of tantalum was discussed.IntroductionThe ultra fine powder shows various different physical properties from that of bulk materials. Therefore, the application of ultra fine powder to various fields such as magnetic material, electric material, catalyst, etc is anticipated. The control of shape of powder, size distribution, property of agglomeration, purity is required for the practical use of ultra fine powder. Although the ultra fine powders of ceramics are produced by various methods, the ultra fine powder of metals are produced by the evaporation in gas atmosphere, plasma evaporation process, chemical vapor deposition process, and reduction and precipitation in liquid phase depending on the metal and productivity. The chemical vapor deposition process has features that pure metal powder can be obtained and the control of the distribution of powder size is easy. [1,2,3,4,5]"

Jan 1, 2000

By J. Kempken, R. Hagmann, C. -P. Reip, W. Hennig

The CSP technology symbolizes a highly productive process for the cost-effective production of steel grades with a range of sophisticated properties comprising both the inner quality of hot strip, its surface formation as well as the relating technological characteristics. Thanks to extensive development work undertaken during the last 15 years, the range of steel grades that can be produced was continuously expanded and the process technology optimized. The present paper describes the ongoing development work concerning the production of higher-strength, microalloyed pipe steels. The resulting hot strip, due to the associated thickness and the potential pipe diameters, is particularly suited for being processed to HFI-welded pipes. Based both on ferrite-pearlite as well as very fine-grained, ferrite-bainite hot-strip microstructures, strength levels of up to grade API X80 can be realized. It can be demonstrated that hot strip produced in a CSP plant has very good toughness values at temperatures down to -60°C and can even make application with required sour-gas resistance possible.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. S. Gendron

A brief description of Inco&apos;s ORC copper refinery tankhouse and the electrowinning tankhouse is followed by a comparison of the requirements for the production of the high-quality copper in both systems. The description will focus on both tankhouses, with emphasis on experience to date in the electrowinning tankhouse. Particular attention will be paid to sensitivities of each tankhouse to process upsets which can. significantly afject the quality of the product cathodes.

Jan 1, 1977

By Y K. Ji, B J. Chung

In recent years, the utilisation of ultra-fine ore in ironmaking has gradually increased due to the depletion of high-quality iron ore. The use of ultra-fine ore in the ironmaking process is typically energy intensive and leads to high CO2 emissions. The improvement of sinter reducibility is one of the methods used to reduce the environmental impact of using fine ore.In this study, a high-strength and high-reducibility sinter manufacturing process was investigated by controlling the sintering reaction. The key technology used in this method is the manufacture of mini-pellets by selective granulation equipment. The mini-pellets consist of iron ore, limestone and burnt lime and are designed to melt at temperatures below 1200&#176;C. The molar ratio of CaO to Fe2O3 of the mini-pellets is 0.25~0.75. The 2~5 mm diameter mini-pellets are manufactured with burnt lime as the binding material.During the sintering of mini-pellets, goethite, which has relatively high reducibility, should be retained as residual ore in the sinter cake. The strength of the sinter cake was kept by the bonding reaction of the mini-pellets, which have a low melting temperature. This is the main principle of the reaction-controlled sintering method.The reaction-controlled sintering method manufactures a high-strength and high-reducibility sinter cake and increases sinter productivity by around 15 per cent using ultra-fine iron ore.CITATION:Chung, B J and Ji, Y K, 2015. Production of high-quality sinter by controlling the sintering reaction, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 21–28 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By Jean-François Boulanger

The production of rare earth elements from ore usually consists of three steps; the separation of a concentrate of REE bearing minerals; the cracking of the REE minerals to liberate the REE into an aqueous solution and separation of REE into individual elements. This paper describes the results of laboratory tests conducted on a carbonate-rich REE ore containing bastnaesite and monazite. The tests cover the whole processing sequence of beneficiation, preparation of the REE solution using a caustic leach followed by acid leach to break monazite and bastnaesite and liberate REE into an aqueous solution and the partial separation of the REE using solvent extraction. Details on the product quality and process performances (recovery and impurities removal) are given for each studied step. The paper also discusses the economic advantage of separating the REE rather than producing a mixed REO product to be sold to a refinery for REE separation. A mini-pilot plant version of the process is currently planned.

By L. A. Nemchinova, M. A. Arustamian

"For a long time tailings piles of mining and smelting complexes have met the eye being a prospecting feedstock source for many industries. Nowadays, 6.5 million tons of copper and cooper-zinc processing tailings are stockpiled in the Urals annually, as there is no technology of its processing to provide a full and complex metal extraction within mining and processing operations. In spite of large volumes of mining wastes, not more than 20% of annual overburden, approx. 10% of processing wastes, approx. 40% slags (1) are involved into processing.Based on today’s complex of economic, environmental and social challenges of ore processing, waste processing technology using existing capacities is a burning issue. Mining wastes characteristics (including fine dissemination, variability of physical and chemical properties of mineral surfaces under impact of oxidizing, leaching, etc.) predetermine challenges arising out of its involving into processing and justify high capital intensity of new construction or reconstruction projects followed by replacement of existing processing lines with new ones.In this paper, the authors propose flotation technology for mature tailings of copper, copper-zinc and polymetallic ore processing. The technology developed provides for upgrade of existing process flowsheet diagrams at minimum costs to produce additional saleable products including low-grade copper concentrate, saleable zinc concentrate and gold concentrate thus facilitates sustainable use of depleting minerals and operational efficiency due to cost-efficient processing of already mined materials, being in fact, final semi-products located near existing operations. This is particularly important for operations with standby capacities and not engaged workforce."

Jan 1, 2018

By Edwin B. Wilson

Electric power generation remains the greatest market for coal in the United States. In 1967, about 272 million tons of coal, amounting to over 51 percent of total coal consumption, were burned to satisfy this nation&apos;s hugh demand for power. The size of the utility market is currently five times that of 1941 and continues to grow with the demand for more and more energy. A major reason for this strong market has been the ability of the coal industry to supply a superior product for combustion while maintaining competitive prices. Now that the coal industry is engaged in intensive competition with nuclear power for future energy demand, it becomes ever more imperative that superior coal products are produced. One important problem when burning some coals is a liquid phase corrosive attack on boiler tube metal in the superheater and reheater areas of the furnace where steam temperatures may exceed 1050°F.

Jan 1, 1969

By I. A. Ibrahim, A. K. Ismail, A. A. I. Afifi

"Synthetic rutile for paints industry is conventionally produced by a combined smelting and leaching process. Smelting process is an energy intensive step and represents economic burden in view of the increasing energy costs. Egyptian ilmenite ore containing 40% TiO2 and 38% total Fe was thus directly leached with sulphuric acid to produce eventually synthetic rutile. The process-involves digestion of the ore with sulphuric acid whereby both TiO2 and Fe are dissolved. The solution was then treated with iron powder to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ to avoid co-precipitation of iron during the hydrolysis step. After solid/liquid separation and clarification, Fe was crystallized as ferrous sulphate hydrate by chilling. The titanium pregnant liquor was concentrated by evaporation and then hydrolyzed to precipitate hydrated titanium dioxide which was then calcined to produce synthetic rutile containing 98.6 TiO2 and 0.58% Fe2O 3. The optimum conditions of all the processing stages were determined.IntroductionSynthetic rutile for paints, welding rods and other industries could be produced from ilmenite ore by sulfuric acid leaching process. This process is a batch process and nearly 80% of all TiO2 produced in the world is made by this process [1]. Figure l shows simple block flowsheet of the process. The process involves the following stages.Digestion: In this stage, ilmenite ore is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid where both iron and titanium are converted to their respective sulfates according to the following equations:"

Jan 1, 2000

By M. Y. Zhou

The paper elaborates on the significance of producing ultra-low-moisture ore concentrate, the operating principle and technical features of thermocompression- filtration process, the kinetics involved in the dewatering process, and the technological process system and equipment used. It is pointed out that it is possible to reduce the moisture of fine ore concentrate to a minimum. By way of example, the case of the treatment of flotation molybdenum (Mo) using the thermocompression- filtration process is cited.

Jan 1, 2014