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THE sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who ad¬dressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coal-beds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metal¬lurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as, well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse, - Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine, - Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair, - Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton, - Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth, - Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda, - Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler, - Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown, - Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush, - Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter, - Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisbolm, - Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisbolm, - Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke, - Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton, - Ore Knob, N. C.

Jan 1, 1876

The sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who addressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coalbeds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metallurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse,. Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine,.. .. . Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair,. .. .. Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton,. .. .. Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth,..Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda,..Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown,.... Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush,.. .. .Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisholm,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisholm,.. .. . Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke,.. .. . Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton,. .. .. Ore Knob, N..C.

By AIME AIME

OUR own Institute of Metals and Iron and Steel divisions cooperated with the Iron and Steel Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Welding Society, and the American Society for Steel Treating in a busy week at Cleveland. The morning sessions were held at the Hotel Cleveland and the afternoon ones at the Auditorium, where the metallurgical exhibition under the auspices of the American Society for Steel Treating not only occupied the arena of the Auditorium but completely filled the huge adjacent Annex. In the intervals of sessions the members thronged the exhibits but in the evenings the local attendance was so great that if the crowds had been any larger it would have been difficult to see the exhibits. With so many firms, both producers of metals and of equipment accessory to their production and use, it would be impossible to mention them -all and unfair to single out a few, since no two individuals' judgment would coincide as to relative interest and importance. In any case an exhibit is a thing to be seen rather than described, and these were well worth seeing.

Jan 1, 1929

By Nathaniel Herz

The formula very frequently used for computing the economical size of pipe to transmit compressed air is that of D'Arey, as follows: D = cV w1l Where, D = the volume of compressed air delivered in cubic feet per minute, at the final pressure. c = an experimental coefficient determined for the various sizes of pipe, d = the diameter of the pipe in inches. 1 = the length of the pipe in feet. p, = the initial gauge-pressure in pounds per square inch, p2 = the final gauge-preesure in pounds per square inch. w1 = the density of the air, or the weight in pounds per cubic foot at the initial pressure, p1. The most common case is that in which the given quantities are: the quantity of air required, the length of the pipe, and the initial pressure. The method of solution is to assume a pressure-loss and to compute the remaining factor, cd5, thus giving the size of pipe corresponding to the assumed loss of pressure. It is always desirable to try two or more pressure-drops, in order to find the combination that is most satisfactory, since often a small change in the size of pipe will reduce or increase the loss of pressure several pounds. An alternative method is to assume a size of pipe and calculate the corresponding pressure-drop. Each method involves a series of tedious calculations to arrive at the most economical solution, and also requires the use of tables giving the constant, c, the density of the air, w1, and often, for convenience, a table giving the values of the expressions p1-p2 and c J I hare constructed a graphic chart, Fig. 1, for the solution of

Jan 1, 1913

By John C. Smock

The rich deposits of magnetic iron-ore in the Highlands of northern New Jersey attracted the attention of iron-workers at the time of the earliest settlements in that region. The outcrops of the oreshoots at the Dickerson mine, at Mount Hope, and at Hibernia, in Morris county, and at Ringwood, in Passaic count,y, which were doubtless such as would lead to discovery, location and development of nearly all the large iron-mines in that part of the State, appear to have had their beginnings where the ore cropped out on the surface or where it was scarcely concealed by a thin mantle of earth. In the early history of New Jersey iron-mining, the careful explorations and surveys made by the agents of the famous London Com-

Jan 1, 1892

By E. P. Jennings

Large deposits of titaniferous iron-ore occur at Caribou, an old silver-mining camp in Boulder county, Colo., 17 miles west by south of Boulder, and a few miles northwest of the tungsten-mines. Professor Regis Chauvenet1 published a part analysis of the ore many years ago, but gave no description of the wall-rock. Caribou hill, which contains both the silver-bearing veins and the iron-ore deposits, is a low dome of gabbro surrounded by the Archæan schists and gneisses of the Front range of the Rocky mountains, the peaks of which, a few miles west of Caribou, attain an elevation exceeding 12,000 ft. The gabbro stock is roughly elliptical in outline, with approximate diameters of 1 and 3 miles. The crest of the dome is 10,500 ft. above sea-level, and the town and ore-cleposits are 500 ft. lower. Outcrops of the iron-ore occur in the town and extend NW. for 2,000 ft., where they disappear under the swampy meadows of Caribou park. Portions of the deposit are covered by drift, but one continuous outcrop is 900 ft. long and from 200 to 250 ft. wide. A second deposit is 0.25 mile south of the town along the eastern slope of the hill. It is not as well defined as the north bed, but is approximately 1,000 ft. long and from 100 to 200 ft. wide. The easily disintegrated ore does not form prominent outcrops, but the outlines of the deposits are readily traced by the large amount of ore fragments that cover the ground. Trenches and pits sunk on the outcrop expose a roughly banded magnetic iron-ore, with pyroxene as the principal gangue-mineral. The Gabbro. This rock was classified in the field as a gabbro from the presence of pyroxene and striated feldspars, and for convenience the field-name will be retained.

Jan 1, 1913

By Henry W. Turner

The following notes were taken on a trip through northern Korea in the fall of 1910. We started with about 19 Korean ponies, and as many Koreans, from Shin Anju, on the railway from Seoul to Antung. We passed through the ancient walled city of Anju, and thence up the valley of the Anju river. We then crossed over to the north into the Kalsan drainage, thence over another divide to the Chasung river, and finally reached the old Korean copper-smelting camp of Tong Jom— in all a distance by trail of about 200 miles. The return trip was made with ponies to Mampochin on the Yalu river, and thence' down the river in a junk to Antung. The route of travel is shown on the sketch map, Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1913

[A discussion suggested by the paper of Mr. James Gsyley on " The Development of American Blast-Furnaces," read at the New York meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, October, 1890, and reprinted from the Journal of that Society in Bans. A. I. M. E., xix., 932.1 (Cleveland Meeting, June, 1891.) [Kote by the SecretaRy.—The three following contributions to this discussion were communicated by letter to the Secretary of the Iron and Steel Institute, and were received by me too late for insertion in vol. xix. of the Transactions.] FRed. W. Gordon, Philadelphia, Pa.: Mr. Gayley's paper calls our attention to the very expensive blunder hitherto made in blowing too much wind in a given size of furnace. It was quite evident from an analysis of blast-furnace operations that the work we are doing in America is anything but creditable. We were consuming fully 1000 pounds of coke more than is necessary for each ton of iron made, and were hammering the linings of our furnaces out in a very short time, and nothing but the very high price of pig-iron would stand the drain. It had long been my pet scheme to gradually reduce the quantity of air, at the same time increasing the burden to the maximum and decreasing the limestone, and determining, if possible, the fuel economy which might be reached consistently with the maximum production of the furnace. After the success of the Isabella furnace at Pittsburgh, which was remodelled in 1880, the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company had

Jan 1, 1892

By Robert Forsyth

In working the Bessemer process, the bottom of the converter has always been a source of trouble and annoyance, and the subject of more experiments, probably, than any other part of the complex mechanism called a Bessemer plant. This will not appear remarkable when the duties this important piece of refractory material has to perform are taken into consideration. In the first place, by means of the tuyeres, it delivers at a high pressure the air necessary for the conversion of the bath of metal, and has then to resist the intense

By E. C. Pechin

At the September meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, Mr. Charles Wood, of the Tees Iron-works, read an interesting paper on "Further Improvements in Blast-Furnace Hearths," which was followed by an animated and instructive discussion. If the durability of hearths and in-walls is a matter of interest in England, where furnaces stay in blast from eight to twenty years, it

By Godfrey T. Vivian

Very often important discoveries are made in one industry that may be used to advantage in another, but, owing to the rarity that men step out of one industry into another, these discoveries remain unknown outside of the trade or profession in which they are made. The present paper is written solely with the object of bringing to the notice of mining and metallurgical engineers a centrifugal ore-concentrator which eventually may have a great application. Ore- Grading. Fig. 1 represents the action which takes place when solids of different dimensions are stirred up in a box and allowed to settle as minerals of the same size but of different specific gravity. This principle is applied practically in grading china-clay and in enriching tin-slimes. In the latter case the slimes are stirred around in a tub with water and allowed to settle while at the same time the side of the tub is struck with a hammer. The colloidal slimes are then poured off and various slices taken off horizontally. The great drawback of this process is that the particles are deposited horizontally and all the colloids are lost. Fig. 2 represents the action in which the particles are deposited side by side. Here the drawback is the great length of the box needed in order to prevent excessive loss. The alternative to lengthening the box is to increase the force of gravity. Centrifugal force may be regarded practically as the force of gravity augmented. Fig. 3 illustrates the Gee centrifugal machine for grading ores. The drum, A, fitted with a box, B, is mounted on a shaft or spindle, C, the whole being suspended from a ball-bearing of special design at D, supported between girders, E. Rota-

Jan 1, 1913

By Ernst F. Eurich

Alexander Parkes patented in England in 1851-52-53 a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, making use of the greater affinity of silver for zinc than for lead, discovered by Karsten in 1842. The efforts in England to develop it commercially were not particularly successful, nor was the attempted introduction into the United States. This last was not surprising, as it was about the beginning of our Civil War, and at that period there was very little lead-bullion produced in the United States and there was no field for the process here. There was at that time on Staten Island an establishment that pattisonized lead, probably from Rossie, N. Y., and Chester, Pa., and possibly some Spanish lead, but the production of lead-bullion in the Far West had not yet begun. In 1864, Edward Balbach, of Newark, N. J., patented in this country a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, and in 1867 Edward Balbach, Jr., patented a " movable black-lead retort with a neck, placed in a furnace," for the purpose of distilling the alloy of zinc, lead, and the precious metals. A brief comparison of the Parkes and the Balbach processes is interesting. The Parkes process as practiced in England consisted in stirring into silver-bearing lead, melted in a kettle, from 1 to 2 per cent. of zinc, cooling, skimming the alloy of lead, zinc, and silver that rose to the surface, liquating it in an iron retort, distilling the residual rich alloy in fire-clay retorts, thus regaining the zinc, and refining the desilvered lead at a low heat in a shallow cast-iron pan that formed the hearth of a reverbera-tory furnace. If the lead was too impure, it was first softened

Jan 1, 1913

By Charles H. Eldridge, Robert J. Anderson

When a metal or alloy is poured into a mold, internal stresses are set up by the cont,raction in volume on passing from the liquid state at the temperature of pouring to the solid state at the ordinary temperature. It is assumed by the writers that all castings are internally stressed. That any casting is internally stressed is shown by its warping or distortion on maturing at the ordinary temperature, by warping or cracking on heating, or by cracking or distortion on machining. In the investigation made by the writers, the internal stresses in cast non-ferrous alloys were studied with a view to examining the effects of heat treatment (i.e., simple anneal) on the release of such stresses. Data have been obtained that show quantitatively that internal stresses can be removed by appropriate heat treatment. The investigation was limited to a study of the effect of heat treatment on stress release in cast rings of the 87:7:5:1 copper-tin-zinc-lead alloy. The writers are indebted to E. G. Fahlman for the method used for inducing stress in cast rings; to M. E. Boyd for microscopic examination and for other aid; and to G. B. Dalrymple for the chemical analyses. General Information While casting stresses have been discussed considerably, they have usually been treated in a general way, and so far as the writers know no measurements of the magnitude of internal stresses in castings have been reported. It has been suggested by many investigators, particularly in the case of steel castings, that castings are internally stressed, and that these stresses can be removed by annealing. In a casting, the internal

Jan 1, 1923

By Robert J. Anderson, Charles H. Eldridge

When a metal or alloy is poured into a mold, internal stresses are set up by the cont,raction in volume on passing from the liquid state at the temperature of pouring to the solid state at the ordinary temperature. It is assumed by the writers that all castings are internally stressed. That any casting is internally stressed is shown by its warping or distortion on maturing at the ordinary temperature, by warping or cracking on heating, or by cracking or distortion on machining. In the investigation made by the writers, the internal stresses in cast non-ferrous alloys were studied with a view to examining the effects of heat treatment (i.e., simple anneal) on the release of such stresses. Data have been obtained that show quantitatively that internal stresses can be removed by appropriate heat treatment. The investigation was limited to a study of the effect of heat treatment on stress release in cast rings of the 87:7:5:1 copper-tin-zinc-lead alloy. The writers are indebted to E. G. Fahlman for the method used for inducing stress in cast rings; to M. E. Boyd for microscopic examination and for other aid; and to G. B. Dalrymple for the chemical analyses. General Information While casting stresses have been discussed considerably, they have usually been treated in a general way, and so far as the writers know no measurements of the magnitude of internal stresses in castings have been reported. It has been suggested by many investigators, particularly in the case of steel castings, that castings are internally stressed, and that these stresses can be removed by annealing. In a casting, the internal

Jan 1, 1923

By J. B. Nau

A short time ago some interesting experiments concerning a new steel-making process in the open-hearth furnace were made by the writer at the Croton magnetic mine, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1892

By John Jermain Porter

The chief purpose of this paper is to indicate the laws governing the fuel-economy of the cupola, to examine the feasibility of some of the proposals for increasing its fuel-economy, and to show that the conditions limiting fuel-economy here are altogether different from those prevailing in the blast-furnace. The two methods available for studying the thermal efficiency of the cupola and determining the factors limiting fuel-economy are: 1, by the determination of the total heat-balance; and 2, by the application of the theory of critical temperatures. The case selected as an example represents a cupola operating under fairly efficient conditions. The data are as follows : Cupola, GO in. in diameter, 15 ft. high to the charging-door, with a 9-in. lining. Bed-charge, 2,000 lb. of coke and 4,000 lb. of iron. Subsequent charges, 400 lb. of coke and 4,000 Ib. of iron. Total number of charges, 20. There was 800 lb. of coke recovered from the drop, hence the total coke burned is 8,800 lb., or 0.11 lb. of coke per Ib. of iron. Coke contains 90 per cent. of fixed carbon and 2 per cent. of moisture. 300 1b. of kindling-wood is used in lighting. 80 lb. of limestone (95 per cent. of CaCO,) is used per charge, or 0.02 lb. per Ib. of iron. Melting-loss, 4 per cent.; distributed thus : Fe, 3.5; Si, 0.25; Mn, 0.25 per cent. Average analysis of top-gases : CO2, 15.1; CO, 10.0 per cent. Average temperature of top-gases, 1,600" F. Temperature of air and stock charged, 60" F. Dew-point of air, 50 F. The items entering into the total heat-balance and their calculation are as follows: 1. Heat of combustion of fuel.—Total heat evolved = 14,580 x lb. of carbon burned + 7,200 X Ib. of wood burned. Hence B.t.u. per lb. of iron charged =

Jan 1, 1913

By M. G. Corson

Information regarding the use of ixanganese alloys has hitherto been incomplete and available only from widely scattered sources. This paper attempts a systematic description of properties and uses of alloys other than manganese bronze, manganin and duralumin, which are probably the only non-ferrous alloys associated with manganese in the minds of most metallurgists. Properties of Manganese Manganese can react either acid or basic; it is hard to obtain in the pure state; it has two different crystalline lattice structures, both of the cubic system, one stable above 850" C. and the other below 650" C., both coexisting in the intermediate range. Although the commercial product is hard and brittle, the pure metal seems to be ductile. In fact Zhemchuzhny, in Russia, was able to obtain ductile manganese and draw it to fine wires by the simple expedient of adding about 3 per cent. copper to the alumino-thermic product. Copper most probably brings the sili-cides, aluminides, nitrides and carbides present in the commercial product into a much less harmful form of distribution. One industrial use that can be foreseen for wrought manganese articles is as anodes for electrolytic processes in sulfate and nitrate solutions, particularly with high voltages. A practically insoluble skin of manganese peroxide is likely to form in such cases and an insoluble and strong anode material will be available. Manganese as a Scavengek Because of its activity manganese might become the most efficient scavenger and refiner of copper, were it not for the fact that 0.01 per cent.

By H. F. Miller

Fox some years the prejudice against basic open-hearth steel for casting has been gradually decreasing. Yet many consumers and engineers still cling to acid steel for castings, because of their alleged greater freedom from blow-holes and sponginess. Acid steel has been used for this purpose much longer than basic steel; and the melters in acid practice had it well in hand when basic steel was first tried. Then the necessity of learning a new set of laws for the production of satisfactory basic open-hearth steel for castings became evident. The first of these laws, in my opinion, has to do with the furnace construction. The heat should be melted down as speedily as possible so as to prevent excessive oxidation. I have described in another article ' some furnaces designed by me, and having as one of their features the promotion of quick melting. Size of the Furnace. The hearth of the furnace, however, is a decisive factor in the production of solid castings. The manufacturer should know the size of the heats he intends to make constantly, and should have his furnace built for that size of heat. The hearth should differ in dimensions from that of a furnace making ingotr steel. That is, the bath should be deeper and should have less surface-area. A shallow bath permits the slag to come out soon after the steel commences to flow, and thus prevents the additions from going into the steel, or from becoming uniformly distributed in case they have been put in hurriedly. Under this head comes the very poor practice of making small heats in hearths of a much larger capacity. If into a 25-or 30-ton furnace only 12 or 15 tons of metal is charged per heat, the proportion of heats that will be wild, or show signs

Jan 1, 1913

By J. E. Johnson

The general construction of blast-furnaces has undergone no radical change in more than a generation. When the old style of masonry construction was replaced by the steel shell, the masonry piers were simultaneously replaced by columns, never lese than 6 and frequently 12 or 16 in number, set under the mantle-ring. These columns were at first unvaryingly made of cast-iron, but in more recent years have frequently been made of structural steel. The furnace itself has recently been the subject of radical changes; in some cases the thin-lined construction has been adopted for the whole furnace, and in other cases it has been adopted for a zone immediately above the bosh, raising the mantle several feet to make this possible, but still the style of construction with columns set immediately under the mantle has been universally followed. In spite of the apparent fixity of this type of construction it is open to grave disadvantages from the operating point of view, which may be briefly outlined as follows: The slope of the bosh and size of the crucible are such as to leave scant room inside the columns for the necessary water-piping, etc. The bustle-pipe must necessarily be outside the columns and the penstocks have to pass between them, with the result that the columns are frequently much in the way when changing the tuyeres or otherwise handling the penstocks. Moreover, the hearth-jacket requires a diameter but little smaller than the circle of the inside of the columns, and as a result the cooling-water ditch for protection against breakouts is exceedingly limited in width. As a consequence of these conditions, when any work requires to be done around the furnace, such as changing a tuyere or working on the cooling-water pipes, the amount of room left between the columns, pen-

Jan 1, 1913

By G. A. Reinhardt, Albert Sauveur

Although many metallurgists know that some pearlitic special steels can be made troostitic, martensitic, and even austenitic, without quenching, and, therefore, without exposing them to the dangers of the quenching-bath, the practical significance of such possibility does not seem to have received the attention it deserves. Let us recall briefly the mechanism of the transformation alluded to. In Fig. 1 (after Guillet) is shown the constitutional diagram of nickel-steel; that is, of alloys of iron, carbon, and nickel. Any steel the composition of which falls within the area LPO is pearlitic after slow cooling; any steel the composition of which is represented by a point within the area MLO is martensitic, and any steel within the area MNO is austenitic. Starting with pearlitic steel, then by increasing the carbon-content or the nickel-content, or both, the metal becomes marten-sitic and eventually austenitic; that is, its composition crosses first the boundary-line LO and then the line MO—and it remains martensitic or austenitic after slow (air) cooling.' We have in this way imparted to the metal without quenching it the properties of hardened carbon-steel. In other words, the steel is now self-hardening; Nickel cannot be introduced into solid steel, but by the well-known process of case-hardening it

Jan 1, 1913