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By J. Rivoirard

Historically, linear and lognormal krigings were first created to estimate the in situ mineral resources of blocks. Nonlinear geostatistics and indicator kriging were subsequently developed to evaluate also the portion recovered when applying a cut-off on selective mining units (SMUs) within blocks. In practice these methods are generally based either on the Gaussian model with a transformation generalizing the lognormal case or on the indicators above cut-offs. Very often the indicator approach is simplified by kriging separately each indicator, and when starting from a continuous variable, a practical advantage of the discretization into classes lies in the easy treatment of a zero effect and of the high values. However, a number of so-called isofactorial models have also been developed for a discrete or continuous variable, where the full cokriging of indicators (i.e. disjunctive kriging) simplifies to the separate kriging of factors. Moreover, these models are equipped with a change of support, allowing a consistent estimation of recoverable resources on SMUs. Min-Max Autocorrelation Factors (MAF) analysis of the indicators offers a new approach for indicator modelling. In particular the first factor, the one with the highest spatial continuity, can help in choosing the type of model. For example a monotonic experimental first factor can be used directly as the basis of a discrete diffusion model, unless a continuous diffusion model such as the Gaussian model can be used on the original variable. This approach is illustrated on a uranium deposit mined selectively: estimates of recoverable resources by discrete disjunctive kriging and uniform conditioning in a Gaussian model are compared locally to short-term estimates based on two areas densely drilled.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Owen

Not since 1917 has a foreign company developed a standalone, grass roots gold mine in Russia. With. Russia's political changes of the late 1980s, development of mineral prospects once again beckons foreign investors. In 1990, Cyprus Amax began aggressively searching for such an opportunity. Early in 1997, production will commence at the Kubaka gold project located in the Russian Far East, near the Arctic Circle. The Kubaka project is a 1,750-tonne per day open-pit operation that will produce more than 300,000 ounces of gold per year. This paper discusses the challenges of locating such a prospect, doing business in Russia, developing supply lines, identifying work force capabilities, gaining government approvals, securing financing, arranging for gold sales and ultimately building a facility in this arctic region.

Jan 1, 1997

By Terry Owen

Not since 1917 has a foreign company developed a standalone, grass roots gold mine in Russia. With Russia's political changes of the late 1980s, development of mineral prospects once again beckons foreign investors. Cyprus Amax's interest in Russia began before the mid-1991 breakup of the former Soviet Union. In 1990, Cyprus Amax began searching for such an opportunity. Early this year, production will begin at the Kubaka gold project located in the Russian Far East, near the Arctic Circle. The Kubaka project is a 1.75-kt/d (1,930-stpd) open-pit operation that will produce more than 9.3 t/a (300,000 oz/year) of gold. Identifying Russian mining opportunities In late 1990, the first Cyprus Amax people travelled to Russia. The trip was to determine the potential for western firms to develop profitable mines. This encouraging visit suggested that Cyprus Amax focus on the Russian Far East with its mineral riches and its easier access to the United States. The company's initial efforts thus focused on working with the Soviet Union's Northeast Geologic Expedition, the then government agency for exploration and geology in Russia's Far East. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Cyprus Amax continued working with the same people, but they now represented new independent, nongovernmental entities. For three years, Cyprus Amax investigated numerous deposits. This resulted in the identification of two properties of significant interest, one of which was Kubaka. Location Kubaka is located in the Northern Evensk District of the Magadan Oblast in the Russian Far East. This is an area east of Siberia. The project is situated in a mountainous area of the Kolyma Range, about 300 km (985 miles) south of the Arctic Circle. It is 285 km (180 miles) north of the fishing village of Evensk and 380 km (235 miles) northeast of the silver-mining town Omsukchan. The site is 950 km (590 miles) northeast of the regional capital city of Magadan. Magadan, the political and economic center of the Oblast, has a population of about 150,000 people. It is served by a year-round deep-water port (with icebreaker assist) and an international airport with service to Moscow and Anchorage, AK. Access to the Magadan region

Jan 1, 1997

By Terry Owen

Business development process. Throughout Cyprus Amax's early months in Russia, the company stayed focused on what was needed from a deposit for economic success. Cyprus Amax's reason for success in Russia is that all involved - its Russian partners, the workforce and expatriates - provided a focused effort that served the project as it worked through the tender process and the Russian regulations. The company developed an understanding of the regulatory process by working with solid, ethical partners. Infused into the Kubaka management structure were Russians with the knowledge to facilitate the process and a professional group of expatriates. Developing credibility and a solid rapport with the Russian mining authority was critical to the success of this venture. Identifying and gaining the trust of key Russian individuals was also critical during the early stages. Gaining their trust and building credibility was part of the process. These key Russians were brought to the United States to visit existing Cyprus Amax mines. These efforts proved valuable in building an understanding with the Russians about the kind of company Cyprus Amax is and the kind of efficient operations that it can run. This was a learning process for all parties. Fortunately, the company was dealing with intelligent and educated people.

Jan 1, 1997

Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd, a wholly owned Government of India Enterprise, was established in the year 1976 to develop mine and plant facilities to produce 7.5 Mtpa of high-grade iron ore concentrate at Kudremukh. The mine and plant facilities were commissioned in 1980. In view of high demand for iron oxide pellets in iron and steel industry worldwide and as a diversification activity, a pelletisation plant of 3.0 Mtpa capacity was commissioned in the year 1987 at Mangalore for production of high-quality blast furnace and direct reduction grade pellets for export. The pellet plant capacity has been increased to 3.5 Mtpa by technological improvement which included installation of roll press for quality and productivity improvement. In addition, the pellet capacity is being increased to 4 Mtpa by the addition of Shaft Pelletising Furnace plant.

Jan 1, 1999

The Kunwarara magnesite deposit is the largest known magnesite (MgCO3) deposit in Australia. It is located under black soil plains to the north of Rockhampton in Queensland. The deposit consists of magnesite nodules set in a fine-grained sandstone, siltstone and mudstone matrix. The magnesite is derived from weathering of serpentinite in adjacent hills and transport of magnesium in solution to a Tertiary/Quaternary river system. The magnesium has come out of solution in the active river system, and combined with atmospheric and biogenic CO2 to form magnesite nodules. The magnesite can be very pure with certain varieties up to 98 per cent MgO (LOI free). The deposit has been mined since 1991 and processed into magnesia (MgO) which is sold into refractory, agricultural and other markets. The geologist is an integral part of the small mine technical team. The role of the geologist includes characterisation of the ore through drilling and bulk sampling, supervision of geological aspects of mining and assistance in the optimisation of ore processing.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. R. Hembree

This paper discusses the mineralogy and metallurgy of the Kuroko-style volcanogenic massive sulfide ores mined at Formosa Exploration Inc. I s Silver Butte Mine located in southwest Oregon. The principle ore type is pyrite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite, while subsidiary pyrite + bornite + sphalerite ore is also mined. The two styles of mineralization have distinctly different metallurgical behaviors and must be treated separately. Selective flotation methods are used to produce copper and zinc concentrates from the first ore type, while bulk concentrates are produced from the bornite ore. Careful mine planning and coordination between the mine and mill are utilized to achieve optimal recoveries.

Jan 1, 1993

By G. Kolosay, J. Rajala, G. Deschênes, A. Romanov

ABSTRACT: The Kupol project, located in Far East Russia, treats a high-grade, free-milling ore containing 25.5 g/t Au, 298.3 g/t Ag, and 0.5% pyrite,with a P70of 53 microns. Most of the gold occurs as elec-trum and the silver is predominantly present in the forms of acanthite, stephanite, pyrargyrite, andproustite. The mill reached the design throughput of 3,000 tpd six months after start-up. AKnelson con-centratorrecovers10.4% gold and 0.5% silver. Leaching (14.5 hours pre-treatment and 116 hours cyanidation)of gravity tailings is performed with the CANMET Enhanced Leach Process (CELP),using only 490 ppm NaCN (cyanide consumption of 1.1 kg/t). The precious metals are recovered by counter-current decantation and the Merrill-Crowe process. Calcium hypochlorite destroyscyanide and thiocyanate. Overall, gold and silver recoveries for 2008 were 95.4% and 85.6%,respectively (2.8% and7.5% higher than targets). In the first eight months of 2009, gold and silver recoveries were 95.0% and82.6%, respectively. By August 2009, the mill processed 1.42 million tons of ore with production of 1.1 million ounces of gold and 11.3 million ounces of silver. CELP performance was not affected by changes in feed grade and ore mineralogy. Additional modifications to the leaching strategy allowed further reduction in cyanide consumption and effluent treatment costs.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. Scott

This article describes and evaluates the establishment of Kuyasa Mining including the search for a suitable deposit, the ongoing lack of finance, and market constraints. Despite the dramatic initial growth and success of their Ikhwezi Colliery near Delmas, Mpumalanga, Kuyasa?s experiences offer some sobering arguments for significant changes to mineral rights ownership, the attitude of financial institutions and government policy if South Africa is to have a dynamic and successful junior and small-scale mining sector.

Jan 1, 1998

By Dennys Huaman, Carlos Rojas

Using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to reparametrize the Kuz-Ram original model equation of the mean characteristic size and assess the errors of both models and their comparisson using different statistics measures like chi-squared or relative error with the usage of the Monte-Carlo algorithm.

Feb 1, 2020

The history of the discovery and development of the Kambalda nickel orebody. is reviewed and the decision to process the Kambalda concentrates by the Sherritt-Gordon process at Kwinana is discussed. The Kwinana Nickel Refinery is described and the problems encountered in the first year of operation are Outlined.

Jan 1, 1971

By A. J. Rogers

The KX36 kimberlite was discovered using a high-resolution gradient aeromagnetic survey, with follow-up detailed ground geophysics and deflation soil sampling used to assess and prioritize the geophysical anomalies identified from the initial aeromagnetic survey. Prospect drilling intersected kimberlite in the first hole drilled on the KX36 anomaly. Preliminary evaluation has shown that KX36 is diamondiferous, and a more detailed evaluation and sampling programme is currently underway. The area around KX36 has been prospected by numerous companies over the last few decades, with sporadic kimberlite indicator mineral (KIM) recoveries in regional deflation sampling indicating the possible presence of kimberlites, but without sufficient resolution to ?home in? on specific targets. Previous (lower resolution) aeromagnetic surveys and soil sampling campaigns also did not define anomalies with sufficient detail to guide prospect drilling effectively. The discovery of KX36 highlights the prospectivity of areas of Botswana under deep Kalahari cover that have been explored previously. Keywords kimberlite exploration, central Kalahari, overburden, high resolution aeromagnetics, deflation sampling, KIM.

Jul 1, 2013

By H. Immink

Keywords: Kyoto Protocol, carbon credits, global warming, energy, auditing Climate change is nowadays being taken increasingly seriously, and the link between global warming and the carbon dioxide released in the generation of energy is coming under increasing scrutiny. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, after five years of negotiation. So far, about 84 countries have ratified this agreement, under which terms developed countries have strict targets linked to their 1990 level of emissions. However, ?greenhouse gas? (such as carbon dioxide) emissions continue to rise alarmingly. According to the World Resources Institute, greenhouse gas emissions in the USA increased 13% from 1990-2002, while Australia recorded a 22% increase. In contrast, the European Union, a Kyoto signatory, has seen a small decline in its emissions during the same period. This is led by the UK and Germany, who reduced their emissions by 15% and 19% respectively. The concept of ?carbon credits? provides a funding mechanism for companies in the developed world to compensate for some of their CO2 emissions by paying companies (trading credits) elsewhere in the world to undertake projects to bring about reductions in emissions. In the southern African mining industry, it will be possible to get refunded for undertaking voluntary emission-reduction projects. Concern about the environment is creating business opportunities. A preliminary calculation has shown that various projects in South Africa (those in the pipeline, with quite a high likelihood of coming off) could earn a combined total of about R2.5-billion, under the initial phase of the Kyoto Protocol's carbon-credit scheme, which allows developed-country companies to trade credits with developing countries. A number of local companies are planning projects that could comply with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in which they will implement techniques to achieve certified emission reductions (CERs) of greenhouse gases. In order to prevent abuse of such a system involving vast sums of money, vigorous audits need to be carried out. A company has to prove it has made real changes and is not simply conducting business as usual under a cloak of claimed environmental improvements. PricewaterhouseCoopers has applied to become one of only a few international agencies that will be accredited to conduct validation and verification of the credits, by auditing what is called the ?designated operational entity?. An independent validator needs to confirm that the project meets the strict requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. The company has to demonstrate that it?s not business as usual. So, if you refurbished every five years, the next refurbishment is not a good CDM project, unless you can demonstrate that you will do something beyond the maintenance - that is what can be registered. So, Kyoto intends to get additional projects going, and the money for that is actually quite good - prices of 14 euros per ton of carbon dioxide not emitted have been seen. The price depends on who takes the risk for non-delivery if a project doesn?t deliver the emission reductions on time. The highly energy-intensive South African mining industry is heavily dependent on coal. There should be many opportunities for the pyrometallurgical industry to come up with creative ideas to reduce emissions, and there is now an additional financial incentive to encourage this. Companies can actually get money in return for doing these types of projects, in addition to the contribution to corporate social responsibility.

Jan 1, 2006

By Bernhard Leist, William D. Leech, Johann Kröyer, Holger Evers

Landsvirkjun—the national electric power company of Iceland—is building the Kárahnjúkar Hydroelectric Project in eastern Iceland. Two glacial river systems will be dammed and channeled through a series of tunnels into a 690 MW underground powerhouse. The Project has a total of 73 km of tunnels to be excavated of which mosthave been completed. From three access adits, three large diameter (7.2 m to 7.6 m),main-beam, gripper-type, Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) are being used to complete50-km of the waterway tunnel. Using the TBMs was a first in Iceland to excavate the complex Icelandic basalt formations, which consist of inclined layers of hard basaltic flows with weaker scoriaceous and sedimentary interbeds. Faults, fissures and dykes that frequently cross the lava flows posed both geologic and hydrogeologic difficulties to the TBM tunneling. This paper describes the extreme challenges that the men and equipment had to endure to complete the tunneling, including the harsh winter weather on the surface and the cold, abundant ground water inflows within the tunnels.

Jan 1, 2007

Lime and Marble Limited was founded by the late T J McKee OBE and his family in 1935. The Company had its base in the high grade marble deposits on Takaka Hill, and was also shipping crushed limestone to the Auckland glass works, and supplying burnt lime for industry.

Jan 1, 1998

By Gaston Gingras

"IntroductionL'entretien de l'equipement minier dans les mines à ciel ouvert est une activité qui est aussi vieille que I'existence des mines et qui a progressé au cours des années pour suivre l'évolution des techniques d'exploitation. Lors de la mise en usage de s premières pelles à la va peur, celles-ci étaient généralement entretenues par I ‘équipe de quatre hommes qui était responsable de son opération. Pour les travaux plus compliqués ils utilisaient les services de machinistes qui eux savaient comment réparer Ie moteur à vapeur et couler des coussinets de ""babbit"". Les premières pelles diesel étaient entretenues de la même façon mais pour les réparations au moteur, on devait recourir au représentant du manufacturier qui était Ie seul à avoir les compétences nécessaires.Ce n'est vraiment qu ‘après la deuxième guerre mondiale que I ‘usage de l'équipement mobile s'est répandu dans les mines à ciel ouvert pour débuter les extractions selon les méthodes que I'on connaît aujourd'hui.L'entretien de l'équipement minier de façon organisée à débute avec I ‘usage de ces machines dans nos mines. Ces machines étaient un peu primitives, petites et pas très dispendieuses a I'achat. Même si la disponibilité était basse, elles fournissaient quand même un rendement qui en ces temps était acceptable. L’organisation de I ‘entretien de cet équipèrent était assez primitif et n'occupait qu'une place secondaire aux yeux de la direction de la mine."

Jan 1, 1988

By Gaston Gendreau, Marcel Allard

"Sidbec-Normines Inc. est une société formée de trios partenaires soient: Sidbec, British Steel Corporation et la Compagnie Minière Quebec Cartier. L'objectif de l'opération minière est d'exploiter à ciel ouvert le gisement d'hématite spéculaire de Fire Lake et de produire au concentrateur de Lac-Jeannine, près de la ville de Gagnon, 6 million de tonnes de concentré pour alimenter l'usine de bouletage de Port Cartier.Le présent exposé a pour but de fa ire ressortier les caractéristiques d'une opération dont la mine est située à plus de 100 km du concentrateur, d'en faire ressortir les particularités touchant le transport du personnel et du minerai. En plus, on traitera de l'importance dans une telle situation d'une organisation efficace dans la gestion des services et de l'opération (atelier, concasseur, entrepôt, etc.).IntroductionSidbec-Normines Inc . a entrepris l'exploitation minière du gisement de Fire Lake, le 1er janvier 1977. Le but de l'entreprise est de produire annuellement six millions (6 000 000) de tonnes de concentré d'hématite (oxide de fer) titrant 66% Fe au concentrateur de Lac-Jeannine a partir d'un minerai d'une teneur moyenne de 33% Fe, extrait de la mine de Fire Lake. Ce concentré est ensuite achemine à Port-Cartier et alimente I'usine de bouletage.Les installations minières de Sidbec-Normines sont situées a trois endroits différents : la mine à Fire Lake, le concentrateur à Lac-Jeannine et l'usine de bouletage à Port-Cartier. La mine de Fire Lake se situe à 83 km de la ville de Gagnon et à 100 km du concentrateur de Lac-Jeannine. Une route provinciale relie la ville à la mine et au concentrateur. Le minerai est acheminé de la mine au concentrateur par chemin de fer et le concentré est transporté par train sur une distance de 309 km à l'usine de bouletage de Port-Cartier."

Jan 1, 1982

By Gaston Gendreau

CETTE PRÉSENTATION traitera des différentes phases des opérations de la mine du Mont-Wright depuis ses débuts jusqu'à présent. A une brève description de la géologie du gisement, suivra un exposé des méthodes d'exploitation de la mine et du genre d'équipement utilize.

Jan 1, 1977

By Henri-Loui Jacob, Suzie Nantel

"Depuis la fin des annees 1800, la province de Grenville represente pour Ie Quebec une source importante et diversifiée de minéraux industriels. Le Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, dans Ie cadre de I'entente auxiliaire Canada-Québec, et les compagnies minieres y ant multiplié, surtout depuis 1983, leurs travaux d 'exploration, de cartographie, et d'évaluation pour les minéraux industriels. Ces travaux ant conduit ala découverte et ala mise en valeur de gisements de granite architectural, de graphite, de dolomite et ant aussi permis de repertorier des gîtes et des indices prometteurs de wollastonite, de silice, de calcite. de dolomite, de silicates d'alumine et de terres rares. Les gisements récemment découverts sont actuellement exploités au sur Ie point de l'être et les gîtes et les indices les plus prometteurs ant été jalonnés.ABSTRACTSince the late 18oos, the Grenville Province in Québec has been an important and diversified source of industrial minerals. The Ministere de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, under the Canada-Quebec Mineral Development Agreement, and the private sector have put an emphasis on exploration, mapping and evaluation programs in the Grenville Province for minerals, particularly since 1983. These programs have led to the discovery and the development of deposits such as architectural granite, graphite and dolomite, and have also led to inventories of occurrences and prospects of wollastonite, silica, calcite, dolomite, alumina silicates and rare earths. The deposits discovered lately are presently being quarried or will be in the near future. The most promising occurrences and prospects have been claimed."

Jan 1, 1990

By Suzie Nantel

Crystalline igneous rocks, known commercially as granite, are exploited in Quebec f rom more than twenty-five quarries for building, ornamental and monumental purpose$. Quebec is the main Canadian producer of construction granite, accounting for nearly 90 per cent of total production. Jn the last three years, this industry has experienced an important growth due to improved marketing and use of modern equipment in rock-cutting and polishing. Jn /983 a 35 per cent sales increase is forecast. The main rock varieties extracted are the following: porphyritic pinkish grey granite and green charnockite from Riviere-dPierre, mahogany brown granite and black anorthositic rock f rom the Lac Saint-Jean area, fine-grained pink granite from Guenette, coarse-grained brown quartz monzonitefrom SaintA lexis-des-Monts. All these rock types occur in the Grenville tectonic province whereas a medium-grained, light grey granite, Devonian in age, is extensively being quarried in the southern part of the Appalachians. In the Superior province a greenish black diabase and a deep red granite are extracted. Search for new varieties and deposits is actively being carried out by prospectors and by the minis/ere de /'Energie et des Ressources du Quebec following growing demand for granitic and gabbroic rocks as dimension stone.

Jan 1, 1984