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By C. Green, J. Uhrie, C. Filippone, A. Guzman

A central aspect of heap leach management and recovery optimization is solution control. Insofar as each heap is unique in physical and metallurgical properties, it is essential to understand the hydraulic parameters that control the migration of solution on a case-by-case basis. Water Management Consultants, as part of an ongoing research effort for Phelps Dodge Process Technology Center, have adapted techniques of parameter estimation for application to data typically resulting from metallurgical column testing. The parameterization is completed within the context of a variably saturated flow model that allows interpretation of available hydraulic information collected during hydrometallurgical column tests. A novel interpretation approach is introduced to extract the necessary hydrodynamic parameters from typical hydrometallurgical data sets. Results from the application of the approach to standard metallurgical test data will be presented together with a discussion of the application of information gained to the design and operation of a heap.

Jan 1, 2002

By W. B. Greer, J. J. K. Daemen

Introduction The performance of seals in boreholes, shafts and tunnels is an important concern in mine safety, in the control of effluents from operating and abandoned mines and in the underground containment of hazardous wastes (Einarson and Abel, 1990; Mining Waste Study, 1988). Despite the clear need for effective seals, few documented test results are available concerning the performance of in situ seals. Some evidence indicates that horizontal or near-horizontal holes are especially difficult to seal properly (Kelsall et al., 1982). This research involved the installation, extensive hydraulic testing, removal and post-test examination of a 10-cm-long x 10-cm-diam cement grout seal in a near-horizontal borehole in limestone. The work was performed in an underground mine on Marble Peak in the Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ. A test hole was diamond cored in the recrystallized limestone of the Escabrosa formation. The hole is 33.24 m long, 10 cm in diam, and dips at 10.4°. The hole extends between two drifts and thus is accessible from both ends. Seal installation Surveys to assist in selecting the interval to seal consisted of core logging, video logging and constant-head injection tests using a straddle-packer unit. The location selected, 3 m from the lower end of the hole, had low hydraulic conductivity (3 x 10-10 to 3 x 10-9 cm/sec) and was free of significant fractures. The grout used, an expansive Class A cement, was provided by Dowell-Schlumberger, Tulsa, OK. A grout mass about 1.5 m in length was installed, with a dump bailer, above a temporary mechanical plug. Groundwater in the hole, if any, was minimal during placement. After 13 days of curing, the grout mass was partially drilled out from both ends, leaving a seal 10 cm long. Water distribution in rock mass The distribution of water and fluid pressure in the rock mass near the seal appears to be complex. The generally dry condition of the borehole and rock mass suggests that the rock mass near the seal was unsaturated prior to the injection tests of this research. The injection tests presumably created an expanding saturated zone around the seal. However, anomalously high fluid pressures, consistently recorded by one of two piezometers installed near the seal, suggest connection to a source of significant natural hydraulic head. Comparable head variations for closely spaced piezometers have been reported by others (Sowers, 1976). [ ] Seal testing The seal was tested for 3.5 years, using steady constant-head, tracer travel-time, dye-injection, head-buildup and transient constant-head tests. These tests are fully described in Greer and Daemen, 1991. In the head-buildup test, transient flow occurs through the seal (and rock mass) to a closed, water-filled interval of the borehole adjacent to the seal. The test consists of monitoring the rise in head in the closed interval until steady conditions are approached. The test may be analyzed in terms of a one dimensional analytical model to obtain the effective hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and specific storage (Sss) of the seal. Analysis in terms of an axisymmetric three-dimensional numerical model may yield properties of both the seal and rock mass.

Jan 1, 1993

By W. B. Greer

The performance of seals in boreholes, shafts, and tunnels is an important concern in mine safety, in the control of effluents from operating and abandoned mines, and in the underground containment of hazardous wastes (Einarson and Abel, 1990; Mining Waste Study, 1988). Despite the clear need for effective seals, few documented test results are available concerning the performance of in-situ seals. Some evidence indicates that horizontal or near-horizontal holes are especially difficult to seal properly (Kelsall and others, 1982). This research involved the installation, extensive hydraulic testing, removal, and post-test examination of a l0-cm-long by 10-cm-diameter cement grout seal in a near-horizontal borehole in limestone. The work was performed in an underground mine on Marble peak in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. A test hole was diamond cored in the re-crystallized limestone of the Escabrosa formation. The hole is 33.24 m long, 10 cm in diameter, and dips at 10.4 degrees. The hole extends between two drifts and thus is accessible from both ends.

Jan 1, 1992

By P. Kostuik

"Recent interest in the pipeline transport of solid mate-als has been sparked by the idea that, in an inflationary onomy, pipeline costs are more stable than the costs of any other transport systems. Pipelines have proved over 1e years to be dependable, records indicate that main-•nance and operating costs are comparatively low, and 1eir amenability to automation is of considerable im->rtance.The concept of hydraulic hoisting of solids from under-round, or cross-country hydraulic transportation of con-~ntrates and ores, is currently of prime interest to the ining industry. In general, this paper deals with a preliminary investi-ation of energy losses incurred while transporting a rela-vely heavy, crushed mine product, namely magnetite, oth vertically and horizontally. The basis and validity of everal equations derived by other experimenters to com-ute these losses is discussed. A theoretical analysis of ydraulic hoi:,,ting is made, and, based upon test results, calculation of horsepower requirements for hoisting an re under a given set of conditions is presented. Results indicate that:n vertical transport, the friction head losses are identical to those of clear water, and the total energy requirement for hydraulic hoisting then becomes a function of height of lift, concentration and specific gravity of the solids being hoisted. .-In horizontal transport, friction head losses can be calculated with reasonable accuracy using Bonning-ton's correlation curve. Losses computed utilizing Durand's correlation (K = 85) result in estimates which are too low by 10 to 30 per cent, an<l those calculated using Newitt's correlation (K = 1,100, K = 66) give friction loss values which are too high by 10 to 30 per cent . . -The theoretical horsepower (RMS-hp.) required for hoisting hydraulically is approximately half of that required for conventional double-drum skip hoisting."

Jan 1, 1966

By Lin Bin, Qain Minggao, Qu Qundi, Yao Zhichang

This paper describes the application of a 89C52 chip microcomputer in hydraulic pressure information monitoring system of powered supports in a coal face, and the details of circuit and software of a monitoring system substation. Each substati

Jan 1, 1998

By Stephen C. Tadolini, Thomas M. Barczak, Paul McKelvey

A new generation of hydraulic mine support prestressing devices has been developed. These thin-walled steel shells are machine-welded and can be inflated with water or any liquid to provide prestressing for a wide variety of roof support products ranging from Can supports to props and cable bolts. With an expansion capability of several inches, depending on the geometry and size of the unit, they can also establish roof contact eliminating the need for wooden wedges or crib blocks that are commonly employed with several standing roof support products. Capable of withstanding pressures from 1,000 to 6,000 psi, these cells are able to transfer roof loading into the support structure without rupturing. A recent development has been the addition of an inexpensive yield valve that provides control of the maximum pressure and load development on the support. This paper examines the performance capabilities of these inflatable prestressing units and the impact they have on the performance of various support systems, including an evaluation of the overall stiffness of the support system and the load control during yielding of the prestressing unit. Recommendations are made regarding the design requirements of the prestressing unit to optimize the support performance. A summary of mine applications using this technology is provided with general comments regarding their impact on ground control.

By Thomas Barczak

A new generation of hydraulic mine support prestressing devices has been developed. These thin-walled steel shells are machine-welded and can be inflated with water or any liquid to provide prestressing for a wide variety of roof support products ranging from Can supports to props and cable bolts. With an expansion capability of several inches, depending on the geometry and size of the unit, they can also establish roof contact eliminating the need for wooden wedges or crib blocks that are commonly employed with several standing roof support products. Capable of withstanding pressures from 1,000 to 6,000 psi, these cells are able to transfer roof loading into the support structure without rupturing. A recent development has been the addition of an inexpensive yield valve that provides control of the maximum pressure and load development on the support. This paper examines the performance capabilities of these inflatable prestressing units and the impact they have on the performance of various support systems, including an evaluation of the overall stiffness of the support system and the load control during yielding of the prestressing unit. Recommendations are made regarding the design requirements of the prestressing unit to optimize the support performance. A summary of mine applications using this technology is provided with general comments regarding their impact on ground control.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. J. Kollé

A compressed-water hydraulic pulse generator (HPG) for nonexplosive blasting of rock and concrete is described. Energy is stored in the HPG by compressing water to ultrahigh pressure. A large, fast-opening valve discharges the compressed water, resulting in a high-energy impulse. The HPG can be used for small-scale bench blasting by discharging the water through a nozzle that is closely fitted into a borehole. A bench blasting system requires an HPG, a drill and an indexing mechanism to allow insertion of the HPG nozzle into a drilled borehole. Systems with discharge energies ranging from 40 to 250 kJ have been used to excavate hard rock, including andesite, granite and quartzite. The largest system can excavate 15 t/h (16.5 stph) of massive quartzite based on a 2-min cycle time for hole drilling. Blasting with an ultrahigh -pressure hydraulic pulse generator was demonstrated as an effective means of excavating hard, massive rock under the confined conditions of a tunnel opening or underground sloping panel. Hydraulic blasting provides a continuous mechanized mining capability that is well suited for deep-level mining and urban excavation sites where explosives are prohibited.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. J. Kollé

A compressed-water hydraulic pulse generator (HPG) for nonexplosive blasting of rock and con¬crete is described Energy is stored in the HPG by compressing water to ultrahigh pressure. A large, fastopening valve discharges the com¬pressed water, resulting in a high-energy impulse. The HPG can be used for small-scale bench blasting by discharging the water through a nozzle that is closely fitted into a borehole. A bench blasting system requires an HPG, a drill and an indexing mechanism to allow insertion of the HPG nozzle into a drilled borehole. Systems with discharge energies ranging from 40 to 250 kJ have been used to excavate hard rock, including andesite, granite and quartzite. The largest system can excavate 15 t/h (16.5 stph) of massive quartzite based on a 2-min cycle time for hole drilling. Blasting with an ultrahigh-pressure hydraulic pulse generator was demonstrated as an effective means of excavating hard massive rock under the confined conditions of a tunnel opening or underground sloping panel. Hydraulic blasting provides a continuous mechanized mining capability that is well suited for deep-level mining and urban excavation sites where explosives are prohibited

Jan 1, 1997

By Kendrick C. Hardcastle

Although the basic techniques employed in hydraulic pumping in open pit mining have been practiced throughout the better part of this century, only relatively recently have studies of&apos; sufficient depth and scope been conducted to improve these techniques. This paper will point out the basic techniques involved and some of the more recently discovered data concerning hydraulic pumping, Inherent in all hydraulic transportation systems apart from the consideration of transportation cast, is the outstanding advantage of slurrying the matrix at the mining pit so as to provide a lengthy and thorough soaking and washing of the material while in the pipe line and thereby reduce the necessity for washing, scrubbing and other treatment in the beneficiation plant. This is quite important in view of the constant increase in demand for a cleaner product.

Jan 1, 1964

The paper covers the history and develop- ment of electrical and diesel-powered hydrau- lic percussion rock drills. It examines main design aspects and problems encountered in pro- ducing an efficient and reliable machine to fully cover the nominal hole sizes required for underground development, production drill- ing and for general quarry work. The main design features and advantages of a hydraulic rock drill are relatively low input power requirement to energy per blow (this being achieved by the use of an electric or diesel- powered hydraulic system) and a specially con- structed piston using a powered damper cylinder to absorb the recoil forces from the drill steel and reduce stresses on the drill, feed and hydraulic boom. A further important design feature is the anti-jamming device which controls the drill both during manual and automatic operation. This anti-jam device works on feed and rotation press and prevents the drill bit becoming jammed in broken or soft ground. These features and many other mechanical and environmental benefits are highlighted when comparing hydraulic percussion rock drills with current pneumatic machines. The hydraulic rock drill gives an overall high penetration and production rate, with an added bonus for ergonomy and environmental conditions such as lower noise level, no fogging from air and oil exhaust (which naturally gives better air for breathing),plus improved vision when in under- ground situations. Hydraulic rock drills and systems have been fully tested in many mines, quarries and contract sites during the past years. They h6! been improved and modified and are now provi~ to be very reliable and economical piece drilling equipment whò in mines and quarries.

Jan 1, 1978

By D. Hu, L. Matzar, J. Hampton, M. Gutierrez

Nanodarcy permeability is common in many oil- and gas-bearing formations requiring unconventional stimulation technologies, such as hydraulic fracturing (HF), which can connect the isolated hydrocarbon-rich pores with a wellbore through induced fracture networks. Even though a dense induced fracture network is capable of accessing economic amounts of hydrocarbons, much of the rock between and very close to the fracture network is still un-accessed and contains extremely low permeability. Inducing fracture networks into brittle rock can create large amounts of micro failures in surrounding regions that are not connected to the wellbore, as can be seen in Fig. 1(a) from the very wide acoustic emissions (AEs) cloud associated with a narrow fracture generation. It is possible in certain types of rock to increase the effective matrix permeability in localized regions based on the damage associated with the surrounding hydraulic fractures and subsequent high stress concentrations along localized pre-existing potential failure zones. To study this problem, laboratory HF tests were performed at true-triaxial stress state in brittle crystalline rock while monitoring AEs. The AE associated with HF was analyzed for source parameters using the moment tensor inversion method called Simplified Green’s Functions for Moment Tensor Analysis (SiGMA). Using the moment tensor for each individual AE event, the mode of failure was determined. Crack slip directions and crack face normal directions were also found, along with the relative volume of individual micro failures as well as a damage parameter. The associated source parameters were used to classify differing regions of damage in the sample induced from HF and correlate these regions of differing damage to the effective drainage region. Shown in Fig. 1(b) is a near-wellbore (NWB) region that contained three times larger average relative volumetric deformation of individual tensile AE events than the average tensile AE event volume from the entire sample. Because of the large difference in micro fracture volumetric deformation for the NWB region compared to the entire sample, predictions of HF induced damage must be included in reservoir drainage predictions.

Jan 1, 2015

By S. M. Cohen

Roll crushers had been used in the past ahead of existing milling systems in order to obtain additional production from such mills in both the mining and the cement industries. Historically, a roll crusher as a preliminator to a ball mill has been used for a number of industrial mineral applications. Flowsheets, from Taggars(1) show systems for fluorspar, graphite, lead and zinc to name a few, which are shown in Figures 1 to 4. These units applied, (in some cases still in service), prior to 1950 and as early as the 1920&apos;s, were of two general types, rigid rolls and spring rolls. The rigid rolls were phased out in favor of the spring rolls. The spring force related to the linear inch width of the rolls, ranged from 500 to 50,000 lbs/linear inch(1) on units up to 90" diameter. With choke feeding, the rolls were spread against the spring force during crushing keeping the system under high pressure to obtain high effectiveness.

Jan 1, 1986

By JESSICA W. A. AZURE, Samuel Frimpong, AZUPURI G. A. KABA, FORSYTH A. KADINGDI, PROSPER E. A. AYAWAH

This study developed machine learning (ML) models for predicting rock formation reactive forces experienced by a hydraulic shovel bucket during excavation. To do this, rock formation in the form of muckpile was modeled as granular ball elements in three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC) using linear bonding logic. A typical field-size hydraulic shovel bucket modelled in AutoCAD was used to excavate the rock formation and the three-dimensional shovel bucket resistive forces required to cut through the rock formation were measured and recorded. The experiments involved different muckpile height, bulk densities, repose angles, and average fragment size. Six ML algorithms, artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), linear, random forest (RF), regression tree (RT), and support vector machine (SVM), were evaluated on their ability to predict the shovel bucket resistive forces. The input variables used for the prediction of the resistive forces were the muckpile bulk density, angle of repose, height, and fragment size. The results showed that the ML techniques are useful and reliable methods of predicting rock formation resistive forces based on the rock formation properties. This research is a preliminary step towards developing reliable models for accurate prediction of excavation forces/torques which could potentially enhance hydraulic shovel process automation.

Sep 27, 2021

By JESSICA W. A. AZURE, Samuel Frimpong, AZUPURI G. A. KABA, FORSYTH A. KADINGDI, PROSPER E. A. AYAWAH

The efficient and effective utilization of hydraulic excavators relies on, among other factors, a better understanding of the formation resistance during the excavation process. Studies on hydraulic shovel excavators have focused on optimizing the digging process by considering the reaction of the boom, stick and bucket, and analyzing the resulting moments at the shovel’s front-end joints. These studies failed to understand resistive forces from a statistical viewpoint. The purpose of this paper is to develop machine-learning models capable of predicting the formation of resistive forces during shovel excavation. The shovel’s excavation was simulated in the PFC 5.0 environment using a typical field-size hydraulic shovel bucket to generate the shovel contact forces required to overcome formation resistance

By J Szymanski, Y Hu

Excavation engineering involves complex processes for primary and secondary extraction of materials. The shovel excavators bear varying mechanical energy input and stress loading across the working bench during excavation. These varying mechanical energy input and stress loading effects cause significant wear and tear and fatigue failure in equipment components. These effects further result in unplanned downtimes, reduced efficiency and high production costs. In addition, the mechanical and electrical control systems must be operated in efficient profiles to generate maximum outputs and efficiency from these excavators. Efficient technologies are therefore required to solve these problems in order to reduce production costs and increase efficiency. In this paper, the authors develop a rigorous simulator for a hydraulic shovel in a surface mining environment. The finite element model is used to capture the stress profile within the shovel components during excavation, such as, the bucket, stick and boom assemblies. The profiles are classified into normal, critical and extreme ranges, with appropriate corrective measures to avoid extreme loading conditions. The loading capability of shovel excavators can be examined by assessing its structural strength against all possible maximum loads working on the equipment. The dynamic model is used to define efficient profiles of the critical structural components of hydraulic shovels during digging operation. This assessment is used to locate the maximum possible loads and the critical sections of the structures. The method presented in this paper forms the basis for developing comprehensive simulator models for efficient shovel operations in constrained mining environments.

Jan 1, 2003

By Dengfu Chen, Mujun Long, Youguang Ma, Xin Xie, Xing Zhang, Leilei Zhang

"Processing parameters of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) affect significantly on the patterns of fluid flow and temperature distribution in beam blank continuous casting mold with double SEN s. Effect of the geometry structure and immersion depth of double SEN s on the fluid flow in beam blank continuous casting mold was studied by water modeling. Results showed that, the optimal nozzle inner diameter was 40mm, and immersion depth was 70-90mm. The mold surface fluctuation, slag distribution, impact depth and removing rate of inclusion particles were discussed under different processing parameters of double SENs. As the results indicated, slag distribution was more non-homogeneous with a higher casting speed. The results provided basic data for the design and optimization of SENs used in beam blank continuous casting mold.IntroductionNear-net-shape casting has the distinct advantages of less rolling procedures, higher metal recovery and lower energy cost. Therefore, in the recent decades, one of the recent trends in the steel making process is moving toward near net shape casting. in which beam blank casting is a typical technology. The schematic section of beam blank is shown in Fig 1."

Jan 1, 2014

By Edward F. Nagle

Instrumentation engineers have recently devised practical methods of metering the net solids flowing in a hydraulic mixture. The solids flow rate is determined by measuring the specific gravity and the flow rate of the mixture. T e specific gravity is measured by a variation of the bubbler system. The flow measurement is made by a somewhat unorthodox orifice requiring field calibrations. The linear mixture flow signal is then multiplied by the specific gravity signal, which is directly proportional to the percentage of solids in the mixture, to produce a linear solids Slow rate signal. The computations in this system are performed by Sorteberg pneumatic relays. Having obtained this measurement, integration and automatic control of hydraulic solids flow are available. This system is useful in mining, drilling and dredging industries. It provides maintenance of the net solids flow rate and reduces power consumption. Automatic control will provide rapid stabilization of net solids flow rate and release operators from making menual adjustments. The advantages of this application are economy of operation and increased pump efficiency, This paper describes a hydraulic solids flowmeter system installed aboard a dredge. Its purpose is twofolds:- 1. 20 provide a summation of the net solids flowing 2. To make available a practical guide for the drag tender operator. (Dwg. GSD-2219)

Jan 1, 1958

By P. H. Morris

Nineteen field trials of the co-disposal of fine coal tailings and coarse coal wastes were conducted at the dual Goonyella-Riverside mine in Queensland and at the Hunter Valley No. 1 and Warkworth mines in New South Wales, Australia. The profiles of and the sorting that occurred on the co-disposal deltas are described and an existing theory of subaerial deposition, originally developed for mine tailings alone, is shown to apply to the co-disposed wastes. This enables the dimensionless profiles of large deltas, which may take years to deposit, to be predicted from data obtained from a small delta formed in a few days or even hours

Jun 19, 1905

G. R. Compton (Gold Mines of Kalgoorlie (Australia) Ltd., Fimiston, W. A.) : In congratulating Mr. Hooker upon his resume of Mr Parry&apos;s paper I have in mind the fact that he carried out the research into pipe pressures. Hydraulic filling as practised in Kalgoorlie has created world wide interest, with these pressures and percolation being vital points.Early in the 1950s, representatives of the Kolar field were conduGted over the local mines where stopes at depths below 2,000 ft were being filled. The problems of pipe pressures were their main consideration since depths of up to 10,000 ft were envisaged.Mr Krishnaiah and Mr Murthy from the same field are with us today and perhaps we may hear of their experiences with depths of 6,000 ft and long lateral lines.J. Holly (Lake View and Star Ltd., Fimiston, W.A.): There is one phase, which I would like to mention myself, that has been very evident in Kalgoorlie operations. That is, we do not get the percolation properties that are obtained on many other fields in the world, and our tendency here has been to assess the quality of our fill more by its settling rate, i.e. the rate at which we can draw off clear water at the surface of the filling levels, rather than the rate that this water percolates down through the fill before it consolidates.We are tending now to measure the quality of our fill as a settling rate rather than as a percolation rate.Americans talk about percolation rates being the important property: If anyone has any experience on operating with fills with different percolation rates, I think their views would be very interesting to the meeting art this stage. Mr ...

Jan 1, 1965