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By S Robinson, R Perkins, D Barrett, D Kepert, C Fowers

The discovery and delineation of significant mineralisation in the Eliwana region continues Fortescue Metals Group’s strong exploration success. In the decade after the first hole was drilled into Christmas Creek in mid-2004 a total of over 11 Bt of hematite-goethite mineralisation have been delineated supporting the raising of $13 B, construction of five mines, 620 km of rail and a five-berth port. As of June 2014, Fortescue was shipping at the rate of 155 Mt/a. The area including the Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits is one of a number of future growth opportunities that Fortescue is currently evaluating.The Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits occur on the south dipping limb of the Brockman Syncline/Jeerinah Anticline. The Eliwana group of deposits are hosted by the Brockman Iron Formation with the Flying Fish/Broadway group hosted by the Marra Mamba Iron Formation.Structurally the area is dominated by moderate southerly dips of the regional dome and keel style folding. The regional limb is locally cross-cut at a small angle by asymmetric north facing Ophthalmian folds trending 110°. These fold sets, in part, preferentially host subsequent supergene mineralisation. Faulting is only locally apparent.Early phases of exploration commenced in 2006, with mapping of Flying Fish and reconnaissance drilling in 2007. However, due to the concurrent discovery (Clarke et al, 2009) and subsequent fast tracked development of Solomon channel iron deposit and Firetail bedded iron deposit (Simpson et al, 2011) priority was placed on developing Solomon due to its relative proximity to existing Fortescue infrastructure. Staged follow-up drilling of both Marra Mamba and Brockman targets at Eliwana was progressively undertaken from 2008 onward.As of 20 May 2014 a total of 1494 reverse circulation (RC) holes for 54 248 m and 13 diamond holes had been completed, resulting in the delineation of a Mineral Resource of 740 Mt. Exploration via mapping, drilling and metallurgical evaluation of adjacent prospects continues with additional resources expected in the future.CITATION:Barrett, D, Perkins, R, Kepert, D, Robinson, S and Fowers, C, 2015. Geological setting of Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits along the north limb of the Brockman Syncline, Hamersley Province, Western Australia, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 219–228 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By Oversby B, Wellman P, Wyborn D, McPhie J, MacKenzie D

The Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) and the Queensland Mines Department are engaged in integrated regional- and deposit-scale studies in the Burdekin Falls-"Conway" area, about 100km southeast of Charters Towers (Fig. 1). The regional work augments recent mapping in the Mount Coolon area farther south (Hutton et al., in prep.). These studies are aimed at improving understanding of gold mineralisation and its geological setting in the Drurunond Basin and associated rocks. Knowledge of the regional stratigraphic- structural framework and setting of mineralisation has until now been based on investigations dating from the early to mid 1960's (mainly Bowen 1:250 000 Sheet; e.g. Paine et al., 1974; Wyatt et al., 1971), and on regional syntheses (Olgers, 1972; Levingston, 1981). Some recently explored epithermal gold occurrences in the region have been interpreted on the basis of this early work as being hosted by the Late Carboniferous Bulgonunna Volcanics. The objective of our field research was to refine the regional geology, paying particular attention to the Bulgonunna Volcanics. The results summarised here indicate that unnamed Devonian-Carboniferous volcanics (DCv) of the northern Drummond Basin and mid to late Palaeozoic granitoids are much more extensive, and the Bulgonunna Volcanics much less so, than was previously recognised.

Jan 1, 1989

By J. Konnerup-Madsen, T. Unlu, H. Stendal

Paper presented at the conference Economic geology in Europe and beyond II, models for mineral deposits in sedimentary basins, held in Keyworth, UK, 13-14 April 1994. The region includes the Deveci siderite/goethite deposit and the Hasancelebi, Karakuz and Kuluncak magnetite/goethite deposits; Deveci is the only mine in operation. The area consists of a serpentine-gabbro complex overlain by a volcano-sedimentary sequence hosting the iron ores. At least three generations of hydrothermal alteration have affected all rock types except the latest trachytic dykes. The Deveci deposits occur in a pyroclastic volcano-sedimentary sequence with shales and carbonates equivalent to the main mafic sequence, whereas the other three deposits formed contemporaneously with the intrusion of trachytic dykes. The deposits are of the volcanic-exhalative type, with syngenetic siderite in pillow lavas or stratiform layers the primary and main Fe-bearing mineral. In the west hydrothermal alteration has replaced siderite in pillow lavas with magnetite or has remobilised sideritic iron into magnetite veins

Apr 1, 1995

By William J. Davis, R. Blair Hrabi, Sally Pehrsson, Amelia V. Logan, Ross Sherlock

"Abstract - The Meadowbank gold deposits are hosted by a series of polydeformed and metamorphosed auriferous iron formations located in the Neoarchean Woodburn Lake group, western Churchill province, Nunavut. The supracrustal rocks in the Meadowbank area consist of a thick sequence of intermediate-composition volcanic rocks with intercalated iron formation, ultramafic volcanic rocks, and quartzite to quartz arenite. U-Pb geochronology gives an interpreted age of 2711 ± 3 Ma for the host strata at Meadowbank.The intermediate volcanic rocks are predominately volcaniclastic and have a geochemical composition that is consistent with an active continental margin setting. Iron formation deposition was coeval with the intermediate volcanism, as indicated by incorporation of volcanic detritus in the chemical precipitate. The geochemistry of the iron formation indicates that it precipitated from a fluid that at one time was at high temperature (>250°C), reducing, and likely acidic. Intercalated ultramafic rocks rarely show spinifex textures and have trace element ratios that are consistent with mantle plume-related undepleted mantle asthenosphere, likely recording episodic mantle upwelling associated with rifting in an active continental margin. The contact between the ultramafic volcanic rocks and the overlying quartz arenite is a disconformity marked by a quartz pebble conglomerate. However, similar geology on the structural hanging wall and footwall of the contact suggests that the conglomerate does not represent a significant hiatus in deposition, and is more likely a prograding terriginous siliciclastic unit.Three metamorphic events are recognized. The first, M1, is a cryptic greenschist facies event that is pre-D2. The second event, M2, is a mid-greenschist to amphibolite facies, syn-D2 event. M3 is the last event recognized, and is a post-tectonic greenschist facies event that is regional but inhomogeneous in extent, possibly reflecting thermal aureoles around post-tectonic 1.7 to 1.8 Ga Nueltin granites. The structural geology of the area is complex with four phases of deformation recognized, two of which had a significant effect on the geometry of the deposit. All of these regional events are interpreted as Paleoproterozoic in age. Relationships between deformation fabrics and mineralization, as well as the overall geometry of the mineralized envelopes, suggest that the deposit formed during syn- to late-D2. Superimposed on the mineralization are D4 structural elements that postdate gold mineralization.The main control on gold mineralization is replacement of magnetite by pyrrhotite and pyrite in high-strain corridors. The composition of amphiboles and chlorites associated with gold mineralization is remarkably consistent and shows no spatial or temporal variation, suggesting that it was buffered by the iron-rich nature of the host rocks. The bulk metasomatic effect on the intermediate volcanic rocks is characterized by the addition of K2O and the loss of CaO, Na2O, and MgO, with little variation in the total iron content. The elemental losses are likely the result of destruction of feldspars, stilpnomelane, and ferroactinolite, which are relatively common in the unmineralized rocks, and the formation of sericite, chlorite, and grunerite."

Jan 1, 2004

By D. W. McDonald, N. A. Duke, R. L. Hauser

"Abstract- The NERCO Con Mine is situated in the amphibolite facies aureole of the Western Plutonic Complex overprinting the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt. Metamorphic grade of the upright monoclinal basaltic succession decreases from hornblende-amphibolite facies along the border of the batholith to greenschist facies. Metamorphic isograds, subparalleling the faulted margin of the batholith, transect volcanic stratigraphy and coincide with major gold­ bearing shears.Gold mineralization is confined to north-striking, west-dipping shear zones where hanging­ wall amphibolite facies mineral assemblages retrogress to chlorite-carbonate-sericite-sulfide bearing schists hosting multiple generations of quartz-ankerite veins. The gold-producing portions of the Con and Campbell Shears occur where these structures transect an east trending thermal corridor. The corridor is defined by granitic plugs and a number of related breccia bodies, that can be traced outwards from the batholith across the greenstone belt.Prograde reactions of greenstone during amphibolitization effectively liberate fluids that partition metals. With retrograde reactions at shear zones, gold is precipitated with quartz due to the destabilization of sulfide and arsenic complexes. The coupling of regional prograde metamorphic and restricted retrograde metasomatic overprints suggest mineralization is temporally related to emplacement of the Western Plutonic Complex. Economic gold concentrations within the intrusive corridor indicates enhanced metamorphic overprint of hornfelsed greenstones enveloping satellite intru sives peripheral to the main batholith."

Jan 1, 1993

By D. W. McDonald, N. A. Duke, R. L. Hauser

"The NERCO Con Mine is situated in the amphibolite facies aureole of the Western Plutonic Complex overprinting the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt. Metamorphic grade of the upright monoclinal basaltic succession decreases from hornblende-amphibolite facies along the border of the batholith to greenschist facies. Metamorphic isograds, subparalleling the faulted margin of the batholith, transect volcanic stratigraphy and coincide with major goldbearing shears.Gold mineralization is confined to north-striking, west-dipping shear zones where hangingwall amphibolite facies mineral assemblages retrogress to chlorite-carbonate-sericite-sulfide bearing schists hosting multiple generations of quartz-ankerite veins. The gold-producing portions of the Con and Campbell Shears occur where these structures transect an east trending thermal corridor. The corridor is defined by granitic plugs and a number of related breccia bodies, that can be traced outwards from the batholith across the greenstone belt.Prograde reactions of greenstone during amphibolitization effectively liberate fluids that partition metals. With retrograde reactions at shear zones, gold is precipitated with quartz due to the destabilization of sulfide and arsenic complexes. The coupling of regional prograde metamorphic and restricted retrograde metasomatic overprints suggest mineralization is temporally related to emplacement of the Western Plutonic Complex. Economic gold concentrations within the intrusive corridor indicates enhanced metamorphic overprint of hornfelsed greenstones enveloping satellite intrusives peripheral to the main batholith."

Jan 1, 1993

By N. A. Duke, R. L. Carpenter

Abstract - The West Meliadine area is underlain by structurally interleaved panels of mafic and minor ultramafic metavolcanic rocks and metasedimentary rocks that occur along the northern margin of the Neoarchean Rankin Inlet greenstone belt. Three structural and metamorphic domains are recognized: (1) the easterly Wesmeg domain; (2) the central Barracuda-Ridge domain; and (3) the westerly Peter Lake domain. The Wesmeg domain is characterized by a series of southeast-trending, north-dipping, foliation-parallel panels of greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The Barracuda-Ridge domain is comprised of greenschist to amphibolite facies mafic metavolcanic rocks that define an east-northeast-trending structural grain. The Peter Lake domain consists of amphibolite facies mafic metavolcanic rocks and minor metasedimentary rocks intruded by a monzonite pluton. West Meliadine hosts the economically significant Wesmeg gold deposits, as well as other important gold showings across the Barracuda-Ridge and Peter Lake domains. The geological setting of the Wesmeg gold deposits resembles that of a break or fault zone. The Pyke Break is a major geophysical discontinuity (>65-km strike length) and is the first-order structural control on gold mineralization at West Meliadine. It is several kilometers wide and characterized by polyphase deformation and shear zone development accompanied by lode-gold mineralization. In general, gold concentration is related to quartz and iron-carbonate veining, iron sulfides (mainly arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite), and accompanying silicate alteration minerals that overprint favorable chemical and structural traps late in the history of deformation.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. Jay Hodgson

Hydrothermal systems form on land where and when an impermeable cap-rock unit ( either natural or self-sealed) , a permeable aquifer. and permeable discharge and recharge channels (cross-stratal permeability) develop in an anomalously hot part of the crust. A consideration of the relationship between magmatic and tectonic events in volcanically active areas indicates these conditions arise during: (1) the resurgent doming stage of the resurgent caldera cycle; (2) following movement on the bounding faults of tilted fault blocks ; and (3) as a result of hydrothermal boring associated with the intrusion of major sills. On the assumption that the submarine hydrothermal systems which deposit volcanogenic massive sulphide ores are comparable to subaerial hydrothermal systems, it is suggested that: (1) the horizon of mineralization corresponds to the time period when conditions favour the development of hydrothermal systems, as outlined above; (2) exploration for Cu-rich Cu-Zn-Pb or Cu-Zn ores should be directed to paletopographically high areas near discharge conduits , whereas exploration for Cu-poor ZnPb ores should concentrate on paleotopographically low areas down slope from conduits; (3) deposits with stringer zones lying above normally permeable units may be underlain by regionally extensive weakly mineralized and altered zones (self-seal caps) ; (4.) in the absence of a self -sealed cap, the ore horizon may be underlain by a naturally impermeable unit (e .g. a fine clastic sediment) ; (5) the condition of cross-stratal permeability may be evidenced by features such as dykes. alignment of vari ous magmatic and hydrothermal phenomena, abrupt thickness changes in stratiform units indicative of ponding against syn-volcanic faults, and fault-scarp slump deposits; (6) the condition of high heat flow may be evidenced by near-surface magmatism and steep thermal gradients preserved in metamorphic mineral assemblages.

Jan 1, 1977

By Kevin M. Ansdell, Irvine R. Annesley, Christine L. Mckechnie

The U-Th-REE mineralization at Fraser Lakes Zone B is hosted by granitic pegmatites and leucogranites, which lie along the deformed contact between Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary gneiss of the Wollaston Group and Archean orthogneiss, approximately 25 km from the southeastern edge of the Athabasca Basin. The pegmatites/leucogranites are subcordant to concordant with the regional foliation and are concentrated within a northeast-plunging antiformal fold nose, the study area, which lies west of Fraser Lakes. The mineralized pegmatites/leucogranites in the western part of the study area (Group A) are typically enriched in U (± Th) with Th/U ~1, and contain uraninite, thorite, zircon, and allanite. Those intruding the central part of the study area (Group B) are generally enriched in Th and LREE, with Th/U >2, and contain monazite, thorite (commonly U-enriched), and zircon. The pegmatites and leucogranites in Group A tend to be slightly enriched in SiO2 and depleted in TiO2 relative to those in Group B and are interpreted to represent more evolved crustal melts. Both groups are peraluminous and show varied chemistry. Partial melting (~850ºC and 9 kbar) of a metasedimentary rock-dominated source, entrainment of accessory minerals as xenocrysts, and assimilation-fractional crystallization processes combined to enrich the granitic pegmatites/leucogranites in U, Th, and REE elements. Transfer of melt from the source region to the crystallization sites was assisted by deformation within and along major structural zones, such as the folded Archean-Paleoproterozoic discontinuity. The character of mineralization and structural control in the study area is reminiscent of the alaskite-hosted deposits at Rössing, Namibia.

Jan 1, 2013

By C Ausa, Nyunt Htay, A, L Deiparine

The main tectonic elements in Myanmar are a late Mesozoic and Cenozoic magmatic arc system in the west, repeated in northern Myanmar by more than 300 km of dextral movement on the Sagaing Fault, and the back-arc continental region affected by early and late Mesozoic orogenies, in the east. Historically most lode gold production has been from latest Cretaceous high-grade mesothermal veins and derived placers in the Wuntho and Tagaung-Myitkyina segments of the magmatic arc. Placer deposits in the Ayerwaddy River north of Myitkyina are currently worked by more than 100-bucket dredges. South of Wuntho, the magmatic arc and Pegu Yoma fold belt host epithermal gold with associated As, Sb and Zn in mid-Tertiary marine sediments. MyanmarÆs most productive lode gold deposit, the Kyaukpahto mine, lies within a north-trending district east of the magmatic arc and north of Mandalay. Here mineralisation and associated jasperoidal silica occur in Eocene sandstones and Permian and Triassic carbonates. Possibly this district continues southeastwards, across the Sagaing Fault, as sediment-hosted Sb Au and locally skarn Au mineralisation within a 1100 km long fold-thrust belt. Also present in the back-arc region are sandstone-hosted Au Cu in a Palaeozoic slate belt, and gold and stratabound gold-base metal mineralisation in the medial metamorphic belt. While untested targets remain in the magmatic arc, particularly for high sulphidation Au, the best potential is clearly within the back-arc slate and fold-thrust belts in the western part of the Shan Plateau and in northeastern-most Myanmar.

Jan 1, 1999

By J Austin, R Bitencourt

Differences between the long-term model (LTM) and mine geology system (MGS) grade control block-outs on a blast block scale can impose difficulties to planning crusher feed grade and tonnes on a monthly to weekly blend basis. Detailed geological input to short-term planning has been integral to improve the performance and reduce risk in six-week to three-month production schedules and local variability in tonnage and grades is often not accurately represented in the LTM. The challenge of producing to combined target specifications from different mine sites in an integrated mine to ship business has been reduced with the creation of blast blockout-based short-term model. These short-term blast block models (STBBM or STM) are robust predictive tools created for upcoming benches of current mining areas by firstly collecting data from the pit in the form of bench and face mapping and projecting the structure and stratigraphy down to the next bench. A wire-frame of the projected contacts based on material destination from production blockouts is created and then checked against the LTM. Blast block data from the bench above including assay results and material logging is extracted and validated according to the projected wire-frames (geozones). Individual blast blocks and a full block model are created for each bench production defined by the STP (bench plans). Data output from the STM is in a compatible format for import into scheduling specific software packages. Additional information is incorporated into the STM to allow querying of drill penetration rates, predicted powder factors, material hardness and feed type to further aid in the production planning process and cost forecasting. To date, reconciliation of the STM has been pleasing and certainly an improvement on the LTM, especially in areas where variability is higher due to geological complexity. Short-term predictions derived from in-pit geological observations allow mine planners to more confidently decide on mining block sizes and schedule tonnages and grades, reducing the risk component attached to developing production schedules based directly upon long-term orebody models and mine plans.

Jan 1, 2005

By N. A. Frazier

The goal of the U.S. nuclear waste management program is to provide assurance that existing and future nuclear waste from military and civilian activities, including spent fuel from the once-through nuclear power cycle, can be isolated from the biosphere so as to pose no significant threat to public health and safety. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for defining and implementing this national waste management effort. The Environ- mental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) are responsible for providing a framework of criteria, standards, and regulations that will assure that the disposal methods developed by DOE are consistent with the achievement of the goal of safe, long-term waste isolation. Within DOE, the responsibility for implementation of the national waste management program rests with the Office of Nuclear Waste Management. The nuclear waste management effort involves three major activities: The Defense Waste Management Program, the Spent Fuel Storage Program and the Commercial Waste Management Program. The major programmatic effort in the Commercial Waste Management Program is the National Waste Terminal Storage (NWTS) Program.

Jan 1, 1981

The Phoenix mine on the Mararoa Reef at Norseman, Western Australia, provides an outstanding: AUstralian instance of the recurrence of payable ore beneath the bottom of an abandoned mine, and an interesting and instructive example of the development ofideas with regard to ore recurrence in a particular district. The Mararoa Reef is the most productive of several hypothermal goldquartz vains in pre-Cambrian basic volc81olics which strike northsouth and dip on the average, 45 degrees east. The Phoenix minewas abandoned at 500 ft. vertical depth after producing 342,000 tons of 9.9 dwt. recovery grade (equivalent to nearly half of the total production of the Norseman field) from a 2,500 ft.. long, horizontally disposed oreshoot, which is reported to have had an ore outcrop only 30 ft. in length.Interest in the field was revived in 1933, and by 1941 new ore mined and developed on the Mararoa Reef by Central Norseman Gold Corporation N.L. amounted to approximately 700,000 tons of 6.7 dwt. recovery grade. In the same period another oreshoot of similar size and grade was developed by Norseman Gold Mines N.L., south of the old Mararoa company's site. As shown by the plans, the ore occurs in discontinuous shoots. The intervening area of shear is poor in quartz as well as in gold. Geological work on behalf of Western Mining Corporation Ltd., and Central Norseman Gold Corporation N.L. has been in progress in the mine and in the field more or less continuously from 1913 to 1941 and again since 1946. This paper describes the successive advances in the understanding of the exploratory problem up to late 1941, to which several investigators have contributed. It is published by permission of the Board of Directors of Central Norseman Gold Corporation N.L., owners and operators of the Phoenix and other mines.Development of the Prospect.In 1933 Western Mining Corporation acquired an option over the Phoenix property and adjacent leases. H. E. McKinstryl visited the mine and recognised that the ore occurred primarily on the flatly dipping sections of the vein, as distinct from the steeply dippingsections, in a wide shear zone with reverse movement. Many of the flatly dipping fractures were seen to exhibit tension phenomena and to link one shear plane to the next below on the footwall side. The flat links carried much more quartz than the steeper shears.Later, H. J. C. Conolly, assisted by J. D. Campbell, examined the prospect and by contouring the vein with reference to an inclined...

Jan 1, 1950

By H. C. Boydell

Introduction Situated in the district of South Lorrain, some 16 miles southeast of Cobalt, Ontario, and reached from that centre either by branch line of the T. & N. O. railway or by what, for a mining camp, is a reasonably good road, the Keeley mine, owned by the Keeley Silver Mines,' Ltd., has had its history recorded by C. W. Knight (1). Silver was first discovered in South Lorrain, in Woods' vein, on Keeley property, in 1907, and the Keeley mine has been described by Knight (2) and Bell (3). The total production to February 28th, 1930, has been 10,760,107 ounces of silver and 1,285. 434 pounds (weight) of cobalt.

Jan 1, 1931

The Hill 50 Gold Mine is situated at Boogardie, 3 miles on a bearing of 295 degrees from; Mount Magnet township. Mount Magnet lies 300 miles north-north-east of Perth, Western Australia (Fig. 1).The older workings of the mine may be identified with those of Sirdar, Gold Mining Lease 696M The Sirdar had been worked before 1902 though no records remain, and irom 1903 to 1912 about a thousana tons at a grade of 6' 2 dwt. was extracted annually; by the end of 1918 6,225 oz. of gold had been obtained from the milling of 17,852 tons of ore. In view of these yields, and the length and width of the lode, this mine was early recognized as one of the most promising in the district. From 1919 to 1924 the ground,including G.M.L. 1282M, was held as Mt. Zion G.M.L. 1183M.The Hill 50 Gold Mine N.L. company took up the workings as Hill 50 G.M.L. 1282M in 1934 and have continued operations to the date of writing. To the end of 1956 the Hill 50 Gold Mine had yielded 982,106 tons of ore for a return of 448,'602 fine oz. of gold.The mine has been described by: J utson (1915), Feldtmann (1920), Johnson (1949), and Finucane (1953). Finucane (1953) details the mine structure to a depth of 414 ft. The author was able to examine the mine to a depth of 1305 ft. Detailed main level mapping to the 1060 level and a detailed surface examination have revealed aspects of the structure which were previously obscure.

Jan 1, 1960

By E. S. Moore

Introduction The geology of the Sudbury nickel field has been studied extensively, but there are few reports dealing with the structure of the interior of the basin. It was not until the Treadwell-Yukon zinc-lead deposits were discovered that attention was strongly directed toward the large-scale faulting that has split the basin parallel to its long axis. This faulting has been responsible for the , ore deposits in the basin and it may be regarded in many ways as the most important geological event, next to the intrusion and differentiation of the nickel eruptive sheet, that has occurred in the Sudbury region. The early reports on the nickel region by Bell, and Barlow, were chiefly concerned with the nickel-copper ores and with the formations of the region. Coleman was the first geologist to map the nickel eruptive as a continuous sheet around the belt and to emphasize its basin character. On the map accompanying his later report, he shows an important offset in the nickel eruptive at its southwest end, where the large fault cuts this portion of the basin, but the fault was not traced into its interior, as little detailed work was clone in the basin at that time. No ore-bodies had been developed outside of the nickel-copper deposits associated with the norite when the map was prepared, and attention was mostly concentrated on the nickel eruptive. Coleman did, however, map and name the various formations found within the basin and, in general, his delineation of these has remained the standard for prospectors and other workers in the field until the present day.

Jan 1, 1930

This paper is written as a supplement to that of Edwards, Baker and Knight on "The Geology of the Wonthaggi Coalfield" 1, the West Area pit being in an early developmental stage at the time of their paper. The thin seams to the west of Dudley Basin 2 had beenknown for many years but it was not until 1935 that it became necessary to work them. The West Area Pit came into production as Dudley Area Pit approached exhaustion in 1937. From available information it was estimated that early work would be in a 36in. bottom seam. The present top seam was not included in the reserves, but it was to be extracted where it proved thick enough for economical working.THE SEAMSEdwards, Baker and :Knight (1944) had insufficient information to correlate positively the West Area seams with those in the Dudley Basin. Their opinion was, however, that they were a westerly extension of the Bottom Seam. Since then the driving of the present north-east heading towards No. 4 Bench McBride Tunnel has established that the West Area seams are those worked as Bottom Seam in the Dudley Basin. West Area Top Seam is a seam that occurred above the Bottom Seam in the Dudley Basin. Only sporadic attempts have been made to work it in Central Area, because 30in. was considered an economic minimum height until recent times. This seam should not be confused with Top Seam, Dudley Basin, which lies some 300ft. above the bottom seam measures and except in isolated areas over deeper workings has been eroded away in West Area.

Jan 1, 1953

By J. Loredo

Asturias, in northern Spain, emits 18 Mt CO2/year to the atmosphere, which supposes the biggest industrial CO2 emissions in the country. In order to avoid CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, keeping the availability of energy from fossil fuels, background studies focussed to the selection of favourable sites for CO2 geological storage are necessary. In Asturias, the options for CO2 geological storage are sequestration in deep saline aquifers or sequestration in unexploted coal beds. In the area, there is the biggest coal basin of the country and a great Palaeozoic sedimentary basin with appropriate silicoclastic or carbonated reservoirs and impermeable caprock for CO2 geological storage, located in proximity to thermoelectric power plants and other sources of CO2 emissions. All evidences suggest that CO2 storage in deep aquifers is the most interesting option but a legal planning and a technical regulation are still to be done. The possibility for CO2 sequestration in coal beds is modest and associated to the CBM commercial exploitation. It is necessary to have in mind that the feasibility of CO2 geological storage in Asturias apart of technical factors will depend on price of CO2 ton, legal conditioning and possibility to apply emission rights to projects.

Jan 1, 2006

By Brumley J

The development of the SECV brown coal open cut at Loy Yang will require depressurisation of aquifers both within and below the coal seam sequence in order to maintain open cut stability. Prediction of future open cut dewatering requirements at Loy Yang Open Cut and evaluation of the regional consequences of dewatering has required development of a detailed hydrogeological model of the Loy Yang area. The complex stratigraphy of the coal seam and aquifer/aquitard sequences at Loy Yang have been analysed and integrated with the hydrogeological concepts developed from regional groundwater studies to formulate a realistic hydrogeological model as a basis for finite-element flow modelling.

Jan 1, 1988

By E. L. Jr. Spain

This study was undertaken primarily to determine the reasons for certain varia-tions in the soundness of gravel aggregate taken from a number of widely separated points on the Tennessee River. Under laboratory tests, concrete made with these various aggregates it some cases exhibited marked differences in specific gravity, crushing strength and durability. Gravel was studied in detail from Chattanooga to the mouth of the river and to a lesser extent from Chattanooga to Knoxville. The causes of variation were determined, and variational curves were constructed, which accurately predict the composition of aggregate at any point on the river and therefore its relative suitability for use in concrete. The aggregate at any point is suited for making sound concrete; the variance of suitability is due to varying percentages of sandstone and weathered material, which are less sound than other constituents. INTRODUCTION When it is stated that the aggregate from one point is inferior to that from another, it must not be construed to mean that the gravel is unfit for use. The classification upon which such aggregate ratings are based is largely arbitrary, thus inferiority or superiority is merely relative. Samples of gravel were selected from stockpiles at the dams of the Tennessee Valley Authority under construction, from the stockpiles of private companies along the river, and from samples taken by the gravel-exploration barge of the T. V. A. One hundred or more gravels of each size studied were selected at random by taking small handfulls while walking around the piles. These were separated according to the differ-ent mineral or rock constituents present, and the percentage of each constituent was obtained by counting. At least three such samples were taken from each size, and all checked with one another within a few per cent. The results were then averaged. In order to check on the accu-racy of such sampling, a whole sample was taken from one point after the gravel was thoroughly mixed. The two methods gave approximately identical results.

Jan 1, 1937