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By Irvin Lavine

THE discovery of several large deposits of natural sodium sulfate (Glauber salt) in the northwestern part of North Dakota during the summer of 1934 might have been anticipated from a knowledge of the topography and geology of this territory and from the presence of natural C A N A D A FIG. 1.-LOCATIONS OF GLAUBER SALT DEPOSITS, NORTHWESTERN NORTH DAKOTA. North Lake (deposit No. 7) is not shown on this map. It is approximately 13 miles north of Miller Lake (deposit No. 3). sodium sulfate deposits in western Canada, which have been known for several years. In the northwestern part of North Dakota is a chain of shallow lakes, which continues northward into Saskatchewan. Over twenty million tons of Glauber salt has been proved present in these North Dakota deposits. (See Fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1936

By William Hamilton Merritt

Since 1880 the occurrence of gold-ore has been known in the Lake of the Woods district. In 1879 the writer examined a so-called silver-location in the lake. More recent developments have extended, south and east, to the Rainy lake and along the Seine river, which flows from the northeast into the Rainy lake. The gold occurs in quartz-veins in the Huronian series. These Huronian rocks occur in belts in the Laurentian; the latter being the predominant formation in the eastern part of Ontario.

Jan 1, 1897

Charles T. Malcolmson, Chicago, Ill.:—Mr. Blauvelt's admirable paper is a valuable contribution to the literature on briquetting of coal in this country. It should have a special significance for those interested in the commercial development of the coal-briquette industry. I believe that the data included in Mr. Blauvelt's paper will be particularly useful because they represent costs taken from a briquette-plant in actual operation. There are several points touched on in Mr. Blauvelt's paper which may bear comment in the way of emphasis rather than of criticism. In the first place, he has stated a fact which becomes axiomatic to any one who has had any experience in the design, building, or operation of coal-briquette plants, and that is, that the press is only one factor in the successful opera-

Jan 1, 1911

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Jan 1, 1938

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Feb. 10 to Mar. 10, 1915: Members BANKS, HAROLD PURDY, Min. Engr 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. BARAGWANATH, JOHN G., Min. Engr., Morococha Mining Co.; Morococha, Peru. BEESON, JOSEPH JOSIAH, Min. Geol Stanford University, Cal. CALLOWAY, ALFRED W Pres., Davis Coal & Coke Co., Cumberland, Md. DEETRICK, JAMES W., Mgr., Republic Iron & Steel Co., 826 Pennsylvania Ave., Youngstown Ohio.

Jan 4, 1915

Elected Died 1895 *ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 * ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 * ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1906 * ADAMS, JOHN C. 1913 1905 * ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 * ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 *ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 * AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 * AKERS, WILLIAMS 1906 1905 * ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 * ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1894 *ALLEN R B 1896 1905 * ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1874 * AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 *AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ** ANDRSON, JOHN W 1905 1895 *ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 * ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 * ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 *ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1882 *ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 *ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 *ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 *ATKINS, C M , JR 1885 1905 * AUSTEN, PETER T 1907

Jan 1, 1917

By Henry M. Howe

My attention has been drawn within a few days to a series of articles in Volume XVIII of the Engineering and Mining Journal, 1874, by Mr. J. A. Church, in which it is stated, among other

By M. L. Brashears

IN the last 15 years industrial use of ground water has more than doubled, and in 1951 amounted to 5 billion gallons per day. A similar sharp increase in the utilization of ground water for irrigation and public-water supply occurred in the same period. In many areas rapid increase in withdrawal from wells has taken place almost entirely unhampered by regulatory control and with little or no integration of effort. As might be expected, the chief interest in many regions has been maximum production rather than sustained perennial yield. As a result, widespread depletion of underground reservoirs and deterioration of the quality of the water stored in them has taken place in many areas, even though total pumpage in the United States is far below ultimate potential. Of even more concern is the fact that excessive withdrawal has drawn salt water into the reservoirs beneath many heavily populated centers along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, causing costly abandonment of pumping plants.1

Jan 10, 1953

By R. P. Steijn

IT has been observed by a number of investigators that under certain conditions metals freeze into an aggregate of small hexagonal strands, parallel to one another and with their axes approximately in the direction of growth.'" This structure has been termed "cellular structure" and is explained in various ways by different workers, notably by Rutter and Chalmers." These investigators attribute the phenomenon to the presence of minute quantities of solute atoms which induce constitutional supercooling. However, if this is true, observations of the cellular structure in extremely pure substances, like frozen distilled water' and germanium of less than 0.0001 atomic pct metallic solute,' are difficult to comprehend. The purpose of this communication is to describe several observations made of the prismatic structure in zinc of 99.99 pct purity. Zinc single and bicrystals grown in a constant gradient electrical resistance furnace exhibit the cellular structure after etching in 15 pct HC1. (See Figs. 1 and 2.) It is noticed that the hexagonal substructure sometimes continues unbroken across the bicrystalline grain boundary.

Jan 1, 1956

By E. V. Howard

During the recent expansion of precipitate copper production at the Chino Mines Division of Kennecott Copper Corp., Santa Rita, N. Mex., local studies of the dump leaching process were intensified. As these studies progressed, it became apparent that a reliable method for locating leach solutions within the dump was required, since the contact between the leach solutions and the copper-bearing ma.teria1 determines recovery. In the past, the problem of determining leach solution contact has been attacked by various methods, including destructive testing (dump dissection), indirect observation (such as chloride or dye tracers) and mathematical or laboratory model studies, but they have not proved completely satisfactory. The investigation of methods for in situ observation of leach solutions led to consideration of radiation logging in drillholes, which are subsurface techniques used in petroleum exploration and development for locating fluids and measuring porosity. A significant advantage of radiation logging is that, unlike other types of logging, measurements may be made in cased holes, since gamma rays and neutrons will penetrate steel and cement. Three techniques are currently used at Chino: Natural gamma ray logging; neutron-neutron, or moisture logging; and gamma-gamma, or bulk density logging.

Jan 4, 1968

By Fred Mosley

The present operation is located on Whitewood Creek about two miles downstream from Deadwood, South Dakota. Early day placer gold operations took place on this creek from Crook City to an area several miles upstream from Deadwood. Early discoveries were in the Deadwood area. In this particular zone, much of the early work was accomplished at stream level and at various elevations above. In the original operations, it was not possible to reach bedrock in many places due to the ground water level plus the existence of numerous large boulders in the same area. The bedrock in this area is approximately twenty feet deep, consisting of Cambrian and Ordovician sediments. Shortly after the early operations began, many small lode mines and several larger mines released mill tailings directly into Whitewood Creek. This practice continued for a full century, thereby limiting the amount of clean water available for sluicing. These tailings in the stream carried large amounts of heavy minerals along with the natural heavier minerals introduced from erosion and were immediately caught in the riffle boxes, resulting in the suspension of many small sluicing operations. No large scale sluicing or mining was ever done at bedrock level in this area, resulting in an almost virgin placer gold deposit. The old tailings cover much of the area, contributing an additional deposit carrying appreciable gold values. In recent years, a company known locally as New Era Mining Company attempted with some success to exploit the area at bedrock level. The equipment used included a Marian dragline with. a three- yard bucket, a washing trommel mounted on a 40 ft by 20 ft floating pontoon barge, together with two banks of Humphrey Spirals and a secondary spiral for collecting concentrate from the two primary

Jan 1, 1983

By Robert C. Meaders, Arthur R. MacPherson

Many attempts have been made to eliminate most of the crushing plant and all the grinding plant in the process of ore beneficiation by substituting a combined crushing and grinding unit which could take coarsely crushed ore and reduce it to a fine size in one unit. This unit normally would have no other grinding media than the ore itself. This is true autogenous grinding, as we understand it today, and should be clearly distinguished from pebble mill grinding, where pebbles are substituted for steel balls to grind a ball mill size feed. To compete in efficiency with normal methods of crushing and grinding, the autogenous mill must use less labor and steel to produce an equivalent product at equal or lower power consumption. In general terms, a unit to perform these functions must have means to crush the ore to fine sizes and to then further reduce the crushed pieces by grinding. In other words, to do efficient autogenous grinding, there must be a proper balance established between crushing and grinding rates. There is not much point in crushing at too fast a rate if the grinding means are not present to reduce the small particles to the required product size. The crushing means used in an autogenous mill are impact forces of two kinds, namely, (1) the rock travelling at high speeds striking the shell, and (2) the lifters travelling at high speeds striking the rock. Grinding is probably effected in a manner equivalent to pebble milling.

Jan 9, 1964

By W. A. Hockings, G. W. Lower, K. A. Smith

The kinetics of dissolution of metallic copper in aqueous cupric ammonium carbonate solutions were investigated. The major variables studied were temperature, agitation, and the cupric, cuprous, ammonia and carbonate concentrations. The rates of copper dissolution from rotating discs were determined by measuring the weight loss. The dissolution rate increased with the square root of the disc rpm and doubled when the temperature was increased from 20°c to 40°C.

Jan 1, 1973

By Fred W. Gordon

The heading of this paper was prompted by the knowledge that experience, up to this time, seemed to indicate that smaller furnaces were preferable for smelting the material of this section. Since the reasonable success thus far achieved by the first furnace of this plant tends to change the above opinion, and unsettle the generally-accepted views of furnace-men as to "weak " coke, a few words as to the design of the plant and the mode of operation adopted may prove interesting.

Jan 1, 1889

By David J. Mack, Chin Bea Kim

The decomposition of the Ni-Zn eutectoid at 56 wt pct Zn was studied by isothermal transformation. Its progress was followed by metallographic, hardness, and X-ray diffraction methods. Three transformation products were found: lamellar pearlite at high temperatures; an intermediate temperature structure; and martensite at the lower temperaCures. No transition structu,ves were found. THE decomposition of the Ni-Zn eutectoid at 56 wt pct Zn was stuadied as part of a long-range program of study on the eutectoid transformation in alloy systems which do not have one or more components which exhibit allotropy. Available information on the Ni-Zn eutectoid transformation is limited to that presented in connection with the determination of the phase dilagram. No systematic studies of the eutectoid were found in the literature, alkhough the microstructures of the Ni-Zn eutectoid were reported by Tamuru.3 X-ray diffraction data exist for the ß, ß1, y , and y1 phases.' EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The eutectoid alloy was prepared from "A" nickel shot and Bunker Hill super-purity zinc (99.998 pct).

Jan 1, 1962

By T. lkeda, R. S. Montgomery. A. Hara

Actual test specimens used in the previous laboratory wear investigation,' were fully characterized and the data is given in Table 1. Most of the carbides tested could be placed into groups of similar mean grain size. When the wear rates of the members of these groups were plotted as functions of their hardnesses, a family of curves resulted; curves for groups containing data from larger grained composites were at lower wear rates at the same hardnesses. Most specimens tested showed only A-1 porosity (ASTM Standard designa-

Jan 1, 1971

By O. Bilharz

The rules laid down by Peter von Rittinger in his classic Lehrbuch der Aufbereitungskunde (Berlin, 1867, p. 513) concerning the designing of dressing-works still possess authority for such works and their operation. Nevertheless, some modifications and additions suggested by practice may be of value at the present time. Rittinger says: "I. Choose the apparatus and machines which can be, under the existing con-' ditions, easily constructed and kept in running order!' This rule contemplates the construction of apparatus (mostly of wood) on the spot, with the command of good sbops and especially of good workmen in wood. But in many cases, particularly for the sake of a prompt supply, the construction of apparatus is now left to special manufactories, which pay more attention in the choice of materials to durability and strength than to easy manipulation and erection. Nevertheless, here,as in many other instances, simplicity of construction and solidity of execution are to be recommended. Especially important is the convenient and cheap replaceability of

Jan 1, 1894

By J. Kostuik, M. J. de Bastiani

Located in the Elliot Lake mining district of Canada, the Denison mine lies between Sudbury to the east and Sault Ste. Marie to the west. This area is overlain by Huronian sediments filling a basin in the Keewatin basement complex. Subsequent folding of these sediments developed a synclinal structure, known locally as the Quirke Lake Trough, which forms the northern portion of the now famous big Z structure, the geological trademark of this region. Plunging to the west and extending nine miles from the granite outcropping in the north to the Keewatin lava contact to the south, the syncline has dips of 10° to 45° on the north limb and 10° to 20° on the south limb.

Jan 12, 1960

By J. E. Schiller, S. E. Khalafalla

To improve technology for treating process water, US Bureau of Mines research has shown that magnesium oxide (MgO) has many advantages over lime or caustic soda for precipitating heavy metals. Sludge produced by MgO occupies only 0.2-0.3 times as much volume as the precipitate made wing a soluble base. While a settled, lime-formed precipitate is easily resuspended, the MgO-metal hydroxide sludge becomes cemented together on standing. Settling of the metal hydroxides from a dilute suspension is more complete than precipitates formed with other bases. Virtually any metal that can be precipitated by raising the pH can be treated using MgO. A three fold to fourfold stoichiometric excess of solid reagent is added. The mixture is reacted for five to 10 minutes. Polymer is added, and settling or filtration completes the process. Because of the greater cost of MgO compared with lime, large-scale practice of this technology will probably be limited to water containing 50 mg/L (3 gr per gal) or less of dissolved metals. For such dilute solutions, chemicals are not a large fraction of total treatment costs, so more desirable sludge properties might justify higher chemical expenses. While the MgO process is technically suitable for widespread application, the extent to which it is adopted will probably be determined by a trade-off between the greater cost of MgO compared with lime and the superior properties of the precipitates and their corresponding ultimate disposal costs.

Jan 1, 1985

By John Birkinbine

FOR two years past the Warwick Furnace, at Pottstown, Pa., has attracted attention by the remarkable work done in it, and a statement giving details of its operation and the unexpectedly short blast of 1880 will be acceptable to every member who studies blast-furnace practice. There are so many interesting features in con¬nection with this blast, and so much to be learned from investigating it, that the results of a thorough examination are offered to the Institute sans theories. In collecting the information, the courtesy of the various officers of the Warwick Iron Company was of material advantage, every facility for investigation being extended and an inspection of records being kindly permitted. In the following description these authoritative data are given in full where practicable, without making the paper too prolix, and the

Jan 1, 1881