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By K. D. Jacob

MONTANA Phosphate Produucts Co., a subsidiary of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada Ltd., operates three properties near Garrison, Mont., known as the Anderson, Graveley, and Luke mines. All three are underground operations, mining the same narrow bed at points several miles apart. The Anderson, the oldest and largest of the three, has produced about 700,000 long tons since 1929. The Graveley has produced slightly over 100,000 long tons since 1940, and the Luke, acquired in 1943, is still in an early stage of development. The great bulk of the output has been shipped to the Trail, B. C., plant of Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. The phosphate seam is the basal member of the Permian Phosphoria formation. In all three mines it has a uniform thickness of 3 to 4 ft. of oulitic phosphate, with a few shaly partings. The overlying part of the formation comprises about 50 ft. of chert and the immediate footwall consists of a few feet of shale and sandstone. underlain by the Quadrant quartzite.

Jan 1, 1944

By Norman Weiss

The need for more efficient utilization of labor in the metal-mining industry has been the subject of several recent editorials in the mining press, and one attractive possibility for such improvement lies in the designing of future milling plants particularly with economy of manpower in mind. We are accustomed to think of mill design as the selection and coordinated arrangement of process equipment, but if labor is to be efficiently utilized it must be given early consideration in planning the new mill. There are three good reasons for economizing in labor: (I) to reduce costs, not only in the form of wages but also in housing, hospital, welfare, and other obligations that a company accepts when a new man is added to the payroll; (2) to prepare for recurrent periods of manpower shortage, during which a well-designed plant can manage to get along with skeleton crews; (3) because a milling plant that must depend upon an inordinately large labor force for its operation and maintenance is certain to be inefficient in other respects, for many of the shortcomings in design that make necessary the excessive use of labor are generally not corrected merely by having too many men. A simple example of this is a poorly designed ore-feeding system : if this is inadequate to the extent that one man must be constantly unclogging feed chutes, it may help the situation to put two men or three at this task instead of one, but the feed rate will still be inconstant. First of the factors that affect labor saving is the location of the mill. This is often determined by transportation costs alone, and as a result the mill may be placed close to the mine regardless of the nature of the terrain. The designer must then adapt his layout to the conditions, favorable or not. This happens often at small properties, where capital investment may seem more important than operating expense. In most instances, however, a mill site carefully selected for the advantages it gives the designer in laying out the plant is the most economical in the long run, even if it involves a slight increase in cost of ore haulage. Given some freedom of choice, the design engineer may be able to find just the piece of ground that provides the proper gradient for the needs of the flowsheet, permits installation of essential yards and trackage, and perhaps supplies an excellent site for a tailing dam. Further justification for having placed the mill not too close to the mine sometimes emerges only years later as an opportunity to treat ores from other properties. When it is known from the beginning that the new mill will serve a number of scattered mines, a free choice of mill site is naturally stimulated. The most important single factor in limiting the labor requirements of a mill is its materials-handling system for bring-

Jan 1, 1947

By Norman Weiss

The need for more efficient utilization of labor in the metal-mining industry has been the subject of several recent editorials in the mining press, and one attractive possibility for such improvement lies in the designing of future milling plants particularly with economy of manpower in mind. We are accustomed to think of mill design as the selection and coordinated arrangement of process equipment, but if labor is to be efficiently utilized it must be given early consideration in planning the new mill. There are three good reasons for economizing in labor: (I) to reduce costs, not only in the form of wages but also in housing, hospital, welfare, and other obligations that a company accepts when a new man is added to the payroll; (2) to prepare for recurrent periods of manpower shortage, during which a well-designed plant can manage to get along with skeleton crews; (3) because a milling plant that must depend upon an inordinately large labor force for its operation and maintenance is certain to be inefficient in other respects, for many of the shortcomings in design that make necessary the excessive use of labor are generally not corrected merely by having too many men. A simple example of this is a poorly designed ore-feeding system : if this is inadequate to the extent that one man must be constantly unclogging feed chutes, it may help the situation to put two men or three at this task instead of one, but the feed rate will still be inconstant. First of the factors that affect labor saving is the location of the mill. This is often determined by transportation costs alone, and as a result the mill may be placed close to the mine regardless of the nature of the terrain. The designer must then adapt his layout to the conditions, favorable or not. This happens often at small properties, where capital investment may seem more important than operating expense. In most instances, however, a mill site carefully selected for the advantages it gives the designer in laying out the plant is the most economical in the long run, even if it involves a slight increase in cost of ore haulage. Given some freedom of choice, the design engineer may be able to find just the piece of ground that provides the proper gradient for the needs of the flowsheet, permits installation of essential yards and trackage, and perhaps supplies an excellent site for a tailing dam. Further justification for having placed the mill not too close to the mine sometimes emerges only years later as an opportunity to treat ores from other properties. When it is known from the beginning that the new mill will serve a number of scattered mines, a free choice of mill site is naturally stimulated. The most important single factor in limiting the labor requirements of a mill is its materials-handling system for bring-

Jan 1, 1947

By P. K. Foster, A. McNabb

A consideration of the literature shows the inadequacy of Fick's Laws to describe the diffusion of hydrogen in steels below 400°C. These laws are modified an the assumption that hydrogen is delayed at fixed sites in the lattice. Approximate and exact solutions of the resulting nonlinear system are derived for simple geometrical shapes. The results qualitatively account for the observed anomalous behavior. Experimental methods for verifying the theory are suggested. 1 HIS paper presents a new analysis of the diffusion behavior of hydrogen in steel based on a physical model which supposes that hydrogen atoms wander in a random manner through the crystal lattice, but tend to get trapped or delayed at certain fixed sites uniformly distributed throughout the metal. These sites, which will be called traps, are regarded merely as potential wells of significantly greater depth than those encountered in regular regions of the crystal lattices and no assumptions are made concerning their nature or origin. The results of experimental studies of the diffusion of hydrogen in iron and steel have usually been reported in the literature in terms of a diffusion constant D derived under the assumptions that the hydrogen concentration C is governed by Fick's laws.1 Fig. I is a composite of published graphs of the man. ner in which the values of D, so derived, vary with temperature. It is convenient to consider this material in two categories; the high temperature results above 400°C, and the results at lower temperatures. The graphs 2, 3, 4, 5 in the first class lie within a factor of three of each other and are relatively consistent compared with the low-temperature values. There is an increasing divergence in values of D with decreasing temperature till at room temperature they are spread over three orders of magnitude. Small values of D have been obtained for work-hardened specimens.' It is evident that D is a function of other variables besides temperature in this range and that these neglected variables are in some way connected with the work hardening experienced by the specimen. In view of evidence for an interaction between hydrogen in solution and dislocations9'10 and adsorption on crack surfaces,' some doubts must be entertained about the validity of Fick's laws and their associated physical model of noninteracting particles in random motion through the medium. More direct evidence of their inapplicability to the diffusion of hydrogen in steel was first produced by Darken and smith." Consider the permeation of hydrogen through a plate of thickness a under a boundary concentration Co at the ingoing, and zero at the outgoing, face. If Fick's first law1 is valid, the steady state flux P, through unit area is DCo/a. In addition, the concentration C varies linearly throughout and Qo, the mean quantity of hydrogen in the medium, is co/2. Compare Qo with Q1 the mean quantity required to saturate the same specimen to a uniform concentration G. In this case Ql = Co and hence the ratio

Jan 1, 1963

By Harlowe Hardinge, R. C. Ferguson

Laboratory and plant data covering 12 different operations show that lower than "standard" ball mill speeds increase grinding efficiency. In the case of high pulp-level mills, the gain is so great that the increase in capital cost of the larger lower speed mill will pay for itself in less than a year's time.

Jan 1, 1950

By D. M. James, J. C. Martin

The results are presented of a study of the application of analytical methods to the solution of two-phase flow into single wells. Approximate analytical expressions for the pressure distribution in two-phase flow are found ;;; a number of conditions. The results obtained from the analytical solutions me found to be in good agreement with results obtained by finite difference techniques using a high speed digital computer. Mathematical solutions for four sets of boundary conditions are presented. All of these solutions are composed of a short-term transient plus a steady or quasi-steady state. The rates of decay of the short-lived transients are analyzed. It is found that the durations of the short-term transients may be characterized by a parameter defined as the time constant which can be determined from simple relations. It is shown also that if the outer radius is much greater than the radius of the well. the short term transients decay at rates which are proportional to the square of the exterior radius, and the rates of decay are only slightly dependent upon the radius ratio. Numerical solutions based on finite difference techniques are presented for a number of conditions. The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the predictions based on the theoretical analysis for small and moderate drawdowns. Examples involving large drawdowns indicate that the nonlinearities in the equations of flow do not appreciably alter the longevity of the short-term transients. In all cases the time required for the short-tern transients to disappear is predicted satisfactorily. INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which oil and gas flow into a single well is of vital interest to the petroleum industry. The fundamental equations of two-phase flow which describe this mechanism are nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical solutions of these equations describing pressure transients have been obtained with the aid of electronic computers. Although solutions obtained in this manner take into account a large number of effects, the reduction of this information to useful generalities is difficult. One method of obtaining generalities is the use of linearized approximations of the nonlinear equations. Since it is possible to obtain explicit solutions of the linearized equation, general properties of the role of pressure in the flow mechanism may be ascertained. Results obtained from this approach are limited to some extent by the linearizing assumptions. The severity of these limitations may be evaluated by comparing solutions of the linear equation with numerical solutions of the more exact nonlinear equations of two-phase flow. In the past considerable amount of work has been devoted to studying pressure build-up using the single-phase flow theory. Unfortunate1y, most prep sure build-up tests involve multiphase flow. A small amount of work has been done studying pressure build-up where the flow is two-phase. The encouraging results of these studies suggest that useful results may be found from additional studies of not only pressure build-up, but also the rapid transients associated with placing a well on production. This paper presents the basic theory of the pressure transients associated with placing a well on production and with closing it in. The paper is concerned chiefly with two-phase compressible flow; however, the results also apply to single-phase flow. The results are based on analytical solutions of the flow equations, and they are verified by numerical solutions using finite difference techniques. Much of the previous work on compressible flow into wells has been confined to single-phase flow. Some work has been done on compressible two-phase steady state flow, and solutions of the equations of flow have been found by finite difference techniques using high-speed computers. Muskat1 presents some rather general solutions to the equations of single-phase compressible flow into wells. Much work has been done on pressure build-up in wells (see, for example, Refs. 2-6). Almost all of the work on pressure build-up concerns single-phase flow with the exception of Ref. 5 and part of Ref. 2. Some work has been done on pressure fall-off in injection wells.718 Muskat9 presents the solution of the equations for radial steady state two-phase compressible flow. Handyl0 extends Muskat's solution to obtain

By John Stewart

The market at present supplied by shipments from the phosphate districts of Quebec, Ontario, and New York State requires high-grade ore, carrying from 75 per cent. to 90 per cent. of phosphate of lime. In sorting out such material by hand, much valuable phosphate is necessarily left in the "culls" or refuse, besides which, much phosphate-rock of low-grade is not now mined at all, because it cannot be made available by the crude method of cobbing and hand-sorting. The utilization of such material, which would, of course, greatly benefit this industry, requires either a mechanical separation or a chemical process which would concentrate the phosphate in a form suitable for agriculture. Considering the rich phosphate now shipped as the first class, we may arrange the lower grades in three classes, as follows: Second Class.—Cull-ore from the first class, and the mass of deposits having, as gangue, pyroxene or hornblende. The following table gives the hardness and specific gravity of the minerals concerned: Hardness Spec. gravity. Apatite,....... . 5 3.1 to 3.25 Crystalline limestone (pink calcite),. 3 to 4 2.5 to 2.9 Pyroxene,..5 to 6 3.23 to 3.5 Hornblende,.5 to 6 2.9 to 3.4 Feldspar (orthoclase),. .. . 6 to 6.5 2.5 to 2.6 It is evident that when pyroxene and hornblende are present in large proportions, this ore cannot be successfully concentrated by crushing and jigging. It may be reduced to fine powder by successive treatment in a rock-breaker and a Sturtevant or Frisbee-Lucop mill, or other suitable apparatus, and in this condition it could be largely used by applying it freely upon exhausted clay soils, such as occur in Quebec and Ontario. The occupants of these once fertile river-lands are, however, hard to move in the direction of such improvements. When water-power is at hand, the cost of crushing

Jan 1, 1893

By A. S. Richardson

THe conditions that make necessary the mechanical ventilation of the Butte mines of the Anaconda Copper Mining Go. are due to a number of causes, all of which are incidental to the depth at which mining operations are now carried on, The main object to be accomplished, of course, is the reduction of the temperature and humidity of the air in the working places. Ventilation fans, both surface and underground, have been used for many years, but increasing depth has made the problem much more difficult. Further improvement in both ventilation equipment and methods, therefore, became necessary; and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the work planned and done under the improvement program. The mines of the district have been frequently described in various technical publications, so a description is unnecessary here. From a mine-ventilation viewpoint, compared with coal-mine ventilation systems, the problem is complicated by the fact that the workings to be ventilated are situated on a large number of steeply dipping veins which frequently intersect and are faulted, and also by the fact that the extent, or existence, of orebodies is not definitely known in advance of actual development work. For these reasons ventilation work cannot be planned in advance of actual operations, nor can such regular systems of ventilation as are used in working the more uniform and continuous bodies of coal be developed. When operations are conducted at a normal rate, about 10,000 miners are employed on two shifts, so that about 5000 men will be underground at one time. But as ventilation is necessary to reduce high temperature and humidity due, mainly, to natural causes, the quantity of air per man per minute is not a governing consideration in determining ventilation requirements. Most important among the numerous sources of heat and humidity in the mines are: heat generated during decay of mine timber; heat and humidity given off by mine rock and water; heat generated by oxidation of sulfide minerals; heat given off by electrical equipment; heat generated by mine fires (in certain localities).

Jan 1, 1923

By A. S. Richardson

THe conditions that make necessary the mechanical ventilation of the Butte mines of the Anaconda Copper Mining Go. are due to a number of causes, all of which are incidental to the depth at which mining operations are now carried on, The main object to be accomplished, of course, is the reduction of the temperature and humidity of the air in the working places. Ventilation fans, both surface and underground, have been used for many years, but increasing depth has made the problem much more difficult. Further improvement in both ventilation equipment and methods, therefore, became necessary; and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the work planned and done under the improvement program. The mines of the district have been frequently described in various technical publications, so a description is unnecessary here. From a mine-ventilation viewpoint, compared with coal-mine ventilation systems, the problem is complicated by the fact that the workings to be ventilated are situated on a large number of steeply dipping veins which frequently intersect and are faulted, and also by the fact that the extent, or existence, of orebodies is not definitely known in advance of actual development work. For these reasons ventilation work cannot be planned in advance of actual operations, nor can such regular systems of ventilation as are used in working the more uniform and continuous bodies of coal be developed. When operations are conducted at a normal rate, about 10,000 miners are employed on two shifts, so that about 5000 men will be underground at one time. But as ventilation is necessary to reduce high temperature and humidity due, mainly, to natural causes, the quantity of air per man per minute is not a governing consideration in determining ventilation requirements. Most important among the numerous sources of heat and humidity in the mines are: heat generated during decay of mine timber; heat and humidity given off by mine rock and water; heat generated by oxidation of sulfide minerals; heat given off by electrical equipment; heat generated by mine fires (in certain localities).

Jan 1, 1923

By Arthur Wade

During the year 1938, there was some drilling in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, as follows: Queens1and.—At Hutton Creek, lat. (approx.) 25° 45' S.; long (approx.) 149°, drilling was done by Drillers limited (subsidiary Oil Search) to a depth of 4688 ft., to the Lower Permian(?). There were small gas showings. The hole mas abandoned. At Mt. Bassett, lat (approx.) 26" 20' S.; long. (approx.) 149", Roma Blocks Oil Co. No Liability drilled to a depth of 4033 ft. The hole bottomed in granite. There were small showings of' oil and gas above bedrock in what may be Permian but is not yet determined. The company intends to run a formation tester. New South Wales.—At Kulnura, lat. (approx.) 33" S., long (approx.) 151°, the Kamilaroi Oil Company Ltd. (subsidiary of Oil Search Ltd.) drilled to a depth of 6293 ft. The Permian, probably Upper Marine Series, was reached. Drilling is to continue. Victoria.—At Romawi, lat. (approx) 37" 50' S., long. (approx.) 147" 45', a dry hole 3246 ft. deep bottomed in the Jurassic and was abandoned. It was drilled by the Governments of the Commonwealth and the State of Victoria. At Lakes Entrance, 1st. (approx.) 37" 50' S.; long. (approx) 748", a small showing of' oil (a few pints a day) was obtained from a well drilled 1275 It., to the Upper Oligocene-Glaucnnitc series, by the Austral Oil Drilling Syndicate, No Liability. Future Drilling Preparations is are being made by companies fur further test drilling in 1939, and the Governments of the Common wealth and the State of Victoria are continuing test holes for information only in the Gippsland district of Victoria. In Papua and New Guinea, no test drilling was done in 1938, but several companies are carrying on geological investigation and it is expected that, some test holes will be drilled during 1939.

Jan 1, 1939

By Arthur Wade

During the year 1938, there was some drilling in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, as follows: Queens1and.—At Hutton Creek, lat. (approx.) 25° 45' S.; long (approx.) 149°, drilling was done by Drillers limited (subsidiary Oil Search) to a depth of 4688 ft., to the Lower Permian(?). There were small gas showings. The hole mas abandoned. At Mt. Bassett, lat (approx.) 26" 20' S.; long. (approx.) 149", Roma Blocks Oil Co. No Liability drilled to a depth of 4033 ft. The hole bottomed in granite. There were small showings of' oil and gas above bedrock in what may be Permian but is not yet determined. The company intends to run a formation tester. New South Wales.—At Kulnura, lat. (approx.) 33" S., long (approx.) 151°, the Kamilaroi Oil Company Ltd. (subsidiary of Oil Search Ltd.) drilled to a depth of 6293 ft. The Permian, probably Upper Marine Series, was reached. Drilling is to continue. Victoria.—At Romawi, lat. (approx) 37" 50' S., long. (approx.) 147" 45', a dry hole 3246 ft. deep bottomed in the Jurassic and was abandoned. It was drilled by the Governments of the Commonwealth and the State of Victoria. At Lakes Entrance, 1st. (approx.) 37" 50' S.; long. (approx) 748", a small showing of' oil (a few pints a day) was obtained from a well drilled 1275 It., to the Upper Oligocene-Glaucnnitc series, by the Austral Oil Drilling Syndicate, No Liability. Future Drilling Preparations is are being made by companies fur further test drilling in 1939, and the Governments of the Common wealth and the State of Victoria are continuing test holes for information only in the Gippsland district of Victoria. In Papua and New Guinea, no test drilling was done in 1938, but several companies are carrying on geological investigation and it is expected that, some test holes will be drilled during 1939.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. M. Small

From the one producing well in Austria, 7000 bbl. of heavy oil was produced and sold in 1933. This well, owned by the Raky-Danubia, was completed late in 1932 in the formation called Flysch (Upper Cretaceous or lower Eocene) near Zistersdorf north of Vienna. Two wildcats drilling in the vicinity have not yet reached the producing beds. Near Vienna, the European Gas and Electric Co. drilled five shallow wells for gas, three of which were failures. One gas well was completed for 8 million cu. ft. capacity at 260 meters depth and with a pressure of 570 lb. Another is being tested following blowouts. One gas well and one dry hole were completed in the pool in 1932. In Upper Austria, the same company abandoned one wildcat at 679 m. and is drilling at 280 m. on a second. No gas was sold during the year, but a line is being completed to supply fuel to boilers of the Vienna Electric Works. Hungary No deep drilling was done in 1933. Oil and gas concession was granted by Parliament to the European Gas and Electric Co. on Trans-danubia. Active geological and geophysical investigation is in progress. Czechoslovakia In the Gbely and Hodonin shallow fields, some 26 wells were drilled of which three were reported as failures. The total production of the fields was 111,736 bbl. of oil and 40 million cu. ft. of gas used as fuel in the field. At Vacenovice, where there were already two small gas wells, a third producer was completed at 420 m. This pool markets a small amount of gas, which is compressed and used to light railway carriages. Wildcat wells were reported drilling at about 300 m. depth at both Jasina and Telnice. One 700-ni. wildcat near the Hodonin field was abandoned. Another failure was reported completed and abandoned at 820 m. near Holic.

Jan 1, 1934

By Eckley B. Coxe

I wish to call the attention of the Institute to a peculiar variety of anthracite which occurs in the Buck Mountain vein at our collieries at Drifton, and in the same and other veins in different localities in the anthracite coal-fields. It is known among the workmen as iron-gray or cast-iron. It has a dull, greasy appearance, as if a piece of ordinary anthracite had been rubbed with a dirty and greasy rag and allowed to dry. It was formerly considered a very impure coal containing a high percentage of ash, and was picked out of the coal and thrown away. But the following analysis of it and of its ash, made by Mr. J. Blodget Britton, of Philadelphia, shows that such is not the case, the percentage of ash not being much higher than that of the ordinary anthracites as they are prepared for market. ANALYSIS OF COAL. Water,.........4.36 Fixed carbon, by difference,.. 84.90 Volatile combustible matter,. . 3 48 Ash,..........7.26 100.00 The carbon proved to some extent to be of the nature of graphite, and slowly combustible. ANALYSIS OF ASH. Silica,.........25.66 Sulphur,........ .17 Alumina,........27.03 Phosphoric acid,.......21 Ferric oxide,.......42.83 Alkali, undetermined matter and Lime,.........1.56 loss,.........60 Magnesia,........1.83 Manganous oxide,......11 100.00 We recently collected a quantity of the substance and made a fire with it, in an ordinary stove, which was kept up several days. We found that it burned with intense heat, and apparently as freely as our other coal does. Mr. Britton is probably right in his view, that the difference in appearance is not due to impurities in the coal, but to the fact that the carbon is in a more or less graphitic form, as many of the standard coals are no purer. I bring this before the Institute as I know that a large quantity of this valuable fuel is thrown away every year, on account of its supposed impurities.

Jan 1, 1879

By J. C. Bradley

The relation of annealing temperature to conductivity of copper wire has been determined. Conductivity hard was 98.26 per cent. After a 10-min. heat,ing at 200" C. it was 98.69. By annealing 10 min. at 300" C. a large increase, to 100.93, occurred. Maximum conductivity, 101.15, was attained after a 500" C. anneal; thereafter it decreased to 100.53 after a 950" C. anneal. If copper is gassed the decrease is much more than this. Material and Method The work was done on high grade electrolytic copper, 99.942 per cent, copper plus silver, silver 0.0008 per cent. It was hot-rolled to 1/4 in., then cold drawn to 0.080 in. The wire was cut into 25 5-ft. lengths and numbered 1 to 25 as cut. Four samples were tested hard. The others were wound into 5-in. diameter coils. For the 100" C. heating a coil was put into water, the water brought to . boiling, and the wire kept at this temperature for 10 min. For the higher temperatures the coils were placed in envelopes of sheet copper, a little water added, and the envelopes sealed by folding over the edges twice, and hammering them together. This kept the air out very well. The envelope and wire were brought to the desired temperature; this was maintained for 10 min., then the whole was water-quenched. Results Data from the tests are shown in the table and plot (see Fig. 1); conductivity is referred to the International Annealed Copper Standard at 20" C. Conductivity hard is considerably less than conductivity soft.1 The increase is sharp when the wire anneals. The maximum, 101.15 per cent, in the particular material used, comes at 500º C.; thereafter the conductivity falls to 100.53 per cent. after 950" C. annealing, a drop of 0.62 per cent.

Jan 1, 1927

By A. Faber du Faur

At the request of some of the members to whom I have shown a collection of specimens of sulphur from southern Utah, I herewith present some notes relating to the mines and the method of extracting the sulphur from the ore. In preparing these notes I have borrowed from a paper by Prof. G. vom Rath, published in the Neue Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, vol. i., 1884, dated Salt Lake City, December, 1883. The Cove Creek sulphur-bed, now worked by the Dickert & Myers Sulphur Co., is in Beaver county, near the line of Millard county. It was first discovered by Mr. Ferdinand Dickert in 1869 ; other beds in the same neighborhood mere found by him from 1872 to 1875, making altogether 22 mining claims. The want of railroad communication prevented the early development of these claims; but in 1883 Mr. F. Dickert put up a plant for extracting sulphur from the ore, which proved a perfect success; and in 1885 the property was transferred to a stock company organized under the laws of Utah. The railroad station nearest to the Cove Creek mines is Black Rock, on the Utah Central Railroad, 204 miles south from Salt Lake City, and about 26 miles west of the mines. The road from Black Rock to the mines passes through desert and lava-bed, to the road leading from Kanosh to Beaver, which latter road it joins near Cove Creek fort, a square stone enclosure, erected by the Mormons for protection against the Indians. Cove Creek fort is situated near the eastern limit of a plain bounded on the west at a distance of about 12 miles by the Mineral range, and on the east by the Sulphur mountains, forming part of the Tushar mountains. To the northwest the plain runs into the Sandy desert. About 3 miles from the fort rises a solitary hill about 1000 feet above the

Jan 1, 1888

By T. Suzuki

LABOR. conditions have finally caused rock-drilling machines to supplant hand drillers in the Japanese mining industry, and have encouraged this study. During a period of three years 25,000 tests were made on 67 different American, Japanese, and European rock drills, using, respectively, the Paynter testing machine, and drilling in granite and limestone. Recorded were: air consumption, speed of rotation, torque of rotation, foot-pounds of striking energy, air pressures, input horsepowers, and speed of rock penetration. The author expresses his views on the interrelation of these factors and offers theoretical support, as well, by formulas based upon the mechanics of impact. He discusses the different designs of the valves, cylinders, piston hammers and rotation devices involved in the different types of rock drills, with respect to their merits and defects and offers conclusions about the factors that should be considered in the new design of a superior rock drill. The author's mathematical demonstrations and arguments for a value of "best feed clearance" of the drill bit from the rock are based upon the hand-operated screw-fed type of hammer drill. Automatic feeds have not been considered in this paper except for the tests on one drifter with air feed, 10 air-feed stopers, and some hand-held blockholers. The following classes of drills, with one of each model, size, or type, were tested: 23 heavy drifters, 34 light drifters and hand-held drills, and 10 stopers. They represented the following makes and models: 40 from the United States—namely, Ingersoll-Rand 18, 148, L-74, 24-70, N-72, N-75, R-72, 26, BAR-33, BCR-430, DCRW-23, RA-12, CA-31, CC-11; Denver 7, 107, WT-21, WT-31, WT-331, WT-337 (models WT with motor rotation, screw feed), 11, Waugh 93, 95; Waugh 16; Sullivan DR-6, DW-64, T-3; DP-321, DP-331; DA-21, DT-44, DT-421; Gilman AX-321 (motor rotation and air feed); Cleveland D-5; AIBQ, 44-SWR,

Jan 1, 1940

By Victor De Ysassi

THE iron mines of Spain are located on the mountain ridge forming the boundary between the, Teruel and Guadalajara provinces, called Sierra Menera. They form a property of 25 mines extending over an area of 1,677 hectares (4,140 acres) situated at a height varying from 1,200 m. (3,940 ft.) to 1,500 m. (4,920 ft.) above sea level. The deposit follows the direction north to south; huge masses of ore are being found both on the slopes and at the summit of the Sierra. The ore occurs among quartzites and magnesite limestone, in some places overlaid by quartzite 15 in. (50 ft.) thick; in some others (and this is more general) the ore is overlaid by earth and boulders of quartzite origin,; this layer is about 8 m. (26 ft.) thick. The ore beds occupy the geological horizon of the Superior Trias or Muschelkask, which are here in direct contact with the Silurian quartzites. The lime-stones have been more or less transformed. There is ample evidence to show that these mines were worked in very ancient times-objects and tools employed in mining by the ancient Romans and Arabs are to be found plentifully in old workings which extend down into the deposits. It has been estimated that more than 10,000,000 tons of ore were mined in the old days in this district and carried to the primitive forges in the vicinity where iron of much renown in Spain was extracted. Remains of more than 20 of these forges are found in the neighborhood of Sierra Menera and are usually situated near waterfalls and forests. Much investigation has been carried on for the purpose of determining the quantity of ore to be found in these mines, but no exact calculations can be made at present. When the investigation is completed it will surely be found that the deposit contains a much larger quantity than the 100,000,000 tons indicated by the present workings.

Jan 2, 1916

By V. R. Garfias

Principal events in petroleum operations of Mexico during 1934 have been the completion of three producing wells in the Poza Rica area and the plans for the expansion of operations of the Cia. de Petroleos de Mexico, S.A. (Petromex). Production for 1934 is estimated at close to 38,000,000 bbl., an increase of 4,000,000 bbl. over the previous year; an increase due in large part to the successful development in Poza Rica. The output of the South fields (Golden Lane) and Tehuantepec fields also increased somewhat during the year. Production of natural gasoline increased from 382,000 to 431,000 bbl. in 1934. Crude run in local refineries is estimated at 26,000,000bbl., some4,000,000bbl. more than the previous year. Exclusive of bunker fuel exports totaled 24,000,000 bbl., or 3,000,000 more than in 1933. Domestic consumption increased approximately 500,000,bbl. during the year, reaching a total of close to 13,600,000 bbl., exclusive of ships' bunkers. A total of 148 wells were completed as compared to 91 in 1933 and 40 in 1932. In proven areas, 133 completions resulted in 54 producers and 79 failures. The 15 wildcats drilled during 1934 gave no encouraging results. Seven of these were located in the border zone of northeastern Mexico; three tested possible northeast extensions of the Northern fields; two were drilled for possible extensions of the "Golden Lane" and three were completed in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Fields Northern Fields (Heavy Oil District).—There were 34 producing wells and 71 failures completed in the Northern fields, as compared to 20 producers and 20 failures in 1933. Practically all new producers were drilled to the shallower San Felipe formation, while wells drilled to the deeper Tamasopo limestone encountered salt water. Production of the field totaled 11,890,000 bbl., a decrease of 7.5 per cent from the previous year. Acid treatment was attempted during the year in seven wells

Jan 1, 1935

By T. Suzuki

LABOR. conditions have finally caused rock-drilling machines to supplant hand drillers in the Japanese mining industry, and have encouraged this study. During a period of three years 25,000 tests were made on 67 different American, Japanese, and European rock drills, using, respectively, the Paynter testing machine, and drilling in granite and limestone. Recorded were: air consumption, speed of rotation, torque of rotation, foot-pounds of striking energy, air pressures, input horsepowers, and speed of rock penetration. The author expresses his views on the interrelation of these factors and offers theoretical support, as well, by formulas based upon the mechanics of impact. He discusses the different designs of the valves, cylinders, piston hammers and rotation devices involved in the different types of rock drills, with respect to their merits and defects and offers conclusions about the factors that should be considered in the new design of a superior rock drill. The author's mathematical demonstrations and arguments for a value of "best feed clearance" of the drill bit from the rock are based upon the hand-operated screw-fed type of hammer drill. Automatic feeds have not been considered in this paper except for the tests on one drifter with air feed, 10 air-feed stopers, and some hand-held blockholers. The following classes of drills, with one of each model, size, or type, were tested: 23 heavy drifters, 34 light drifters and hand-held drills, and 10 stopers. They represented the following makes and models: 40 from the United States—namely, Ingersoll-Rand 18, 148, L-74, 24-70, N-72, N-75, R-72, 26, BAR-33, BCR-430, DCRW-23, RA-12, CA-31, CC-11; Denver 7, 107, WT-21, WT-31, WT-331, WT-337 (models WT with motor rotation, screw feed), 11, Waugh 93, 95; Waugh 16; Sullivan DR-6, DW-64, T-3; DP-321, DP-331; DA-21, DT-44, DT-421; Gilman AX-321 (motor rotation and air feed); Cleveland D-5; AIBQ, 44-SWR,

Jan 1, 1940

By Truman Aldrich

THE Clinton group of the Silurian holds the red or fossiliferous ore; its outcrops have been mapped by the State or U. S. Geological Survey. This group is from 100 to 500 ft. thick in Alabama. There are places where it is entirely missing (doubtless islands in the Silurian Sea). In Etowah County, in part of Greasy Cove and vicinity, the upper seam is a coral reef impregnated with the red ore; in this same county, step, faults bring up the ore in three or four separate ridges practically parallel. In Blount County and on Raccoon Mountain, the ore runs under the carboniferous rocks and outcrops in the valleys. In examining some bore holes made in drilling for oil, the writer found the Clinton group continuing under the Warrior coal field wherever the drill has gone deep enough. It demonstrates the possibility of a source for red ore not seriously thought of until lately. The following bore holes made principally for oil, given in Bulletin No. 22, Geological Survey of Alabama, show the presence of either ore or red rock, and suggest vast resources yet to be outlined and developed for ore in the future. The locations are given by number on the map. Hole No. 1 was drilled 6 miles southeast of Russellville, Franklin County, by the Woodward Oil & Gas Co. It passed through 160 ft. of Clinton, but only a small show of red ore was found at 1280-1400 feet. A test well, No. 2, drilled near Atwood, Franklin County, in section 26, township 8, range 14, penetrated the Clinton at 1608 ft. and found 38 ft. of limy red rock, also 8 ft. of some blood red ending at 1820 ft., making 46 ft. of red rock in all. It is reported that some good ore was cut through but this work was done by a churn drill. The hole was continued by diamond drill from here. At least 400 ft. of the formation was classified as Clinton.

Jan 10, 1924