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By H. W. McQuaid, E. W. Ehn

It is usually assumed that chemical specifications are sufficient for steel to be used for case carburizing, and if the steel analyzes within the ordinary limits specified for steel for this purpose, no difficulty traceable to the steel used should be encountered in obtaining satisfactory results in the case carburizing and hardening. Much work has been done to determine the effect of various alloying elements on the rate of carbon penetration, etc. but, to our knowledge, little if anything has been published in regard to the effeet of the quality of the steel on the final results in the hardening of case-carburized steel parts. The writers believe that the structure of the case both before and after quenching is greatly affected by the actual condition of the steel itself as made, and that for good results in the case-carburizing and hardening departments, the steel should be of the best possible quality as regards non-metallic impurities. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the presence of excess dissolved oxides in the steel, as made in the melting furnace, affects permanently the results obtained in carburizing and hardening and that it is possible that the presence of dissolved oxide call result in total unfit-ness of low-carbon steel for case hardening purposes. When races and rolls for roller bearings are made from a low-carbon steel, case carburized and hardened, it is of primary importance that the results of this treatment be of the highest quality. It is necessary, therefore, that in the case-carburizing work each detail be rigorously checked to avoid any defects which would cause the loss of much time and material. The case carburizing with which this paper deals was done in under-fired oil furnaces. The temperature of each furnace is controlled by means of a platinum platinum-rhodium thermocouple, in connection with a potentiometer indicator and potentiometer recorder. The temperature of each furnace is registered every 15 min. by an operator, who is continually checked by the automatic recorders.

Jan 1, 1922

By Richard E. Ray

Conventional concrete block plastered with a cemantitious coating is the most common material used in the construction of perma¬nent stoppings to direct airflow in underground mines in the U.S.A. All mines experience various degrees of strata convergence depending upon depth of overburden, geological conditions, and type of roof support employed. Strata convergence will cause cracks and joint openings in masonry stoppings, resulting in significant air leakage losses. Where strata convergence is severe, complete structural failure of the stopping can ultimately occur. Reconstruction of damaged or destroyed stoppings adds expensive overhead to mining operations, and even greater expenses are incurred from the additional fan horsepower required to overcome leakage losses. Ideally, a stopping should maintain high resistance to airflow while yielding to strata convergence. By properly incorporating "Max-Seal" polyisocyanurate rigid foam material within the masonry block structure, stopping service life can be increased several-fold in mines experiencing strata convergence problems such as floor heave, roof loading, and lateral rib movement.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. Chattopadhyay

Porphyry copper deposits are the most important source of copper and also gold within the orogenic belts. These deposits are characterized by low grade copper ore (0.2% to 1% copper) and host precious metals like gold, silver and platinum. A characterization tool has been developed for complex porphyry type copper-gold deposits with an aim to quantify copper and precious metal deportment. This quantification is a challenging task due to low grades and also due to the presence of both visible and invisible precious metal content in different sulphide and non-sulphide phases. Studies were initiated on various complex, ore deposits and also on samples representing various processing streams such as flotation and leach products. This paper presents the development of a systematic approach to diagnostic metallurgy using state-of-the-art optical and automated mineralogy, micro-probe, dynamic SIMS and TOF-SIMS analysis for quantification of invisible and visible precious metals content in various species. The relevance of this characterization to metallurgy will also be briefly discussed in this paper.

Sep 1, 2012

By T. L. Joseph

"IntroductionThe efficiency of ore reduction in the blast furnace and fuel requirements depend upon the degree of uniformity with which reducing gases can be distributed through the stock column and upon the permeability of individual pieces of ore and sinter. If the ore is fine, the major problem in reduction is to get the ascending gas stream to the surface of the ore-Hard, dense ores of low permeability, mined in coarse sizes, tend to improve the permeability of the bed, but unless they are crushed to the proper size they reach the hearth unreduced.Surveys by the Bureau of Mines have shown conclusively that the gas distribution in the upper three fourths of the furnace is far from ideal. Furnace lines, top design, and methods of charging are important, but more thorough size preparation of the ore is necessary to eliminate size segregation at the stock line, which inevitably leads to non-uniformities in gas distribution.Because of the quantity of sinter now produced close study of the characteristics which determine its behavior in smelting is warranted. As the use of concentrates increases agglomeration will become more of a necessity. Improvements in the physical character of the ore burden are particularly important to plants using coke of poor physical quality. In addition to aiding reduction, improved physical properties of the ore burden will permit the use of higher blast heats, which is equally important.Reduction Tests on Fine Sizes of SinterPrevious reduction tests on minus 0.742— plus 0.525--inch pieces of commercial sinters revealed large differences in porosity and reducibility. The results have been published in a former report. 3 Although the physical properties of the sinter, particularly porosity, were found to be of major importance in determining the rate of deoxidization, it appeared that certain chemical properties of the sinter appreciably retarded the reduction of sinters high in silica. This was attributed to the presence of fayalite, which has been identified by Schwartz and by Luyken and Kraeber4 as an important constituent of sinter. Although furnace operators and metallurgists have assumed that iron silicate is more difficult to reduce than hematite or magnetite, definite data on the reduction characteristics of this material were not available. Tests were undertaken, therefore, to develop a method for de-termining the amount of iron silicate present in sinters so that its effect upon reduction could be observed."

Jun 1, 1934

By N. Pradhan, B. K. Mishra, B. D. Nayak, B. K. Mohapatra, R. K. Mohapatra

"Present study is about use of a group of Iron[Fe(III)] Reducing Bacteria (IRB) to convert the goethite (a-FeOOH) present in the original lateritic Nickel ore to magnetite under an anaerobic condition and subsequently release the bound Co(III) and Ni(II) through leaching. The lateritic Nickel ore contains 0.8% Ni, 0.049% Co, 1.92% Cr, 0.32% Mn and 50.2% Fe. An anaerobic dissimilatory Fe(III) reducing bacterial consortium capable of using acetate as carbon source (electron donor) and lateritic ore as terminal electron acceptor, changes the initial light brown color of the ore to dark brown. The change in color is due to the conversion of goethite to magnetite, which was confirmed by XRD. When the IRB treated sample was subjected to both bioleaching and acid leaching, it shows a greater recovery of Nickel and Cobalt values as compared to untreated original lateritic Ni ore. Further a magnetic separation method was used to separate the magnetic part of the treated lateritic ore and subjected to acid- and bio-leaching for better recovery of Nickel and Cobalt.IntroductionIt has been known that micro-organisms have the potential to reduce metals but more recent observations have shown that a diversity of specialist bacteria and archaea can use such activities to conserve energy for growth under anaerobic conditions [12]. Natural Fe(III) oxides are high in surface area and are reactive [1]. Fe (III) oxides adsorb a wide range of metal cations and anions by complexation to surface hydroxyl groups [17], and function as the primary redox buffering solid phase in many sediments and subsurface materials [5].Recently a number of bacteria have been isolated based on their ability to use metal ions, including Fe(III), as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. These are capable of producing energy by coupling the oxidation of organic compounds to reduction of Fe(III). Iron[Fe(III)]-Reducing Bacteria (IRB) have been isolated and identified from a wide variety of environments including freshwater and marine aquatic sediments and submerged soil [8]. The biogeochemical cycle of iron is linked to those of the trace metals, as many trace metals coassociate with Fe(III) oxides or reduced iron phases (e.g., magnetite, siderite, or iron sulfide). IRB can utilize Fe(III) oxides as terminal electron acceptors for respiration [18]; thereby reducing all or a fraction of the solid. The reductive portion of the iron biogeochemical cycle in non-phototropic environments (e.g., sediments and subsurface materials) is driven by the direct enzymatic reduction of Fe(III) oxides to Fe(II) by dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria [13,14]."

Jan 1, 2009

By J. Richard Lucas

Today, the future of the coal industry is extremely bright because coal can be produced at a cost which makes it competitive with other energy sources. However, the industry has been forewarned that further cost reductions must be made if it expects to remain a serious contender in the growing energy market. Surface as well as underground operations must be improved. The very same elements which affected production a. few years ago still exist today and will continue to be present in the future. Improvement's in production mining equipment, mining methods, and auxiliary equipment have resulted in reduced costs over the past few years. Efforts must be continued toward further reducing costs in areas which have been improved previously, and new areas should be investigated for possible improvements. Therefore, new techniques must be developed which will enable the industry to augment its current efforts in reducing the cost of mining. The logical place to begin evaluating the factors affecting production and cost is in the immediate face area where a substantial part of the total cost of mining is incurred. The coal industry stands to gain much through the development of new techniques for analyzing the numerous variables affecting production and by establishing methods for eliminating or minimizing the adverse effect of those variables which can be controlled. Intuition and trial-and-error methods have been the standard means used to resolve many of the factors which influence production. As a result, many elements are overlooked or ignored because their effect on production is not pronounced and cannot be readily resolved. The need for a method of analyzing such factors was recognized by the Office of Coal Research. Therefore, in April 1962, under OCR sponsorship, a. research project was initiated at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). The objective of the project was to identify the factors which influence mining costs in the immediate production area, and to develop methods and techniques which will enable the coal operator to minimize production costs. The objective of the research at VPI has been successful, and techniques have been developed for establishing quantitative facts concerning the interrelationships of production activities.

Jan 1, 1965

By Raíra Morais Alcântara Nunes

No laboratório de fundição da Universidade Federal do Ceará, foi desenvolvido novas técnicas de fundição de precisão visando reduzir os custos utilizando materiais reciclados, como sucatas e cinzas residuais de termoelétrica. Ademais, ocorreu a preparação das peças modelo, utilização de silicone para a produção de moldes, preparação das peças em cera e canais de vazamento, fabricação da casca cerâmica refratária, vazamento da liga metálica (ZAMAC), obtenção da peça rústica e processo de usinagem. Desse modo, concluímos nosso projeto dando utilidade para um material poluente e reciclando sucata de zinco e, por consequência, baixando os custos desse processo e podendo haver, também, a geração de emprego para comunidades carentes.

Oct 30, 2017

By Douglas A. Grieg

THE EXCUSE for producing still another paper dealing with the oilfields of the Middle East is the overwhelming importance of this area to everyone, both inside and out of the oil industry. Figure 1 shows the area defined as the Middle East for the purpose of this paper. No description of what constitutes the Middle East is generally acceptable to everyone and, in fact, in many parts of the world it is referred to as "Western Asia". At the time ?the writer went to work as a geologist in the Middle East -this was in 1926 -there were just three known oilfields, namely, Hurghada in Egypt, Naft Khaneh in the Transferred Territories of Iraq, and Masjid-i-Sulai-man in Persia. Their combined producing rate at that time was around 100,000 barrels per day. Toda y, just thirty years later, some forty-two fields have been proven to exist, and a recent discovery in Syria -if commercial -may add one more to the list. Producing rates at the end of last year ( 1956) were approaching four million barrels per day. This sizable figure re presents nearly 23 per cent of the total Free World's production. What is more important still, something over 70 per cent of the Free World's proven oil reserves are known to exist in the subsoil of the Middle East.

Jan 1, 1957

By A. Takala, H. Cline, D. Girard

"This article describes the project development and successful implementation of a particle sorter at the Kensington mine. The Kensington underground gold mine and associated milling facilities are located within the Berners Bay Mining District on the east side of Lynn Canal about 45 miles north-northwest of Juneau, Alaska. The paper describes the project from concept, through the development phase, including test work confirming feasibility, to a discussion of operational data and includes shared experiences from operation and maintenance. The project has proven successful in recovering gold that was previously lost to the waste dump and has already resulted in a positive return on investment. The payback was achieved in less than one year.INTRODUCTION The first paragraphs of this paper describe Coeur Mining and the Kensington Mine, its history, geology, mining operation and mill. The second part of this paper gives a quick introduction to sensor-based sorting in general and X-ray transmission sorting (XRT) in particular. This article does not cover costs or economic impacts apart from the pay-back period for the investment at Kensington. Interested readers find more in information on this in the literature (Kleine & Wotruba, 2010; Robben, 2013). Since the publication about XRT sorting at TGME in Pilgrim’s Rest (Kleine, Riedel, Ketelhodt, & Murray, 2010), this is the first time that a comprehensive data set on gold ore sorting using XRT is published. Following chapters highlight the aim of the project for Coeur Kensington, project development through testing and operation before concluding. ABOUT COEUR MINING’S KENSINGTON OPERATION Coeur Mining is the largest U.S.-based silver producer and a significant gold producer with five precious metals mines in the Americas employing approximately 2,100 people. Coeur produces from its wholly owned operations: the Palmarejo silver-gold mine in Mexico, the San Bartolomé silver mine in Bolivia, the Rochester silver-gold mine in Nevada, the Kensington gold mine in Alaska, and the Wharf gold mine in South Dakota. The Company also has a non-operating interest in the Endeavor mine in Australia in addition to royalties on the Cerro Bayo mine in Chile, the El Gallo complex in Mexico, the Zaruma mine in Ecuador, and the Correnso mine in New Zealand. In addition, the Company has two silver-gold feasibility stage projects—the La Preciosa project in Mexico and the Joaquin project in Argentina. The Company also conducts ongoing exploration activities in Alaska, Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Nevada. The Company owns strategic investment positions in several silver and gold development companies with projects in North and South America."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. H. Rose

This paper describing the milling practice at the Magma Copper Co., Superior, Ariz., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on milling methods and costs in the various mining districts throughout the United States. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to William Koerner, general manager of the Magma Copper Co., for permission to prepare this article; to J. S. Garrott, former mill superintendent, for the historical facts; and to Walter Cooksley, general foreman, for his assistance in obtaining the data.

Jan 1, 1930

By D. W. Zandee

"IntroductionHaving mined an economic mineral bearing rock which is of insufficient grade to warrant direct smelting, upgrading or beneficiation is required to make it an economically viable ore. The first step in effecting the concentration process is comminution or sequential breaking of the rock to allow liberation and subsequent recovery of the desired mineral particles. Desirably the ore could be broken down to the point where the valuable mineral is completely liberated to maximize the chance of recovering as much of it and in as pure a form as possible. The number of energy intensive stages of breakage required to attain this goal depends on many physical characteristics of the ore such as hardness, friability, toughness, grain size, existing fracture planes and particle shapes.Commonly the distinct stages are primary, secondary and often tertiary crushing and finally grinding. To increase the efficiency of each stage of size reduction, pre-treatment sizing is common.Crusher feed is commonly scalped of large pieces or screened for reduction crushers and classified for secondary grindingcircuits.Although crushing and screening is employed for many different products, this chapter reviews current practice in larger tonnage metalliferous ore treatment plants.Current practice is to use large gyratory or jaw crushers for primary crushing and some sort of gyrating or cone crushers for additional stages of reduction. For autogenous or semiautogenous grinding circuits only the primary crushing stage is necessary, the balance of the work being performed in the grinding stage. For conventional grinding circuits using ball mills or combinations of rod and ball mills, secondary, tertiary and even quaternary crushing stages are normally required.Older type crushers such as stamp mills, double rolls, sledging mills and hammermills are no longer common but are used for small tonnage special processes.Important to efficient crushing are a variety of sizing devices such as grizzlies and vibrating screens. Products at different stages must be stored to give surge capacity and allow controlled feeding rates through mechanical and gravity feeders. These storage piles, bins and feeders as well as crushers and screens are commonly integrated into a total facility by means of conveyor systems. Most often these are endless rubber belts driven by simple or multiple drive mechanisms usually consisting of electric motors and speed reducers."

Jan 1, 1989

By Francis Martino

Just as coal producing mines are faced with various handicaps which control the quantity of coal produced and sold, the subsequent user of that product is faced with parameters that impact the optimum utilization of coal. Traditionally, the industry focused on the quantity of mineable coal in a reserve. The mine planning development was primarily concerned with two important criteria: (1) safety and (2) the productive efficiency in a quest to produce the lowest cost coal.

Jan 1, 1982

By Neil Campbell

"The gently-dipping Devonian dolomite beds south of Great Slave lake in northern Canada are nearly every-where concealed by a cover of glacial drift and muskeg. Nevertheless, in 1898 or earlier, four small outcropping areas of dolomite, richly mineralized with lead and zinc sulphides, were discovered. Exploration work performed here up to the end of 1930, included intensive trenching and drilling of the showings, together with mapping and wide-spaced drilling in the surrounding region. This work proved that the discoveries are isolated pockets of mineralization much too small to be commercially valuable by themselves. No evidence of orebodies elsewhere was reported.Meanwhile, mapping by the G.S.C. in the Shield far to the east disclosed major Precambrian faults, some of which can be projected southwesterly (under a cover of Paleozoic sediments) to the vicinity of Pine Point. During the period from 1940 to 1947, consideration was given, by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company Ltd., to evidence of a theoretical possibility that, although apparently dormant in Paleozoic times, these faults may have provided a structural control and a source of ore-bearing solutions in some post-Devonian period. From this, it was postulated that the breaks might have created, in the overlying dolomite, a linear array of orebodies concealed by overburden but lying in a belt of considerable length and in a position predictable within practical limits. A program of drilling designed to test and exploit this specific concept was conducted from 1948 to 1955.he drilling within the new, theoretically-defined search area resulted in the discovery of many lead-zinc ore-bodies, none of which was exposed at the surface. Some of these are large and (as indicated by 1965 production records) very rich. They are situated 1 to several miles distant from, and apparently not connected to, the earlier-known surface discoveries. The drilling also disclosed that the ore, which consists of disseminated sphalerite and galena replacements together with colloform sphalerite and coarse galena cavity fillings, occurs mainly at certain stratigraphic horizons within a large, coarsely-recrystallized dolomite barrier reef. Considerable fracturing and folding was found. It has been suggested that reef development was influenced by post-Precambrian tectonic movements associated with the old faults in the basement complex. The ore may have been deposited by solutions moving from distant sources to favourable structural and chemical environments in or related to the reef.In more recent exploration performed in the course of preparing for mining production, the rate of ore discovery within the same general geological context has been greatly accelerated by the use of new geophysical techniques and drilling equipment. Reserves of 21.5 million tons, averaging 4 per cent lead and 7.2 per cent zinc, were reported in 1965, and production from open pits at the rate of approximately 248,000 tons of concentrates per year is in progress"

Jan 1, 1966

By M. Barati, K. Ebrahimi-Nasrabadi, P. W. Scott

"The conversion of cryptocrystalline magnesite to caustic magnesia was studied experimentally at temperatures of 400–1,200°C and for calcination times of up to 8 h. A differential thermal analysis– thermal gravimetric analysis showed that decomposition begins at temperatures as low as 340°C and is completed at 600°C. Specific surface area, iodine adsorption number, crystallite size, and loss on ignition were measured to characterize the product quality. It was found that high-quality caustic calcined magnesia can be produced in a narrow temperature (600–650°C) and time range (1–4 h).RÉSUMÉ La conversion de magnésite cryptocristalline en magnésie caustique a été étudiée de manière expérimentale à des températures de 400 à 1200 °C et pour des temps de calcination atteignant 8 heures. Une analyse thermique différentielle – analyse thermique gravimétrique montre que la décomposition commence à des températures aussi basses que 340 °C et qu’elle est complète à 600 °C. La surface spécifique, l’indice d’adsorption de l’iode, la taille des cristaux et la perte au feu ont été mesurés afin de caractériser la qualité du produit. Il a été trouvé qu’une magnésie caustique calcinée de grande qualité peut être produite dans un petit écart de température (600 à 650 °C) et dans une période de temps variant entre 1 et 4 heures."

Jan 1, 2015

By Luis Mejía, Elizabeth Meza, Melissa León

Dentro de la Política Ambiental de la empresa se tiene el compromiso en la Gestión Sostenible del agua, donde se busca maximizar la eficiencia operativa en las unidades respecto al uso responsable del agua en cantidad y calidad; a través de prácticas de recirculación y reúso del agua y la prevención de impactos negativos al ambiente, aplicando controles y monitoreo de la infraestructura hidráulica y el tratamiento de efluentes; en cumplimiento de los instrumentos ambientales aprobados y de la legislación ambiental vigente.

Sep 29, 2023

By W. Mueller, M. Rocheleau, E. Dimroth

The paleogeographic evolution of the Abitibi Belt is subdivided into three phases, namely: 1) a phase of the growth of a submarine volcanic chain, 2) a phase of the emergence and growth of volcanic islands and 3) a phase of uplif t and erosion of volcanic islands. Isostatic calculations suggest that the volcanic sequence in the south of the Abitibi Belt rests on oceanic basement or on the mantle; the volcanic sequence in the north of the belt rests on about 13-14 km of tonalitic basement. 10-15 km of plutonic material accreted to the volcanic islands during paleogeographic phases 1 and 2, and caused the uplif t during paleogeographic phase 3.

Jan 1, 1984

By Will H. Coghill

The jig men of the Tri-State (Joplin-Miami) zinc district complain about the flakiness of their mill feed. They believe that the flakiness of the composite grains of gangue and mineral are to blame for losses of zinc; that is, that the flaky grains in the jig tailings have higher zinc tenor than the cubical grains. Although the evidence which follows contradicts this belief, no effort is made to give a final and conclusive answer. On the other hand, there is outlined a positive and mechanical method which the operator may use to pursue this and similar investigations. DISCUSSION OF SCREENING METHOD Hand-sorting is obviously not satisfactory for separating cubical grains from flaky grains because the personal influence can not be removed. Screens, however, may be used with success. A set of each of two types of screens is required; namely, the square-hole type and the rectangular (rectang, oblong) type. The square-hole screens must be of the double Tyler scale; that is, the order of the sieves should be after the fourth root of two instead of the customary square root of two; close sizing is important. The size of the rectang screens may be selected by trials so that a part of the material already closely sized on the square-hole screens, will pass the oblong holes. Obviously, the cubical grains will remain on the rectang and the flaky grains will pass through. Hence the mode of operation is to screen first on square-hole screens and then split the products on the oblong-hole screens.

Jan 1, 1928

By Luís Carlos da Silva

Nos dias contemporâneos, houve uma evolução do armamento utilizado e há uma tentativa dos centros de defesa e balística de acompanhar essa evolução no desenvolvimento de blindagens cada vez mais eficientes. Essa eficiência passa tanto na leveza do material quanto na sua capacidade de proteção. Vivemos também nos dias atuais uma preocupação com questões ambientais e energéticas e é justamente, envolto nesse cenário que pesquisas relacionadas à utilização de fibras naturais (FNL’S), tem se tornado cada vez mais relevantes. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho individual de compósitos de matriz poliéster reforçados com fibras de sisal, quando submetidos ao impacto balístico de munição com calibre de 7,62 mm. Neste trabalho foram testados compósitos reforçados com 20% e 30% em volume de fibras de sisal. Com um auxílio de um radar Doppler, foram registradas as velocidades inicial (de impacto) e residual (após a perfuração do impacto). De posse desses dados foi possível calcular à energia cinética absorvida pelo compósito e estimar à velocidade limite do projétil que essa blindagem é capaz de suportar. Os resultados após alguns tratamentos estatísticos demonstraram que o compósito em questão tem resultados similares à outras blindagens reforçadas com FNL’S, representando mais uma opção de blindagem moderna.

Oct 30, 2017

By Juliano Villanueva

La concentradora Antapaccay comenzó sus operaciones en noviembre del 2012. Como parte del proceso de puesta en marcha, se desarrolló la subetapa de este comisionamiento de los IsaMills, fundamentales en el circuito de remolienda. El circuito de remolienda consiste en dos IsaMills, uno para el concentrado rougher y otro para el concentrado scavenger. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe las ventajas encontradas en este equipo como el nivel de carga de medio de molienda, que es reflejado en el consumo de energía.

Oct 1, 2014

By Edwin Uribe

La Compañía minera Raura es un yacimiento tipo skarn de zinc, plomo, cobre y plata que tiene un solo halo metasomático explotado (Complejo Catuva), además de cuerpos distales de reemplazamiento, vetas y bolsonadas. En ese sentido, los estudios geoquímicos y geológicos a través de la magnetometría y polarización inducida señalan una mayor visión del yacimiento para la búsqueda de nuevos recursos que permitan un enfoque de minería con mayores volúmenes de producción a menores costos y valores de mineral por tonelada. Así también, se ha logrado encontrar un nuevo halo de skarn mineralizado llamado “Franja Hada– Farallón” y una nueva estructura tipo mantiforme llamada “Manto Nadine”, las cuales posibilitan diseñar métodos de explotación masivos tipo taladros largos y pensar en piques de extracción en Raura.

Feb 1, 2014