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Any communication system requires at least three elements in order to function: a transmitting device, a receiving device, and a transmission line or propagation medium. Even the device children use, tin cans connected with string, consists or these three elements. One speaks into one can (transmitter), which vibrates at the same frequencies as the voice. The string (transmission path) picks up the vibrations of the can and carries them along its entire length. The other can (receiver) detects the vibration and reproduces the original sounds to a lesser extent depending on distance, tightness of string, type of string, etc. All communication systems depend on these three elements: transmitter, transmission path, and receiver. Communication systems can be divided into three fundamental categories: wired phone systems, radio systems, and carrier current systems. Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4, respectively, describe these systems and explain the basic principles of how each works. Hybrid systems are those systems that use various combinations of the three basic communication methods. Hybrid systems are described in section 2.5. There are some other methods of signaling (stench warning, bell signaling, etc.) that can be used in underground mines to transmit or convey information. These systems, although they cannot be considered true communication systems since they do not provide voice or even two-way communication, are briefly described in section 2.6. 2.2 Wired Phone Systems Wired phone systems are all those that depend on a wire connection between phones with the wire carrying the voice signals. Figure 2-1 is a diagram of two typical wired phone systems.The top panel shows a simple single pair party line system. In this system each phone is connected to a common pair of wires, and a person speaking into one phone will be heard at all the other phones on the line. The bottom panel shows a multipair private line phone system. In this type of system, each phone is connected by its own individual pair of wires to a central switch or telephone exchange. To establish a call between two phones in this system, the lines between the two phones must be connected (switched together) within the telephone exchange. In early exchanges, the connections were made manually by an operator. These exchanges are called Private Branch Exchanges (PBX's). Today, equipment within the exchange can automatically connect each phone to any other phone in the system. These exchanges are called Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABX's). There are many different types of automatic exchanges. Some utilize switches to physically make each connection according to the number dialed. Other, more advanced exchanges are completely solid state and may even be computer controlled. [ ]

Jan 1, 1984

By George S. Rice

THE year 1929 has shown a surprising growth in the attention given by mining men to the subject of ground movement and subsidence from mining, as evidenced by the large number of articles that have appeared in technical journals, also papers and discussions in mining societies in the leading mining countries of the world. These have not been confined to consideration of the narrower limits of the subject but in application have extended to many of the fundamental questions involved in mining. The papers and discussions have been concerned with .ground movements resulting from mining of a great variety of minerals, metallic and lion-metallic. Examples of the former are: the mining of gold ore at Johannesburg, South Africa, and in the Kolar field, India; mining copper ores in Arizona and Utah; and lead and zinc in the Joplin region. Examples of ground movement resulting from mining non-metallic minerals are found in: the mining of. coal in many countries; potash mining in Germany; the mining of- common salt in several parts of the' United States; and the mining of sulfur in Texas and Louisiana; and examples of subsidence in the non-metallics are found exceptionally in the extraction of petroleum by wells, as in the Goose Creek field, on the Gulf Coast,' and recently in the Sour Lake field' of Texas

Jan 1, 1930

By R. C. de Lange

An improved replica technique is developed for a nondestructive study of the nucleation and growth of fatigue cracks. Three different growth stages of a fatigue crack were observed. An initial stage of high growth rate is followed by a long period of very slow growth, until finally a third period of high growth rate leads to fracture. THE metal-fatigue process is of a very complex nature. The experimental approach towards fatigue is susceptible to many minor influences which, together with the unavoidable scatter in testing results, makes the interpretation a matter of extreme care. The generally accepted fact that, in a homogeneous material, the fatigue cracks start at a free surface indicates that surface studies may contri-but in an essential way to a better understanding of the fatigue mechanisms. Indeed metallographic observations of the fatigue phenomena have been very fruitful in the last decade. The study of extrusions, intrusions, and persistent slip bands has contributed much to the present knowledge of the early processes in fatigue.' The drawback of the current metallographic techniques lies in the fact, however, that either observations of fatigue phenomena had to be made in a destructive way after an only partly executed test or a sequence of observations on the same test bar was only possible on notched specimens.2 4 In both cases an uncertainty exists as to the nucleation and growth of the fatigue crack in an unnotched test bar, where the crack can start at any place of a large area and develops in a test bar, which is macroscopically

Jan 1, 1964

By Johne Jesus Mol Peixoto

A complexidade do formato do molde de beam blank aumenta a importância de se compreender o comportamento do fluxo no interior do mesmo. Neste estudo verificou-se a influência da profundidade de imersão e da velocidade de lingotamento sobre as características de fluxo em um molde de beam blank alimentado por duas válvulas tubulares. Os resultados das simulações matemáticas foram coerentes com os resultados do modelamento físico. A velocidade de espalhamento do jato na região do flange é maior que na alma e este fator pode acarretar na solidificação irregular da pele ao longo da seção transversal. A profundidade de penetração do jato variou entre 66cm e 77cm. A intensidade média de flutuação do menisco foi de 0,22mm, sendo a flutuação máxima encontrada de 0,85mm. Com base nos resultados obtidos, os parâmetros de operação sugeridos são: profundidade de imersão igual a 75mm e velocidade de lingotamento máxima de 1m/min.

Aug 17, 2017

By José Carlos Abreu

This work presents a kinetics study covering the effects of temperature over the reduction rates of a carbon composite briquette, aiming its use as burden in some of the new alternate ironmaking technologies, such as the Tecnored process. It is reported that increases in the temperature increases the reaction rate. Additionally, the morphology of the iron phase generated during the reduction of these briquettes is presented. It was possible to verify that three types of iron morphology occurred during the process: an external, dense and continuous iron layer, the presence of iron globules at the center of the briquettes and whiskers at the briquette's core. The measurement of the carbon content on the globules and the external iron layer is also presented.

Jan 1, 2003

By E. L. Garton

Analyses of samples of crude oil from fields in West Texas have been published from time to time in Bureau of Mines reports.3/ Analyses of 100 samples of crude oil from West Texas) collected during 1946 to 1952) are presented in this report. The production of crude oil from the fields in this portion of Texas totaled 381,129,000 barrels4/ during 1951 - an amount greater than that of any previous year. Total cumulative production of this area through 1951 was 2,792,692,000 barrels.5/ Table 1 gives monthly production figures for 1951 and yearly totals for the preceding 10 years (1942-1951) [ ]

Jan 1, 1953

By Edward Judd

CONSTRUCTION of the long projected Moffat tunnel, on the Denver & Salt Lake R. R., between Tolland and Irving, Colorado, is now actually and actively progressing. This 6.1-mile bore through the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation of about 9200 ft., will eliminate 33 1/3 miles of probably the most tortuous standard-gage track in the world, and at the same time will avoid the necessity for crawling over the snow-bound continental divide at an elevation of 11,660 ft Completion of the tunnel within the stipu-lated four years, is expected to nave an immediate effect on the develop-ment of the known coal fields in north-western Colorado, already penetrated at Craig, the present terminus of the road, while it will also enable the railroad to carry out the original designs of its founder, David H. Moffat, for through traffic from farther west. The intention now is to accomplish the latter object by an extension from McCoy following the canon of the Grand River down to a connection with the Denver & Rio Grande at Dotsero. Legal impediments to the financ-ing of the tunnel having been removed by action of the Colorado legislature in April, 1922, the Moffat Tunnel Improvement District issued bonds to the amount of $6,720,000 which have been widely and quickly distrib-uted through a New York banking house. Responsi-bility for the execution of the project has been vested in the Moffat Tunnel Commission, to which a board of consulting engineers has been appointed for carrying out the details of administration. This board includes D. W. Brunton and L. D. Blauvelt, of Colorado, and J. Vipond Davies and J. Waldo Smith, of New York; R. H. Keays, who has managed large tunnel projects in New York, is chief engineer for the Commission.

Jan 11, 1923

By Constantine C. Popoff

During 1946 several limestone deposits near Fortson, Snohomish County, Wash., were examined by the Bureau of Mines. These examinations were part of a long-range investigative program of regional mineral supplies required by the anticipated industrial development of the Pacific Northwest. The .study outlined in the following paper was specifically undertaken to disclose new sources of high-purity limestone and to appraise, their economic aspects. The deposits examined -namely the Galbraith, Climax, and Hi, Hi -are somewhat similar in physical features and geologic environment. They are lenticular and belong to the same formation of metamorphosed sediments that underlies the prominent Whitehorse Ridge.

Jan 1, 1949

Application of microprocessors, programmable logic devices, and other computer-oriented hardware and software on-board large surface mining equipment to optimize availability and productivity, stretch machine life, and protect against catastrophic breakdown has been a goal of heavy-equipment manufacturers for several years. Progress in this direction has not been as rapid as many manufacturers anticipated in the mid-1980s, and, on the other side of the coin, mining industry and machine operator acceptance of such products has not always been enthusiastic. However, the trend toward such development seems undeniable. Large surface mining equipment in the future will doubtless carry more, and not fewer, applications of computers and computer-related products. The intensity of development interest and degree of progress in commercializing such on-board computer and computer-related products on surface mining equipment varies considerably among the manufacturers. Summarized here are the on-board computer-oriented products of three heavy-equipment suppliers-P&H Harnishfeger, Marathon LeTourneau, and Haulpak not a comprehensive survey, but, perhaps indicative of the direction such development is taking.

Jan 1, 1990

By W. L. Heidenreich

This report describes the methods and results of field investigations conducted by the Bureau of Mines between December 1956 and December 1957 on seven deposits of nickel-cobalt-iron-bearing laterite and weathered serpentine near the west coast of Puerto Rico east and south of Mayaguez. These deposits were named, for purposes of identification, Guanajibo, Punta Guanajibo, Las Mesas, north and south deposits of the Rosario Southeast group, and the west and east deposits of the Maricao Southwest group. In addition, the lower 17 miles of the Guanajibo River Valley was tested at widely spaced intervals for possible concentrations of magnetite and chromite in the alluvial sands. The objective of the investigations was to appraise, by drilling and sampling, the two largest deposits--the Guanajibo and Las Mesas. Testing of the smaller deposits was much more restricted. Field investigations consisted of mapping, drilling with power auger, sampling drill-hole sections, and pre-paring samples for chemical analyses, mineralogical studies, and metallurgical tests. The work was financed jointly under a cooperative agreement by the Bureau of Mines and the Economic Development Administration, an agency of the Puerto Rican Commonwealth.

Jan 1, 1959

By Robert J. Evans

The Hopper-Feeder-Bolter (HFB) is a prototype multifunctional machine designed to improve productivity by minimizing continuous miner place changes. It is designed primarily to work beside a two-pass continuous miner, bolting on one side and then place changing to bolt the other side while simultaneously providing a surge car and lump breaker located directly behind the continuous miner. Surface testing was conducted at the Bureau of Mines Mine Equipment Test Facility (METF) to evaluate overall system performance and reliability. Tests were conducted to evaluate place changing, tramming, lump breaking, roof bolting, drawbar pull, conveying, temporary roof-support (TRS) capacity, lighting, and noise. Surface test results indicate the HFB is ready to be tested and evaluated underground in a production mode.

Jan 1, 1988

By Allan P. Fawley

ONE hundred miles from Vancouver, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, is the Pioneer mine. It is situated on Cadwallader creek, a tributary of Bridge river, and is reached by travelling from Vancouver to Squamish by boat, a distance of thirty-two miles, from there by train to Bridge River (one hundred and seven miles), and finally by automobile across Mission mountain .(7,000 ft. elevation) to the mine (fifty-six miles): a total distance of one hundred and ninety-five miles. Prior to 1924, many Companies had examined the Pioneer, which had been developed by shaft to a depth of 200 feet, but, while values were good, the small size of the ore-shoot discouraged large investors. In July, of that year, opera-tions were re-commenced by the late David Sloan and, on sinking further, the ore-shoot was found to lengthen greatly as well as to ex-tend in depth, while remarkable gold values also were encountered. When, later, the price of gold rose from $20 to $35 per ounce, the mine was in an excellent position to take full advantage of the increase + and not only became an extremely profitable enterprise itself but its success greatly stimulated the search for and development of other 1-gold properties in British Columbia.

Jan 1, 1937

By Timothy D. Stark

Blasters are usually strictly liable for injury or damage caused by flyrock (trespassory invasion) and blast-induced vibrations (non-trespassory invasion). The application of strict liability to non-trespassory invasions has resulted in significant litigation that has hampered the use of blasting and the blasting industry. Stark (2002) proposes that blasters should not be held strictly liable for non-trespassory invasions but should be liable only if their conduct is proven to be negligent. This change in legal standard was proposed because improvements in blasting technology over the last thirty years allow blasting to be conducted without substantial risk of harm to property and thus the amount of harm imposed by a blast can be related to the level of care exercised by the blaster. It is anticipated that negligence standard will reduce the amount of litigation because a plaintiff will have a greater burden to overcome. To facilitate the acceptance of negligence standard by a court of law, this paper illustrates the application of the negligence and strict tort liability frameworks using actual cases in which a decision was rendered. It is evident from these cases that some of the successful claims under the strict liability framework would not have been successful, and probably not litigated, under a negligence framework, which could result in substantial cost savings to the blasting industry and consumers.

Jan 1, 2004

By Dale Marcy, Pamela L. Drake, Kevin Ashley, Kyle J. Hazelwood

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health method 7703 is a portable field procedure for the analysis of workplace air filter samples for hexavalent chromium (CrVI) content immediately after the samples are collected. The field method prescribes CrVI extraction from air filter samples with an ammonium sulfate/ammonium hydroxide extraction buffer using ultrasonic extraction (UE). Strong anion-exchange solidphase extraction (SAE-SPE) is then used to separate CrVI from trivalent chromium and other interferences. Portable spectrophotometric measurement of CrVI is then conducted using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method. However, it has been found that the ammonium extraction buffer does not dequately bring insoluble CrVI compounds into solution during the UE process. Thus, it was deemed necessary to modify the field method so that it would provide acceptable recoveries for insoluble CrVI compounds. To this end, a more alkaline extraction solution—sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate buffer—was investigated. The modified procedure using the highly alkaline extraction solution was demonstrated to be compatible with SAE-SPE cartridges when determining insoluble CrVI in air filter samples. It was found that the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer was equally effective for complete dissolution of both insoluble and soluble forms of CrVI. Furthermore, the modified procedure met desired performance criteria established for air sampling and analytical methods. Keywords: field method, hexavalent chromium, insoluble chromates, on-site analysis, sample preparation,workplace air

By Jorge Vargas Fernández

Con el objetivo de incrementar la productividad de la minería, se plantea la realización de una positiva acción nacional de formación y capacitación en todos los niveles de la industria minera a través de un análisis de la situación actual respecto de los mineros, ingenierios y técnicos. Por ello, el presente texto señala la descripción del sistema "B" en funcionamiento de la productividad minera y la tecnología adecuada a la realidad.

Nov 1, 1972

By Schumacher, Earle E.

THE solidus line above the solid solution field in the lead-antimony system was originally determined by Dean and his associates1 from heating curves. They did not regard this line as having been accurately fixed and in their more recent publications2 the curves drawn do not follow closely the original data. The precise location of the solidus line is of importance in the extrusion of lead-antimony cable sheath, as the temperature of the metal in this process must be less than the lowest temperature at which any part of the alloy in the lead-press charge becomes liquid. It is very desirable, however, to operate at as high a temperature as possible, as the rate of extrusion for a given pressure is approximately doubled for an increase of 10" C. in temperature. The precise location of this line is also important in the investigation of ternary systems of lead, antimony and a third metal. For these reasons, and because of the differences reported in the literature, data were secured on the lead-antimony solidus line by the classical quenching-test procedure.

Jan 1, 1927

By M. Ribeiro, P. So, P. Wong

Electrowinning is a process by which metals, such as copper or nickel, are recovered from aqueous electrolyte solutions resulting from the extraction of the metal ion from an acidic or basic leach solution. The electrolyte or “pregnant” solution is customarily forwarded to an electrowinning "tankhouse." In the tankhouse, the metal ions are deposited on cathode plates by electrodeposition and then recovered from the cathode plates. Other processes may be employed with other metals, such as nickel, zinc, among others, to produce an electrolyte from which their respective metals are obtained. During the electrowinning (electrodeposition) stage, elemental metal is plated out at the electrowinning cathode and oxygen evolves at an insoluble anode. The evolution of oxygen gas forms bubbles which entrain strong acid electrolyte, carrying it into the air above the electrowinning tank in the form of a fine mist or spray when the bubbles break. An acidic mist is generated above the electrolyte. This mist or spray then spreads throughout the electrowinning tankhouse. The acidic mist is corrosive and a health hazard and can cause extreme discomfort to the skin, eyes, and respiratory systems of tankhouse workers, especially during hot weather conditions. Polyfluoroalkyl based products (PFAS) have been widely applied as anti-misting agents in the electrowinning of metals in an acidic electrolyte. Functionalized PFAS compounds, however, have come under increased scrutiny by the EPA due to their impact on human health and the environment. There remains need for improved acid mist suppression agents for electrolysis and electrodeposition, particularly for products free of fluoroalkyl components.

Feb 1, 2023

By Betânia Mendes Sena

Neste trabalho é apresentada a influência de diferentes processos de tratamentos térmicos sobre as microestruturas e propriedades mecânicas resultantes em tubos de um aço sem costura do tipo API 5L. Após tratamentos térmicos, o material foi estudado em três condições diferentes: apenas laminado, normalizado e temperado e revenido, objetivando obter os graus X42R, X42N e X70Q, respectivamente. Ensaios de tração, dureza e impacto foram utilizados para caracterizar o comportamento mecânico dos diferentes graus do aço. Técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram utilizadas para caracterizar as microestruturas resultantes dos tratamentos térmicos e as fractografias dos corpos de prova de tração e impacto. Os resultados mostram que tubos de aço sem costura do tipo API 5L não precisam ser de graus tão elevados quanto os tubos soldados, pois graus intermediários relativos aos tubos sem costura possuem propriedades mecânicas similares aos elevados graus de aço relativos aos tubos soldados, o que evidencia a vantagem da rota de fabricação de tubos sem costura.

Aug 17, 2017

By Jeferson Preti

Este trabalho apresenta a análise, o projeto e o desenvolvimento de um manipulador robótico industrial de baixo custo para linhas de produção. O aparato proposto possui potencial para contribuir na melhoria das condições de utilização de células robóticas no cenário industrial nacional, auxiliando na superação dos desafios existentes na implantação de células robóticas por pequenas e médias empresas, nomeadamente, custos de implantação, manutenção e reprogramação/reconfiguração. O manipulador robótico industrial foi projetado considerando uma estrutura metálica leve de baixo custo, com elementos mecânicos de precisão média e não dedicados, facilmente encontrados no mercado nacional. Além disso, o manipulador robótico foi projetado para ser capaz de alcançar velocidades médias provendo tempos de ciclo de operação quase equivalentes aos apresentados por robôs polares articulados convencionais, nas mesmas aplicações. O sistema de controle foi concebido para não empregar o dispendioso sistema convencional de hardware centralizado de controle de eixos, sendo esta operação realizada por algoritmo computacional executado no mesmo PC responsável pela gestão e integração dos processos. Assim, a operação emprega dispositivos acionadores descentralizados considerando o envio dos sinais de referência diretamente aos acionadores, possibilitando a compensação das restrições dos esforços da estrutura com recursos de suavização de trajetórias. A integração com o usuário foi projetada para possuir uma interface gráfica de manipulação amigável e que permita facilmente os processos de operação, manutenção e de reconfiguração. Fornecendo ainda, recursos de supervisão, histórico de falhas e assistência remota. Por fim, um protótipo do manipulador robótico industrial proposto é apresentado demonstrando as principais características construtivas e operacionais.

Jul 30, 2018

By N T. Byrom

This paper is essentially in two parts. It describes how risk assessment fits into the overall framework of the activities required to control risk effectively within an occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system. It then goes on to describe the assessment of an OH&S system by the process of auditing.

Jan 7, 1996