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By Juan Luis Bouso

En los últimos años, la producción no convencional de gas y petróleo recobró importancia debido al auge de las técnicas de perforación conocidas como Fracking, donde las arenas de fractura hidráulica denominadas como Frac-Sand, son uno de los elementos esenciales utilizados en los yacimientos de hidrocarburos, especialmente en Argentina. En este sentido, el presente texto señala el proceso y ventajas de este sistema de explotación de hidrocarburos y gas. El proceso consiste en una primera fase de lavado y clasificación en vía húmeda, seguida de una segunda fase en vía seca, constituida por una etapa de secado y una etapa de clasificación posterior de la arena seca para obtener los tamaños requeridos por el mercado. Asimismo el interés de este nuevo mercado por las arenas especiales radica en su elevado precio, condicionado por la demanda y oferta limitada.

Oct 21, 2015

For 11 years, under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U.S.C. 321-325), and amendments, the Bureau of Mines has carried on an extensive research and development program to establish methods for producing oil from coal and from oil shale. This act was passed by the 78th Congress primarily because of the stress of wartime demands for liquid fuels to supply our armed forces during World War II. The act was progressively extended by the 80th and 81st Congresses, as later peace-time demand for oil and oil products continued to increase.

Jan 1, 1956

By Fraser M. Walsh

The objective of this program was to determine by laboratory experiments the kinetics and mechanics of the reactions that produce acid in coal mine drainage. The program was divided into three phases: In Phase I, five coil mines, representative of Appalachian coal mines, were chosen for sampling and an experimental design was identified suited to accomplish the program objectives. In Phase II, the five mines were sampled and test protocols applied. The results showed most pyrite weathering to be based on oxidation in the presence of water. Iron bacteria, especially Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, catalyzed the rate of pyrite weathering by a factor of three. An increase in initial iron concentration in a system that modeled the nine environment acted to inhibit bacterial catalysis of weathering. In Phase III, five tailings piles were sampled and the material obtained was used to evaluate this method of bacterial catalysis inhibition. The evaluation verified method effectiveness; inhibition of over 80% of the release of weathering products was observed.

Jan 1, 1982

By Patrick Schwizer

Los sismos y daños por “rockburst” (estallido y desplome de rocas) en minería subterránea de profundidad son amenazas comunes a nivel mundial, puesto que la mayoría de los sistemas de sostenimiento estándares no cumplen o son limitados en su capacidad frente a cargas dinámicas causadas por estas amenazas. En este sentido, las mallas de acero de alta resistencia han probado su alto rendimiento e idoneidad para su aplicación como sostenimiento contra la voladura de roca. Por ello, el presente texto describe las ventajas del uso de esta malla romboidale, cuyo sistema de sostenimiento subterráneo es aplicable en ambientes de grandes solicitaciones de esfuerzos, donde se utiliza un brazo automatizado compatible con cualquier “jumbo” de perforación de brazos múltiples y que sirve para colocar la malla enrollada en un sistema de bobina.

Sep 14, 2009

Institute of Metals Division Ferrous and Nonferrous Physical Metallurgy Established as a Division April 26, 1918 (Bylaws published In the 1944 TRANSACTIONS Volume of the Division) A A SMITH, JR, Chairman E A ANDERSON, Past-Chairman F N RHINES, Senior Vice-Chairman W A DEAN, Vice-Chairman H A MALONEY, Treasurer ERNEST KIRKENDALL, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N Y Executive Committee R M BRICK 2 W A JOHNSON 1 H I DIXON 2 E W PALMER 1 M GENSAMER 2 J H SCAFF 3 J D HANAWALT 1 J D SULLIVAN 3

Jan 1, 1952

By Jayme Alex Marques da Silva

A utilização de carvão vegetal na fabricação do ferro-gusa tem ganhado destaque devido a suas vantagens ambientais em comparação ao coque. A necessidade de suprir a demanda de consumo de carvão vegetal pelas siderurgias faz com que os produtores busquem maior produtividade e qualidade através da busca constante na redução do tempo de produção do carvão. O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático tri-dimensional transiente, para simulação da secagem, carbonização e resfriamento no interior de um forno retangular de alvenaria. Foi desenvolvido um modelo acoplado baseado na solução das equações de conservação da quantidade de movimento, energia e espécies químicas. As soluções das equações diferenciais que representam os fenômenos são obtidas através da técnica de volumes finitos. Ao longo do processo de carvoejamento, o modelo considera a transferência de massa e calor associada à cinética de reação de cada componente. O modelo é tridimensional e transiente, sendo capaz de prever detalhes dos fenômenos no interior do forno e sua evolução temporal o que possibilita o controle das fases de fabricação do carvão vegetal.

Aug 1, 2018

By Karl E. Starch

This Bureau of Mines report is a background study of severance taxes on mineral production. The rates, bases, and other features of State severance tax legislation as of March 1978 are presented, as are the amounts of State severance tax collections for fiscal year 1977, Some statistical comparisons between severance tax collections, total State tax collections, and total value of mineral production in the States involved are presented to portray the relative importance of severance taxes both in State tax revenue systems and in mineral industry revenues. A general discussion of the purposes and principles of taxation, the unique nature of a mining enterprise, the various types of taxes imposed on mineral production, and the character and rationale of the severance tax and its impacts on mining firms sets the severance tax in perspective. A bibliography of materials on the severance tax is included.

Jan 1, 1979

By Jorge Olivari Ortega

El presente texto señala la función del último gobernante del Imperio Inca, Túpac Cusi Huallpa y su relación con los tesoros escondidos de este, producto de la explotación de yacimientos auríferos

Jul 1, 2015

By C. W., Davie

"DEFINITIONDiatomaceous earth consists almost entirely of the silicious remains of minute flowerless aquatic plants known as diatoms. The name diatomaceous earth, therefore, is to be preferred to others such as trade names, inappropriate terms, or names correctly applied to some other product. The following names should, therefore, not be used for diatomaceous earth,-- kieselguhr, infusorial earth, diatomite, celite, moler, bergnehl, English rottenstone, tripoli, tripolite, fossil earth, desmid earth, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, or any trade name.FORMATIONDiatoms live in practically all kinds of water, fresh or salt, hot or cold, still or running and under different conditions of depth and pressure. These minute plants assimilate inorganic salts from their environment and produce skeletons of silica much as mollusks secrete lime and form their Shalls. When the diatoms die they settle to the bottom together with anything else which may be present, such as sand, clay or volcanic ash. The organic matter gradually disappears leaving the silicious skeletons of the diatoms which, with impurities, make up the deposits of diatomaceous earth. These deposits which are still being foamed at the present time and which were produced throughout very different epochs, were more prolifically formed in the Tertiary, so that the thickest beds so far discovered are of that Age."

Nov 1, 1925

By Samer Sadek, Brian Hagan

We are thrilled to welcome you to the 2025 Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC), which will be held in Dallas, TX. This year’s conference will showcase the continued trend of strong industry interest, as there will be a record setting 115 papers being presented over the course of three days. The set of papers compiled in this book captures the latest and greatest information on a broad array of topics within our fascinating tunneling industry. We hope that the compilation of selected papers in this book will provide a comprehensive recap of the conference while also providing a source of future reference for contractors, engineers, and anyone in general who is a student of our beloved and unique industry. Since its inception in 1972, RETC has been the preeminent tunneling forum to promote ideas, tell stories, share lessons learned, and promote new technologies. RETC prides itself on its focus towards highlighting real-world experiences and practical ideas, with the intent to help the entire industry learn from one another and grow. The need for us all to stay sharp and remain on the cutting edge of technology has never been stronger – the technology and ideas that have been applied in aerospace are now attempting to mix with tunneling, and the advancement of AI continues to permeate all industries. However, no amount of technology or AI can fully replace the human element, and in our tunneling industry, the human element is key and is what sets us apart. In tunneling, every project is different, because the ground is always different. We can only take what the ground will give us, and we must rely on our past experiences to get through present day challenges. Most importantly, we must rely on each other. This is the heart of what RETC is all about. For those of you attending this conference, we encourage you to attend as many sessions as possible and engage with your colleagues to discuss during the breaks in between sessions. This sharing of ideas is what keeps us connected and helps to expand our industry. Please also try to engage with the scholarship students and the newcomers who will be in attendance, as it is the new ideas and fresh energy from the next generation that will continue to make our industry thrive into the future. The program chairs thank and greatly appreciate the efforts made by our session chairs, co-chairs, authors, the members of the RETC Executive Committee, and most importantly the SME staff towards making this RETC possible.

Oct 1, 2025

By Mariana Tomé da Silva

A câmara de empuxo do Motor Foguete a Propelente Líquido (MFPL) L75 é composta de uma liga Cobre cromo, classe C18200. A jaqueta de refrigeração, responsável pela extração de calor, é feita de aço inoxidável AISI 316L. No que tange ao processo de fabricação, a união entre a câmara de combustão e a jaqueta de refrigeração é uma etapa crítica, pois envolve processos de união de materiais dissimilares e de componentes de geometria complexas. Este trabalho visa contribuir à fabricação do conjunto motor foguete, por meio da soldagem a laser entre a câmara e a jaqueta. Com o uso de um laser a fibra de alta potência, foi possível verificar que existe uma condição otimizada de solda sobreposta, inox sobre Cu(Cr), com potências entre 1.000 e 1.300 W e velocidades de soldagem de 0,05 m/min a 1 m/min. Embora as análises mostrem heterogeneidade microestrutural, pela dissolução parcial de uma fase na outra, obteve-se níveis de dureza aproximadamente constantes ao longo da profundidade da junta.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jacqueline V. Rich

The relationship between surface and ground water quality and copper mining in the Globe-Miami area is investigated in this three-year study. Methods to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or treat polluted waters are identified and evaluated. Best Management Practices are incorporated in a recommended plan to manage the area's water quality.

Jan 1, 1983

By Jörn M. Seitz

Dynamic load testing is employed with ever increasing frequency to estimate the strength and elastic settlement behavior of piles of all types. For dynamic loading ram masses up to 20 Mg have been used and pile resistance forces up to 30 MN have been activated. Strains and accelerations induced by the impact are measured near the pile top and a load-set curve is computed by the so-called CAPWAP method. This paper briefly describes both the necessary equipment and other details of the dynamic tests and the available analytical tools for data interpretation. Furthermore the need for further research and the current status of standardization will be discussed. This paper also presents the results from several static and dynamic correlation tests on cast-in-situ piles of up to 2 m diameter and 64 m length. The results demonstrate the economical and technical feasibility of this test method.

Jan 1, 1987

By R Adamian, F. T. Da Silva, D. H. Gameiro

Schytill and Geldart diagrams were developed for the TiO2-C-Cl2 system at 1 073 and 1 273 K, so as to define the hypothetical relations between particle sizes and chlorine velocity for simultaneous fluidisation of mixtures of anatase concentrate and charcoal for carbochlorination. It was concluded that the operating limits on chlorine gas velocity will be controlled by the behaviour of the reducing agent, mainly because of its lower density. An increase in temperature from 1 073 to 1 273 K will have only a small influence on the fluid-dynamic behaviour of the mixture. For bubble fluidisation, the maximum sizes 0.413-0.478 mm for anatase and 0.529-0.611 mm for charcoal will be adequate. When the particle size distribution is large, fluidisation will be feasible only if conducted in two stages, otherwise the residence time of the small particles in the reactor will be very short. New diagrams will be needed for the gaseous chlorides in the second stage

Jun 21, 1905

This study of the tin-tungsten ore of the Shepherd and Murphy Mine, in central northern Tasmania, was originally undertaken at the request of the Moina Tungsten-Tin Mining Co., N.L., as part of the research programme of the Mineragraphic Investigations Section of the C.S.I.R.O. It is based on the examination of a suite of specimens supplied by the management, supplemented by a more extensive collection and observations made by the author during a short visit to the mine in October, 1956.The Shepherd and Murphy Mine is at Moina, 36 miles S.W. of Devonport and 22 miles from Sheffield, the nearest railway station. It was worked almost· continuously from 1893 to 1919, when a fire destroyed the mill; to that date it had produced concentrates to the value of £141,000. After a long period of idleness, the mine was re-opened by the present company, but it has been announced recently that unfavourable market conditions have again forced closure.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe mine is on a deeply dissected plateau, about 2,500 ft. above sea level; it lies between the Iris and the Forth Rivers, whose valleys are deep gorges cut to about 400 to 600 ft. above sea level. From Moina westwards to the Iris River, a limestone regarded as part of the Gordon River Group, of Ordovician age, conformably overlies a sandstone containing tubicolar casts which are circular in cross section, half an inch in diameter and up to two feet long, and which resemble marine worm burrows (Elliston, 1953).

Jan 1, 1958

By J. N. Rivera Guillén

Los cocientes métálicos son parámetros físicos y químicos de alta sensibilidad, cuyos usos permiten encontrar explicaciones lógicas a los procesos formativos, paragenéticos, zonales y metalogenéticos. En ese sentido, el objetivo del texto describe la utilidad de los cuocientes métalicos a través de ejemplos típicos de aplicación e interpretación de los mismos. La aplicación de estos parámetros posibilita un estudio sobre los óxidos supergénos de los depósitos de Cerro de Pasco. Asimismo, se analiza la distribución metálica en las zonas de oxidación y transición de dos tipos de depósitos de sulfuros primarios, probablemente coetáneos, que tienen las leyes de los metales bases y los cuocientes metálicos correspondientes similares.

Nov 20, 1967

By Paulo Henrique Zunzarrem Pinto

Dois assuntos que vêm sendo cada vez mais discutido na indústria são revisão crítica de projetos e a capacitação da equipe de operação para otimização do processo. Além dos benefícios financeiros diretos que se obtêm na redução do tempo de partida, as melhorias, quando identificadas em fases anteriores do projeto, produzem resultados positivos durante outras fases do ciclo de vida da planta. Neste sentido, o sistema de controle e a capacitação dos operadores desempenham um papel fundamental. O presente trabalho apresenta uma estratégia efetiva de se validar as lógicas de controle de uma planta por meio do simulador dinâmico de processos de alta fidelidade IDEAS, e a utilização desta ferramenta no treinamento operacional via OTS (Operator Training Simulator). Neste trabalho, é realizada uma breve revisão sobre a metodologia utilizada para a construção da arquitetura de automação que permitiu a validação das lógicas de controle e o desenvolvimento do sistema de treinamento. Especificamente, são apresentados resultados obtidos com a simulação em projetos de beneficiamento mineral, por meio da quantificação dos ganhos em operação, manutenção e segurança. Como exemplo de resultados, mais de 2000 pontos de melhoria foram encontrados em projetos executados, e mais de 14 cenários de operação foram criados para treinamento. Os ganhos observados corroboram a robustez da ferramenta utilizada e o potencial da metodologia empregada.

Aug 16, 2017

By Philip B. Grote

The deep ocean mining industry is in a pre-commercialization stage of development. In the context of a proper legal/regulatory regime, deep ocean mining system design, site survey, and operation technologies are capable of rapid evolution. The report recommends that the regulatory framework develop in parallel with the industry and presents a rationale for implementing this approach. The Government has several interests in deep ocean mining technology: (1) as a potential regulator, sound regulations should be based on an understanding of the technology; (2) as a potential monitor, survey technologies are relevant; and (3) as an estimator of strategic minerals supplies, it is important to understand the technology which allows economic access to deep ocean minerals. Thus, the major portion of the report presents an in-depth review of systems design, operations, and survey equipment and techniques.

Jan 1, 1979

By Jesus Frisancho Cabrera

El aumento de precios por la demanda de acero en China, consolida a dicho país en un importador neto de molibdeno desde 2010. En ese contexto, el presente texto señala la influencia del molibdeno en la exploración del pórfido de cobre -en tanto los bajos niveles de las exportaciones de crudo de China continúan obligando a los productores de acero de Corea y Japón de molibdeno utlizarlo como fuente de Occidente.

Sep 12, 2011

By Nelson Alonso Portal Ravichaua, Melissa Esther Mendoza Tirado, Raúl Arévalo Saavedra

This study analyzes the implementation of an integrated strategy for environmental education and community awareness in Cajamarca, Peru—an Andean region affected by climate variability and the public perception of miningrelated water shortages. In collaboration with the Interactive Water and Earth Museum and the Newmont ALAC Foundation, three-month campaigns were conducted in schools and local communities. Key topics included the water cycle, climate change, and water availability, linked to urban infrastructure projects that improved flow rates through strategically located tubular wells tapping underground aquifers. The initiative addressed the challenge of communication in a context where mining is often blamed for scarcity, fostering scientific understanding of contributing factors. The study highlights how science-based outreach and institutional collaboration can strengthen resilience and promote sustainable water stewardship in mining-influenced regions.

Feb 22, 2026