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By M. J. MONEA

Canada's only economic high-swelling bentonite deposit is mined in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, by A vonlea Mineral Industries Limited. The bentonite resulted from devitrified and altered volcanic ash released during the Laramide Orogeny. Volcanic ash was deposited in a pre-Cretaceous basin that was formed by salt solution collapse structures. Sedimentary rocks in the Wilcox area belong to the Snakebite Member of the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation. Bentonite beds are 61 cm, 46 cm and 30 cm thick; these are separated by 365 cm and 182 cm of shale respectively. Saskatchewan bentonite is used primarily in the oil well industry.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. Guimarães, L. Silva, J. Milboume

The São Bento concentrator was built by Gencor in 1985 to treat refractory gold-bearing flotation concentrate. The plant was the first commercial application of pressure oxidation for refractory gold ore following about a year after the first use of pressure oxidation on a whole ore at Homestake's McLaughlin operation in California. Ore from the Sao Bento mine is remarkably consistent in gold grade and arsenic and sulphide concentration as is typical in banded iron formations (BIF) (l). Gold content is approximately 9 g/t with approximately 30 - 40% free milling. The balance is associated with arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. An expansion of both process facility and mine was undertaken between 1996 and 1998, raising the treatment capacity from 32,000 t/mo to 45,000 t/mo.

Jan 1, 2004

By S. Malkin, Z. Shi, H. Attia, D. Chellan

An experimental investigation is reported on creep-feed grinding of a nickelbased alloy (IN718) using conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheels. Straight surface grinding expe.riments were conducted on nickel-based alloy blocks over a wide range of grinding conditions with straight oil as- grinding fluid applied at high pressure. Grinding power, forces, workpiece surface roughness, and radial wheel wear were measured. Specific material removal rate as high as 64 mm2/s was Used without burning the workpiece, which can be attributed to the extremely low specific energy of 12.6 J/mm3. It was found that the grinding wheel under the present test conditions had a strong capability of self-sharpening as indicated by the stabilized power, forces, and surface roughness after an initial short transient.

Jan 1, 2006

By Lisa L. Van Loon, Neil R. Banerjee

Canada is a world leader in uranium exploration, but many deposits are located in remote regions making exploration targeting challenging. Novel approaches are needed to detect the presence of large-scale ore-forming systems and to vector toward mineralization. Boron is commonly used as a key pathfinder element associated with sandstone/unconformity-hosted and basement-hosted uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, but the genetic relationship remains uncertain. Alteration assemblages containing boron geochemical anomalies are commonly spatially-associated with – and possibly coeval with – uranium mineralization. Boron is commonly found in tourmaline minerals but in some portions of ore deposits the host mineral for the anomalous boron remains cryptic. Boron coordination chemistry within alteration haloes can better constrain boron host mineralogy, provide insight into the nature of the boron-uranium relationship, and thus has the potential to better constrain targets for exploration. Synchrotron-source X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is a direct, element-specific analysis that identifies boron coordinated in both trigonally- (BO3) and tetrahedrally-coordinated (BO4) forms. This makes XANES uniquely suited for identifying the geochemical hosts for boron that may be related to hydrothermal ore forming processes. XANES spectroscopy was conducted on whole-rock assay powders from uranium deposits across the Athabasca basin containing boron concentrations ranging from <10 ppm to >10,000 ppm. XANES directly identifies the relative amount of trigonally- (BO3) and tetrahedrally-coordinated (BO4) boron in these complex mineralogical mixtures. Our work suggests a link between boron and uranium that is likely related to the unique physiochemical characteristics of ore bearing fluids that may provide a unique vector to mineralization.

Jan 1, 2020

By C. Kim

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) data with infrared thermography has received much attention for its potential use as input data for building energy simulations. Therefore, researchers have proposed methods to integrate 3D data with infrared thermography obtained by different sensors. These studies show the potential of the integration of 3D data and infrared thermography using various systems. However, these studies have ignored property aspects of infrared thermography, such as the low resolution of infrared thermography and external environmental influences. Thus, their proposed methods to integrate 3D data and infrared thermography are inadequate because these problems can affect the resulting building energy simulation. This research proposes a framework that integrates infrared thermography and 3D data while accounting for the resolution and shadow effect of infrared thermography. The proposed framework consists of three steps. In the resolution enhancement step, bi-cubic interpolation is proposed. In thermal data correction from the shadow effect, the shadow area is detected from the visible image, and then the shadow effect is removed from the registered infrared thermography. Finally, enhanced infrared thermography is mapped to the 3D data obtained by a laser scanner. The performance of the proposed framework was evaluated using test images obtained from a building in operation. The experimental results show that the proposed framework provides a 3D thermal model that is useful and accurate in simulating building energy. It is expected that the 3D thermal model can be used for accurate energy simulation of existing buildings. In addition, the proposed framework can be applied in defect detection for buildings. Furthermore, this novel approach enhances infrared thermography using visible images.

Aug 1, 2013

By Franc R. Joubin

"Gold has been found in many parts of the Bridge River district of British Columbia; but it is from a relatively small area in the valley of Cadwallader creek that most production has come. The ore-bearing area measures 1/2 mile in width by 3 miles in length; and for convenience it is called the Cadwallader gold belt in this paper. In this belt are found the Bralorne and Pioneer mines and in addition several prospects under development.The gold of the Cadwallader gold belt occurs in quartz veins averaging about 3 feet in width and containing about ½ oz. of gold a ton. Except for a relatively small amount of silver, no other metals are produced from these veins. The ore-bearing veins occur in a variety of rocks. They occupy reverse faults and tension fractures belonging to a distinctive fracture system. Some of these structures are ore-bearing over lengths exceeding 5,000 feet and depths exceeding 3,700 feet. The production of the Bralorne mine (1932-1945) is 996,383 oz. gold and 190,709 oz. silver; that of the Pioneer mine (1930-1945) is 777,588 oz. gold and 135,698 oz. silver. These two mines have together distributed about $25,000,000 in dividends.The Bridge River district first attracted attention in 1863* when prospectors were attracted by its small but rich placer gold deposits. Most of the important lode deposits of the Cadwallader gold belt were discovered in 1897 (11). Many years of desultory development followed and it was not until 1928 and 1932 that the Pioneer and Bralorne mines, respectivdy, entered into profitable production."

Jan 1, 1954

By M. Solomon

Abstract -Giant, sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in northern Australia formed during development of Mid-Proterozoic extensional basins that overlie Lower Proterozoic basement. The basement in the Mount Isa area, exposed by folding and faulting, contains fractionated, high-heat-producing granites. These granites generate heat at a rate of about 6 ?Wm-3, probably sufficient to form giant lead-zinc deposits either by (a) driving episodic convection of saline basement and basin fluids for periods of 105 to 106 years at temperatures of about 230°C, or (b) heating basin fluids moving under the influence of topographic relief or fault movement. The presence or absence of such granites may form a vital component of the genetic model. Ore-forming fluid flow was probably initiated by continent-scale, extensional basin fracturing.

Jan 1, 1992

By M. Solomon

Giant, sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in northern Australia fonned during development of Mid-Proterozoic extensional basins that overlie Lower Proterozoic basement. The basement in the Mount Isa area, exposed by folding and faulting, contains fractionated, high-heat-producing granites. These granites generate heat at a rate of about 6",Wm-3, probably sufficient to fonn giant lead-zinc deposits either by (a) driving episodic convection of saline basement and basin fluids for periods of IOS to 106 years at temperatures of about 230°C, or (b) heating basin fluids moving under the influence of topographic relief or fault movement. The presence or absence of such granites may form a vital component of the genetic model. Ore-fonning fluid flow was probably initiated by continent-scale, extensional basin fracturing.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. Sutherland Brown

"The Red Rose Mine is in the Rocher Deboule Range, 8 miles south of Hazelton. The mill camp (elevation 4,000 feet) is on Red Rose Creek, 11 miles by road from Skeena Crossing. The mine camp is one mile northeast and 1,600 feet above the mill camp on a spur of Red Rose Peak.The Red Rose mine was described in the Jubilee Volume, Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits (Davis, pp. 129-131), but regional geology and mine development have progressed to a stage at which a more complete description is possible.The property was first located in 1912, and for the next 7 years was prospected actively for gold and copper on the southern extension of the Red Rose shear. Scheelite was first discovered in the vein in the northern part of the shear in 1923. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited optioned the property in 1939, and after a drilling program in 1940 the present mine development was initiated in the vein in the northern part of the shear. A 75-ton-per-day mill started operating early in 1942 and continued until 1943. The property was inactive until 195 l, when Western Tungsten Copper Mines Limited leased the property from The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. A mill, which later was enlarged to 140 tons per day, started operations at the end of 1951. The mine and mill were closed in December, 1954.The mine has twelve levels and sub1evels, and most of the workings are in the plane of the vein (see Figure 2a). The level interval is not constant, but between the lower four levels is 87 feet (100 feet in the plane of the vein). Access is provided by four adits; the 800 (elevation 5,659 feet), 600 (5,920 feet), 300 (6, 133 feet) and 200 levels (6,237 feet). The 600 level is the main haulage, and from it the ore is transported to the mill by aerial tram. From this level an inclined shaft extends in the vein to the lowest level (I, 100)."

Jan 1, 1949

By Joseph W. Mills

"The Mic Mac property comprises 994 acres held under mining concession and approximately 2,000 acres held under development licenses in Bousquet township, Abitibi county, western Quebec.Gold was first discovered in this locality by Tom Duval in June, 1936. In February, 1937, Cassels Duval Mines, Limited, was incorporated under Quebec charter to take over the property. In September, 1937, the property was examined by Agaura Explorations, Limited, and an option agreement was signed on October 6th, 1937. In June, 1938, an option for complete ownership was taken on adjoining claims belonging to Norgold Mines, Limited, and in September, 1938, a mining plant was installed and the sinking of a 3-compartment shaft begun. In June, 1939, an option was taken by Mic Mac Explorations, Limited, on seven claims of Mooshla Gold Mines Company, Limited, that adjoined the Norgold block to the east. In December, 1939, a new company, Mic Mac Mines, Limited, was formed, amalgamating the Cassels Duval, Norgold, and Mooshla claims, as well as two claim groups to the west of the mine known as the Vaughan and West Cassels groups."

Jan 1, 1954

By R. Llewellyn

"Wear damage is responsible for very high maintenance costs and significant production losses in the oil sands industry of northern Alberta.It affects all areas of operations and involves a panoply of wear mechanisms from low stress sliding abrasion at extremely frigid temperatures during winter mining, to elevated temperature erosion/corrosion in processes where bitumen is converted to lighter hydrocarbon products.There is no universal panacea to defend against such diverse attack and a wide selection of resistant materials and systems is employed. These range from relatively soft rubbers which rely on their elastic properties for their protective capability, to some of the hardest ceramics and cermets which are currently available commercially.Details are presented of the characteristics and forms of the variety of wear materials being used and how they relate to the requirements of their areas of application. The review focuses on the practices followed at Syncrude Canada Ltd., which is the larger of the two commercial oil sands plants."

Jan 1, 1997

By E. S. Moore

Introduction The geology of the Sudbury nickel field has been studied extensively, but there are few reports dealing with the structure of the interior of the basin. It was not until the Treadwell-Yukon zinc-lead deposits were discovered that attention was strongly directed toward the large-scale faulting that has split the basin parallel to its long axis. This faulting has been responsible for the , ore deposits in the basin and it may be regarded in many ways as the most important geological event, next to the intrusion and differentiation of the nickel eruptive sheet, that has occurred in the Sudbury region. The early reports on the nickel region by Bell, and Barlow, were chiefly concerned with the nickel-copper ores and with the formations of the region. Coleman was the first geologist to map the nickel eruptive as a continuous sheet around the belt and to emphasize its basin character. On the map accompanying his later report, he shows an important offset in the nickel eruptive at its southwest end, where the large fault cuts this portion of the basin, but the fault was not traced into its interior, as little detailed work was clone in the basin at that time. No ore-bodies had been developed outside of the nickel-copper deposits associated with the norite when the map was prepared, and attention was mostly concentrated on the nickel eruptive. Coleman did, however, map and name the various formations found within the basin and, in general, his delineation of these has remained the standard for prospectors and other workers in the field until the present day.

Jan 1, 1930

By S. Nikolic, H. M. Henao

"There is renewed interest in the improvement of existing copper smelting processes and the development of new technologies. It has become clear that further accurate information on slag properties, in particular, on phase equilibria are required in order to optimize these processes. It is in this context that improved experimental research methodologies have been developed specifically to provide information on phase equilibria at the oxygen partial pressures encountered in copper smelting practice. The methodology involves synthetic slag equilibration at controlled gas atmospheres, quenching and measurement of compositions of phases with an electron probe X-ray microanalyser (EPMA) with wavelength dispersive detectors (WDD). Application of modem analytical tools and careful design of experiments greatly improve accuracy of determination of phase equilibria in complex, multi-phase slag systems. New experimental data on phase equilibria for the copper smelting and converting silicate slags at controlled oxygen partial pressures in the temperature range between 1200°C and 1350°C in the ""Fe0""-Ca0-SiO2 system and in the ""Cu20""-""Fe0""-Ca0-Si02 system in equilibrium with metallic copper are reported, and differences between various data sources are analyzed."

Jan 1, 2007

By Andrew Gillam

Outline of Presentation ? AMEC overview ? Benchmarked companies ? GRI 3.1 Guidelines ? Best practice examples ? Report content and boundary ? Strategy and profile ? Environmental ? Social GRI G3.1 ? Gold Standard for Reporting ? GRI ? Global Reporting Initiative ? 1997 outgrowth of Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) and UN Development Program (UNDP) ? Official collaborating centre of UNDP and works in collaboration with UN Global Compact ? Coalition of companies, business organizations, accounting firms, CSR consulting firms and nogovernmental organizations (NGOs) ? Mission: develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines ? Now de facto CSR reporting standard; appeal lies, in part, with supported flexibility in reporting approach and scope ? Latest generation G3.1 (March 2011); includes expanded guidance for reporting on human rights, local community impacts and gender

Aug 1, 2013

By C. Blawert

The corrosion properties of the skin and the bulk of semi-solid processed and high pressure die cast AZ91 alloy were studied in 5% NaCI solution by (a) analysing the corrosion morphology, (b) measuring electrochemical polarization curves, (c) performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements, and (d) immersion tests at constant pH-values. Using XRD, LM, SEM and EDX to evaluate the microstructure of skin and bulk specimens, the corrosion results were related to the microstructures of the particular alloys. However, microstructure and corrosion performance were found to be similar for both production processes, and only slight but distinct differences were found. Generally, the skin corrosion properties are inferior to those of the bulk, with the exception of the high pressure die cast AZ91 alloy, where the finer microstructure of the skin layer exhibits a better performance as showed by impedance studies and confirmed in long term immersion tests.

Jan 1, 2004

By W. B. Timm

Introduction In preparing this paper on Recent Developments in Gold Milling Practice, the idea occurred to me that possibly the best way to deal with the subject would be to take you in thought on a visit to the principal gold mining camps of the Dominion, starting at the east and finishing up in the west, and noting, as we go, the outstanding improvements that have been made in the last few years in the practice of gold milling. Before beginning this tour, I desire to emphasize the debt this country, and particularly our mining industry, owes to that body of trained and experienced men, little heard of, but who, working quietly on their problems, are responsible for these improvements. The metallurgists, to whom I refer, have solved many difficult problems for the mining industry, in connection with the treatment of our complex ores; for instance, the silver-cobalt ores of the Cobalt district, the gold ores of the Porcupine district, the gold-telluride ores of the Kirkland Lake? district, the copper-gold ores of Noranda, the arsenical-gold ores of the Beattie mine, the copper-zinc ores of Flin Flon, and the lead-zinc ores of Kimberley. In doing so, they have maintained the high technical standards of the profession, and the practices thus evolved are noteworthy for their high degree of efficiency. When the price of gold increased from $20.67 to $35.00 an ounce, what had formerly been thought to be a low tailing became almost an ore, so that the metallurgists are now busily engaged upon the problem of putting this railing back in its proper place of being a tailing once more, or from its value, at the present price, of anywhere from 50 cents to a dollar or so per ton, to a few cents per ton. Owing to the changing prices of the metals in the world&apos;s markets, still greater improvements in metallurgical practices are imperative. An important contributory factor towards improvement in ore dressing is the aid furnished by the microscope in the examination of ores and mill products. By making possible the determination of the mineral constituents of the ore, their association, and grain size, it gives the investigator a knowledge of his problem, before he does any actual test work. In the Mines Branch laboratories at Ottawa, its use has enabled us to predict how an ore should respond to various methods of treatment.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. F. Henderson

THIS paper relates to an area of more than 5,000 square miles in the Northwest Territories extending north from Great Slave lake and including-the Yellowknife, Beaulieu River and Gordon lake areas. Within the last three years much interest in the area has been created by the discovery of remarkably rich gold-bearing veins and the realization that thousands of square miles of unprospected ground are underlain by rocks like those in which the veins have been found. Probably there were more prospectors in this area in 1938 than in any other part of Canada. The area lies 650 miles north of Edmonton, and 425 miles north of the terminus of the Northern Alberta railway at Waterways, Alberta. The Athabaska and Slave rivers provide an excellent water route from Waterways to Great Slave lake for large oil and wood burning boats and barges which operate from the latter part of May to October. The only portage is around a 16-mile stretch of rapids on the Slave river between Fort Fitzgerald and Fort Smith. The town of Yellowknife, on the north side of Great Slave lake, has sprung into existence during the past year and is the centre for distribution of supplies for the Yellowknife-Beaulieu region. The Con-Rycon and Negus gold mines, which came into production in September, 1938, and February, 1939, respectively, lie about two miles south of the townsite. Excellent airplane service is available from Edmonton to Yellowknife and from Yellowknife to all parts of the area. The prospector and mining operator have come to rely almost entirely on the airplane for supplies and for the transportation of personnel, camp equipment, and canoes from Yellowknife to localities selected for intensive prospecting.

Jan 1, 1939

By M. L. Jeremic

The design of the long-hole sublevel mining method was originally based on the traditional assumption that the principal load was due to the weight of the overlying rock, and that the horizontal stresses are equal to one-third of the vertical stress. However, as mining progressed, the virgin lateral stress was found to be equal to or greater than the vertical stress. The virgin stress in the rock mass is not uniform throughout the folded orebody and adjacent strata. From detailed investigations, three basic patterns of virgin stress in ore panels have been inferred: uniform, bent and twisted. Stresses induced by stoping are up to three times greater than original stresses in the rock mass; they cause heavy ground conditions and make extraction of ore difficult. In the last ten years, the original mining system has been modified several times in order to destress the ground and improve the extraction of ore.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. S. Fox

It is generally recognized that the interpretation of bedrock geochemical data in volcanic terrains can be improved by adjusting for rock-type. Various chemical attributes of volcanic rocks have been put forward in the literature as rapid indicators of rock-type, but there is some question as to which of these is the most reliable . Only one such attribute, total iron, seems to have seen systematic use in geochemical mapping in the Flin Flon region. Discriminant analysis of 500 basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites suggests that SiO2 is the most important rock-discriminating variable and that MgO, CaO, TiD2, AI2O3 and FeOtot, are successively poorer discriminators. Lithological normalization in the subalkaline volcanic environment should therefore be made over ranges of this variable. Trace-metal data from drill core through the sulphide orebody at Hanson Lake, Saskatchewan are used to demonstrate various approaches to lithological correction, including silica normalization, factor analysis and trend analysis. All of these extract economically important information from the core that is not apparent in the raw data logs. However, silica normalization does not seem to be subject to as many serious limitations as factor and trend analysis in this case, and therefore seems to provide the most reliable basis for the interpretation of subsurface exploration geochemical data.

Jan 1, 1978

By Ming’an Wei, Qifu Duan, Jianmin Wu, Lusheng Zhou, HMR Group Limited / HMR Technology Canada Ltd., Wenjian Wu

"The development and industrial applications of magnetic liners have been around for decades. A Swedish company Skega first introduced rubber magnetic liners, and then followed by the Chinese invention of metal magnetic liners. Traditionally, both liners were used in secondary ball mills and regrind ball mills for industrial applications, especially for ores containing magnetic materials. Mostly steel balls or equivalent forged steel balls, usually below 60 mm in diameter, were used as grinding media. With the development of mineral resources over the years, SAG mills and larger ball mills have become the dominating components for comminution circuit design. Due to the development of larger diameter ball mills and thus larger ball charge diameter (up to 80mm) especially in non-ferrous metal mining operations, the application of magnetic liners have been very limited. Based on “Magnetism theory” and the development of new materials, the HMR Group Limited has been conducting researches on examining the structures of magnetic liners, associated materials and magnetic circuits which led to the invention of the Nano Alloy Steel Magnetic Liner (NSML). Recently, NSML had a successful application in a 5.5 m diameter × 6.5 m ball mill at the Erdenet Copper Mine in Mongolia. The NSML successfully handled a ball size up of to 80 mm, while achieving a service life of nearly 24 months, which is almost 3 times wear life of the original manganese steel liners.INTRODUCTIONDuring the development and utilization of mineral resources, mineral processing is an indispensably operation. The effective separation of various useful minerals depends on sufficient monomer dissociation of minerals in the ores. The crushing and grinding operation is prior operation of mineral processing. Ball mills are used in different concentrators. As the main consumption parts of mill, liners have been studied constantly. As a new kind of liners, magnetic liners besides can meet the requirement of production, and also have characteristics with maintenance-free, saving energy and increasing efficiency. So the magnetic liners are worth to be spread and applied world widely."

Jan 1, 2016