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Discussion of the paper of DWIGHT T. FARNHAM, presented at the Pittsburgh meeting, October, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 93, September, 1914, pp. 2357 to 2364. DAVID T. DAY, Washington, D. C.-Do you know anything about the character of that clay as to organic matter? H. RIES, Ithaca, N. Y.-No; it is a dark brownish clay, sandy in its nature. The brownish coloring is probably due to organic matter. Some lignite is also present. DONALD W. Ross.*-I have worked at the plant under consideration. I have not seen Mr. Farnham's paper; but in answering the question as to the organic matter, I might say there is practically no organic material scattered through the shale. There are, however, several layers of carbonaceous shale and rather low-grade coal interbedded with the formation. There are two very serious drawbacks-one which threatens to shut down the plant and another which merely means the expenditure of money. The first is taking care of the sediment from the washing away of the overburden. The government is doing extensive work at different points about Lake Washington with a view to creating a fresh-water harbor for Seattle. I understand that they keep at the Denny-Renton people to keep the channel of Cedar River clear. The Denny-Renton Co. can hardly help filling up the channel so long as they continue their hydraulic work, so this is probably one of their most serious problems. The other is this: There is a large percentage of what I should call micaceous shale or sandstone-a sandstone which contains a large amount of light-colored mica. Of course only a limited amount of this can be used in the manufacture of paving brick. As they shoot down the bank after the overburden of gravel and loam is washed away, these large boulders of micaceous sandstone come down. The strata have apparently been crushed where the clay pit is located so that the exact formation cannot be readily determined. These pieces of sandstone, 5 or 6 ft. in diameter, have to be blasted and removed from the shale. They bother both in the open pit and in the tunnel mining. In the tunnel mining of the shale blocks frequently cover the holes in the roof of the tunnel through which the shale is loaded into cars.

Jan 4, 1915

By W. L. Hill, W. H. Armiger, S. D. Gooch

The physical properties, chemical behavior under thermal treatment, and fertilizer value of fluorine-containing pseudowavellite (hydrous calcium aluminum phosphate) that occurs as phosphate clay admixed with quartz sand in an extensive deposit near Bartow, Fla., were determined by experiments in laboratory, pilot-plant, and greenhouse. When the mineral was heated at 500°C, 80 pct of the phosphorus became citrate soluble. The heated product, however, deteriorates markedly under moist conditions such as obtain in the soil.

Jan 1, 1950

Ellsworth Daggett, who joined the Institute in 1873, and had beeu a prominent figure in the mining profession of Utah and other Western states for many years, died in San Francisco, Jan. 5, 1923. Mr. Daggett was a contemporary and intimate friend of Clarence King, James D. Hague, R. W. Raymond, and other Nestors of the mining engineering profession prominent in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He was born at Canandaigua, N. Y., May 24, 1845; graduated from Sheffield Scientific School in 1864; pursued post-graduate courses there for two years, and for one year at the Bergakademie, in Berlin. He was in active practice as mining engineer from 1866 to 1914, but devoted most of his time during the World War to the perfecting of a submarine torpedo. He was connected with the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel in 1870. The plates illustrating mining industry, Volume III of the reports of that survey, were engraved from drawings obtained in the field during progress of the survey and prepared for the engraver by Mr. Daggett. He operated the Winnamuck mine and smelter at Bingham Cation, Utah, in the early seventies; the mines and mill at Cusihuiriachic, Chihuahua, 18867; and the Berlin mine near Austin, Nevada, 1904-6. On June 24, 1874, Mr. Daggett married Miss June Spencer, of Salt Lake City, who survives him, residing in New Haven, Corn. Appointed United States Surveyor General for Utah by President Harrison, in 1888, he was the first engineer to hold that office in Utah. He reorganized the mineral division of the office, required the courses of mineral surveys to be referred to the true meridian determined by solar or stellar observations, and did much to improve the accuracy and reliability of such surveys. Mr. Daggett was a member of the Alta and University Clubs of Salt Lake City, and president of the latter from 1890 to 1892; he was also a member of the Century Club, New York. Through his instrumentality, irrigation was brought to considerable tracts of land in northeastern Utah, and Daggett County of that state is named for him. Re wrote numerous technical papers, and an economic review entitled "A Quarter of a Century of Prices," in which was shown the close relation

Jan 1, 1923

Ellsworth Daggett, who joined the Institute in 1873, and had beeu a prominent figure in the mining profession of Utah and other Western states for many years, died in San Francisco, Jan. 5, 1923. Mr. Daggett was a contemporary and intimate friend of Clarence King, James D. Hague, R. W. Raymond, and other Nestors of the mining engineering profession prominent in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He was born at Canandaigua, N. Y., May 24, 1845; graduated from Sheffield Scientific School in 1864; pursued post-graduate courses there for two years, and for one year at the Bergakademie, in Berlin. He was in active practice as mining engineer from 1866 to 1914, but devoted most of his time during the World War to the perfecting of a submarine torpedo. He was connected with the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel in 1870. The plates illustrating mining industry, Volume III of the reports of that survey, were engraved from drawings obtained in the field during progress of the survey and prepared for the engraver by Mr. Daggett. He operated the Winnamuck mine and smelter at Bingham Cation, Utah, in the early seventies; the mines and mill at Cusihuiriachic, Chihuahua, 18867; and the Berlin mine near Austin, Nevada, 1904-6. On June 24, 1874, Mr. Daggett married Miss June Spencer, of Salt Lake City, who survives him, residing in New Haven, Corn. Appointed United States Surveyor General for Utah by President Harrison, in 1888, he was the first engineer to hold that office in Utah. He reorganized the mineral division of the office, required the courses of mineral surveys to be referred to the true meridian determined by solar or stellar observations, and did much to improve the accuracy and reliability of such surveys. Mr. Daggett was a member of the Alta and University Clubs of Salt Lake City, and president of the latter from 1890 to 1892; he was also a member of the Century Club, New York. Through his instrumentality, irrigation was brought to considerable tracts of land in northeastern Utah, and Daggett County of that state is named for him. Re wrote numerous technical papers, and an economic review entitled "A Quarter of a Century of Prices," in which was shown the close relation

Jan 1, 1923

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS,. ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia F. A.. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 12, 1914

JamEs F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.:—Mr. Hewett's paper is one of exceptional interest, because it not only adds an important contribution regarding one of the rarer, valuable elements, but also because it introduces compounds hitherto unknown and in associations no less novel. While we have occasionally discovered and recorded asphaltite in metalliferous deposits, for example in the Joplin and Granby districts, we have not seen a metallic ore in a deposit eesentially asphaltite. The source and method of introduction afford a subject well worth serious reflection.

Jan 1, 1910

ARTHUR F. BRAID,* New. York, N. Y. (written discussion ?). -I have read Mr. Cain's paper with a very great deal of interest. The subject is one that is worth a great deal of thought and research at this time. It is a well-known fact that the strong affinity of steel or, iron for oxygen is perhaps the main detriment to sound production, and, as the author states, it is-indeed remarkable that today there are no analytical methods in general use in steel works for determining the gaseous con-stituents of steel.

Jan 10, 1919

By A. J. Griest, P. D. Frost, J. R. Doig

During the past 5 years, research directed toward the development of titanium alloys having improved strength-ductility relationships and heat treatability has been carried out at Battelle for the U. S. Air Force.1"3 In the course of this work, a method of heat treating ß-stabilized titanium alloys was developed which produced a wide range of useful properties.4 The heat treatment consisted of two steps: a) solution treating at temperatures in the a-ß phase region, and b) overaging at a lower temperature in the range 800°to 1100°F. Corollary to the alloy development work, research was conducted on the mechanism of the heat-treatment reaction. The investigations of Frost and co-workers on isothermal transformation in Ti-Cr5 and Ti-Mn8 alloys disclosed the existence of the transition phase, w, during the course of the decomposition of metastable ß phase. Subsequent work at Battelle7,8 'and at Case Institute by Brotzen and co-workerss further clarified the nature of the decomposition process. Beta decomposition was found to proceed by the following series of reactions: 1 2 3 4 a + Ti, My (in eutectoid systems). ßo, ßr, and ßU refer to ß phase of original, enriched, and ultimate alloy contents, respectively. Omega is a transition phase having a complex structure. 10-13 Step 4, of course, occurs only in ß-eutectoid systems. This paper presents data correlating transformation behavior with mechanical properties for the following alloys: Ti-8Mn, Ti-8Mn-2A1, Ti-4Mn-4A1, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-4Fe. The isothermal decomposition of ß in titanium-manganese alloys of similar composition has been investigated by Frost and coworkers8 and the effect of various annealing treatments on alloys in this system has been studied by Holden, Ogden, and Jaffee.14 The compositions Ti-8Mn-2Al, Ti-4Mn-4A1, and Ti-6A1-4V, were studied in the present work in an effort to define more clearly the effect of aluminum on the response to solution and aging treatments. Ogden, Holden, and Jaffee15 have invesitgated the effect of aluminum on the response of a similar alloy (Ti-8.8Mn-2.46A1) to annealing treatments, and Luini and Lee16 have made an exploratory investigation of the heat-treatability of the Ti-4Mn-4Al alloy. The Ti-4Fe alloy was studied as an example of a moderate1y active eutectoid system. Holden, Ogden, and Jaffee 17 have studied Ti-Fe alloys and have presented some hardness data for aging at 400°C for alloys of Ti-2.56, 5.01, and 7.35 iron after quenching from the a-ß field (750°C). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The experimental procedures generally used in the precipitation-hardening study are outlined in the following sections. Departures from these techniques are noted in the discussions of the individual alloys. Table I presents the nominal and actual compositions of the alloys studied, together with the swaging and rolling temperatures. In all cases, these temperatures were in the a-ß field and the microstructures consisted of an equiaxed a-ß mixture. Melting and Fabrication—Except for the commer-

Jan 1, 1960

The United States has never been a large coal exporting nation, and normally such shipments, aside from those to Canada, have been relatively small. Since the first railroad was built across the Allegheny Mountains, the imports have been quite small also, although fairly large tonnages of Canadian coal have moved into the extreme northeastern and northwestern states at times. In Table 21 are shown all data available about these shipments from 1790 to 1939, inclusive.

Jan 1, 1942

He took a great interest in technical matters and his inclination was strongly toward research investigations. At the same time he was effective in manual and mechanical work and was generally found working side by side with the men under his direction. His nature was unselfish and he was extremely popular socially. He was a member of the Coeur d'Alene Commandery, Knights Templar. Stanly A. Easton. Lieutenant.Louis Baird Louis Baird, a Lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery of the British Army, died on the battlefield in 1915. Lieutenant Baird was born July 28, 1880, at Stirling, Scotland. His technical education was obtained at King's College, Melbourne, Australia, in 1893 to 1895, and at the Technical College at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1897 to 1900. After an apprenticeship with the Mexican J. & 8. Rec. Co. of Mexico, lasting from 1900 to 1903, he became mill superintendent for the Cia. Minera Benito, at Juarez, Zac. During the year 1905-6 he was assistant manager of the Caridelaria y Anexas, at Pinos, Zac., and from 1906 to 1907 was engineer with the Cia. Minera Jalisco, San Sebastian, Jalisco. At the time of his admission to the Institute, in 1908, he was practising as a mining engineer at Etzatlan, Jalisco, Mexico. For the next four years he practised his profession in the City of Guadalajara, Jalisco, removing, in 1913, to Ixtlan del Rio, in the State of Tepic. It was from here that he returned to England to put his services at the disposal of the British Government. The Institute is not definitely informed as to how, where, or when Lieutenant Baird met his death. iCaptain John H. Ballamy John H. Ballamy, Captain on the Regimental Staff of the 103d Engineers, was killed near Fismes, on Aug. 9, 1918. Captain Ballamy was born at Plvmouth. Pa.. in 1886 and graduated from' the High School of that town in 1903. In the following year he began work as a coal miner, and at the same time began the study of mining engineering in the evening and any other spare time. He continued this diligent and energetic practice for many years. For sixteen years he continued in the employment of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rai1roa.d Company's coal mining

Jan 1, 1920

By W. W. Gerberich

SINCE the original formulation of fracture mechanics concepts,&apos;y2 relatively little work has related the fracture mechanics description of metal behavior on a gross, structural component scale to the behavior of its microstructural constituents. The purpose of this note is to suggest the utilization of fracture mechanics to describe material behavior on a microscopic scale. A Fracture Concept for Two-Phase Structures. A critical displacement concept considering the tough unidirectional phase in a relatively brittle matrix is first examined. It is assumed that a flaw exists at position 1 as depicted in Fig. 1. As the crack moves from position 1 to 2 the plastic zone could be of the shape described with the size approximated by the Dugdale3 model: where c is the half-crack length, OO is the applied stress, and oyS is the yield strength. Hahn and Rosen-field4 have presented a simple fracture criterion for homogeneous materials based upon the displacement at the crack tip. They also have shown the equivalence of the critical displacement, v*, to fracture toughness by Kc = (2v*oysE)1/2 [2] The displacement at the crack tip is given by and the displacement at any distance in front of the crack tip may be determined knowing the plastic zone size and utilizing the development of Goodier and Field.5 Recalling Fig. 1, the value of v* for fracture in material M1 may be calculated from Eq. [2] providing the critical stress intensity factor is known. As the material is loaded, when vc > vM1 the crack moves from position 1 to position 2 where it encounters the tough second phase. If vc2 < vm2, then the crack will be arrested providing the width of the M2 phase is sufficiently large. This condition is necessary since the displacement at position 2 has increased due to the longer crack length. Thus, the displacement at the distance X (representing the dimension of the second phase) in front of the crack may be larger than the critical displacement for failure in the brittle material. If v, > vm, then failure will proceed in the brittle material. The value of v, may be calculated as indicated above. This latter consideration is the same as predicting fracture of a brittle second phase at some distance in front of a crack located in a ductile matrix. Experimental Evidence. On a macrostructural scale, tungsten wires in a ductile Be-Cu matrix are seen to fracture well ahead of the main crack front in Fig. 2. Utilizing a Kc value of 14.2 ksi-in.1/2 obtained by Schroder et al.6 for as-received tungsten, the critical displacement 2v*, for fracture is calculated from Eq. [2] to be about 6.5 X 10-5 in. The crack tip displacement, 2vc, is calculated from Eq. [3] to be 0.0028 in. indicating that fracture would occur at a considerable distance in front of the crack tip. From the ratio of v*/vc and the plastic zone estimate of Eq. [I], the distance in front of the crack tip at which a tungsten wire should fracture is calculated to be about 0.195 in. As shown in Fig. 2, a fractured wire occurs at a distance of 0.140 in. (fractured in three places), not at 0.250

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

ACCORDING to M. Perogordo y Lasso, professor in the School of Mines, College of Engineering, National University of Mexico, what is known a. the "co- operative system" was started there on Feb. 1, 1929. On Jan. 1, 1792, the Real Seminario de Mineria was opened in Mexico City and had much success. Later, the name was changed to Colegio de Mineria. When other branches of engineering were introduced it was known as the Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros, and finally, with the reorganization of the University the

Jan 1, 1929

By LE B. GRAY

ALL meeting of the Chemical Section, National Safety Council, in Rochester, N. Y., put his hand on at least ten salient points that apply to safety in nearly any laboratory ; these are as follows : 1. Impress your laboratory worker at the start that he is dealing with powerful and dangerous-forces and that every experimental set-up must be studied from the stand- point of its fiber, electrical, explosive, and health hazards.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. B. Moore

IN 1914 the writer and K. L. Kithil announced, through Bulletin 70 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, that the United States possessed the largest deposits of radium-bearing ore in the world. At that time a small amount of this ore was being, mined and shipped to Europe, and one company was preparing to start the extraction and recovery of radium in this country. The importance of our carnotite deposits in Colorado and Utah up to the publication of Bulletin 70 was not, however, appreciated by anyone.. At that time the total supply of radium in the world was about 10 g., calculated as element, and when I estimated that at least 100 g. of radium element, and probably 200 g., would be produced from our carnotite deposits, there was a considerable amount of skepticism. Up to the present time almost 200 g. have come from this ore, and some writers put this figure a little higher. Uranium ore was found in the copper mines of the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga at Luiswishi in 1913. Later discoveries were made at other places in the Belgian Congo, and the Katanga ores now represent the largest supply of radium-bearing ore in the world. In fact, since 1923 very little radium has been produced from American carnotite, the Katanga ore representing practically the world&apos;s supply of. radium since that date.

Jan 1, 1930

By D. Mizer, J. B. Clark

In a recent investigation of the entire magnesium-yttrium phase diagram, Gibson and Carlsonl report the maximum solid solubility of yttrium in magnesium as 8.0 wt pct Y at 1050°F (565°C). However, independent studies of the precipitation in magnesium-yttrium alloys, 2 conducted prior to the publication of the above phase diagram, indicated a greater solid solubility of yttrium in magnesium. Accordingly, the magnesium-rich region of the diagram was re-investigated to determine more accurately the liqui-dus, solidus, and solvus of the magnesium solid solution in this system. Metallography and thermal analysis were chosen as the best corroboratory methods for accurately determining this region of the diagram. A magnesium-yttrium master alloy was prepared from yttrium of 99.9 pct purity and singly sublimed magnesium of 99.9 pct purity. Subsequently, the twelve magnesium-yttrium alloys shown in Fig. 1 were prepared using standard alloying procedures for magnesium. Metallographic samples of the alloys were heat treated under an SO, atmosphere in an electric furnace capable of control within ±3oF of the desired temperature. Alloy samples for the metallographic determination of the solvus, and for the precipitation studies were solution treated at 1000° F for 16 hr. Subsequent aging times for the solvus determination varied from a minimum of 6 hr for the higher temperatures up to 816 hr for lower temperatures. Periods of 30 min at temperature were used to generate liquation for the metallographic placement of the solidus and eutectic horizontal. The liquidus and the eutectic horizontal were determined by thermal analysis. Simple time-temper- ature heating and cooling curves were obtained from 10-g alloy samples heated and cooled in a well-insulated electric furnace. An Iron-Constantan thermocouple was placed in direct contact with the sample. The thermocouple did not contaminate the alloy sample since metallographic examination showed that the alloy melt did not wet or attack the thermocouple. The heating and cooling rates were approximately 5 to 8OF per min. The standard metallographic procedures for magnesium were used in polishing and etching the magnesium-yttrium alloys studied. Glycol etchant* was etchant was used to reveal precipitate in the solvus determination. The redetermined magnesium-rich region of the magnesium-yttrium diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The

Jan 1, 1962

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS 29 West 39th Street, New .York, N. Y. PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP Address Member is hereby proposed by the undersigned, as a Associate Junior Member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Signatures of .-&apos; three Members or Associates. Place of birth Year of birth Education, when, where and how acquired, with degrees, if any. " A technical education is not requisite for membership. Dates Please give record of experience on following page with dates; for example, in the form used by "Who&apos;s Who In America" and similar publications.

Jan 7, 1917

By A. G. Guy

Thermodynamic activity rather than chemical composition is basic to the analysis of diffusion. This is the essential conclusion reached by Darken1-3 and by Birchenall and Mehl.4 If so, it is reasonable to expect that diffusion calculations should be carried out using activities. This paper will illustrate a method of employing activities in analyzing interstitial diffusion. For interstitial diffusion (of carbon in iron and probably generally) the diffusion of the solvent atoms, volume changes, and other such complexities not explicitly provided for in the usual diffusion equations cause a negligible error of the order of 1 pct. Therefore it is relatively easy to test the validity of an analysis based on activities in the instance of interstitial diffusion. The mathematical treatment of the more complex substitutional diffusion could be simplified once the adequacy of the activity method had been established for substitutional diffusion. Thus the present work has the purpose not only of providing a superior analysis of interstitial diffusion but also of indicating a possible approach to the more important question of an adequate treatment of substitutional diffusion. Development of the Diffusion Equation Although activities are convenient quantities to determine experimentally, they are derived from the more fundamental fugacities.9 Possible confusion in using activities can be avoided by basing equations involving their use on the relationship, dP = -D1d/ax dt [I] where, dP = the number of grams of solute crossing one cm2 in the time dt sec. D, = the diffusion constant for use with fugacities; it is assumed to be constant at a given temperature, and has units of secs. f = the fugacity of the solute in the solid solution; the units are those of pressure, dynes per cm2. x = the distance in cm. Eq 1 can be considered to be the basic form of the first Fick Law for one-dimensional diffusion. In order to convert Eq 1 into an equation involving activities, a choice of a standard or reference fugacity, f°, must be made: then. a = f [2] where a is the activity corresponding to the fugacity f. However, the value of a is also determined by the relation, a = a\c [3] where a is the activity coefficient and c is the concentration. For a given value of a (such as a = 1) it is evident that the units used for expressing concentration will affect the numerical value of a corresponding to a given amount of carbon dissolved in y-iron. Since weight per cent concentration is so widely used, this unit will be adopted as the standard in this paper. When the value off given by Eq 2 is substituted in Eq 1, the first Fick Law becomes, dP= -D,f°dl [4] Since D,f° is constant (at a given temperature), the second form of Fick&apos;s Law can be obtained in the usual manner, -dt D&apos;f° dx [5] where c&apos; is the concentration in g per cm3. In terms of weight per cent concentration, c, Eq 5 becomes, dc _ 100 d2a Tt = T /f w [6] where p is the density of the solid solution and will be assumed to be constant. In order to simplify Eq6, it is necessary to consider the standard state, f°. Standard states are chosen for convenience. There appears to be one especially convenient choice for the analysis of interstitial diffusion. If the activity coefficient, a, is set equal to unity at infinite dilution of the solute, 100 then — 100D1fl° is approximately equal P to the usual diffusion constant in dilute solutions. This is true since the activity, a, in Eq 6 can be replaced by the concentration, c, with little error in an infinitely dilute solution.* Here f1° is the standard fugacity necessary to achieve this standard state. It is proposed that a diffusion constant Da&apos; be defined, Da1=100/pD1f1° [7] where A is the metal whose diffusion is * The second derivative of a is equal to the second derivative of c in dilute solution only if -da/dr- is. zero. Although theory does not require this condition, in the systems C in Fe, and Zn in Cu, dc is in fact found to be essentially zero.

Jan 1, 1950

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP. Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ, W. De L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer. P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY. S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 5, 1914

BARBOUR, PERCY E., Deputy Supt., (Captain), New York State Troopers; Captain, 22nd Regiment, N. Y. N. G. BARLING, 1i. B., 1st Lieutenant, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps. CHAPMAN, R. H., Major, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps. DUNN, THEODORE S., 1st Lieutenant, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps. DWIGHT; ARTHUR S., Major, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps. FORBES, CARROLL R., Captain, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps. GOODSPEED,. G. E., JR., 1st Lieutenant, Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps.

Jan 7, 1917

By L. D. Anderson

IN STUDYING Utah as a lead producing state one is immediately confronted by the fact that few, if any, of the ores of the state are valued for their lead contents alone. More correctly the ores from which this metal is recovered are characterized as silver lead. Even then the whole story is not told for many of these ores carry also gold, copper, zinc, bismuth, antimony, arsenic, tellurium, and other metals. It becomes apparent, therefore, that the production of lead i11 Utah is influenced by many factors. For example, i11 the early part of 1923 there was a marked increase in the production of the lead by reason of the efforts made by silver mines to produce as much silver as possible before the termination of purchases under the Pittinan Act in June, 1923. As nearly all silver ores carried more or less lead the production of that metal was increased with the increase in silver production. Very few, if any, ores of the State are mined for their lead contents alone. Important as Utah&apos;s contribution to the lead output of the country is nevertheless it is bound up to some extent with the production of gold, silver and copper.

Jan 1, 1925