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Furnace Builder. Engineer with extensive experience in furnace building. Position with well-established firm, branching into new fields. Location Ohio. 11-1343. Erecting and Operating Engineer to take charge of erection of gas-producer equipment and to teach customers how to operate such equipment. Location Ohio. Salary $250 per month. R-1339. Assistant Professor in Mining School, for instruction work; must have had experience in ore dressing and metallurgy. Location Missouri. Salary $1500-$2100 per school year (8 mo.). R-1332. Consulting Engineer, familiar with construction of artesian wells to act in a consulting capacity. Location New York City. R-1324. Mining Engineer and Investigator to do non-metallic mineral investigations in both field and office for United States Government. Position will last at least a year, and may become permanent. Location Washington, D. C. Salary $1800-$2700 depending on qualifications of appointee. R.-1317. Crushing Plant Superintendent, cement mill and construction experience essential. Prefer man who has had limestone crushing experience. Location New York. R-1314. Assistant Professor of Coal Mining, must be a graduate of mining engineering and have had some coal mining experience. Location Philadelphia.. Salary $2200 for school year of 10 months. R-1312.

Jan 9, 1919

W. P. PUTNAM,. Detroit, Mich.-There is one company that is heating these tubes in an upright position by passing electrical energy directly through the tube itself. The lower connection is attached to an indicator, which shows the point at which the steel passes through the critical range At that point the clamps are released and the tube is dropped into a well of oil. This method simplifies the heat treatment of tubes in long lengths. H. J. FRENCH.-I am not entirely familiar with. the method outlined, but it appears to have one serious disadvantage; that is, the length of tubing that is directly connected with the electrical contacts is wasted and must be cut off due to either heavy oxidation or burning. That is a serious difficulty, if true in all cases, and cannot be overcome, inas-much as it is very difficult to draw long tubes of thin wall. Having once obtained a lot of tubes, to cut, say 14 ft. in length, there is often little excess metal available to discard. Am I correct concerning the burning or heavy oxidation of the metal where it comes in contact with the tube.

Jan 12, 1919

By L. G. Huntley

THE only oil produced in Colombia during the past year has been that from the Tropical Oil Co. concession, operated by the International Petroleum Co. This has been about the same in amount as that of 1923, or approximately half a-million barrels gross, which has been used to supply the domestic requirements of the republic and for the company's own use, in about equal proportions. The Tropical Oil Co.'s field at Infantas has 17 producing wells, for the most part shut in. The company claims an average initial production of about 1000 bbl. each for these wells, which would represent a total potential production of 10,000 bbl. However, the area already outlined by this work is considerable, as drilling has apparently been carried on with the idea in mind of blocking out the field, rather than developing the greatest possible production. Therefore, whether or not the pipeline of the Andian National Corpn. is being built to take care of the amount of crude production admitted by the Tropical Oil Co., or a greater prospective amount, it is certain that this production could be quickly increased if desired.

Jan 3, 1925

Geological Survey of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Wilbur Stout, State Geologist. A complete list of publications will be sent upon request The present Geological Survey of Ohio is the fourth organization of this kind in the state The first Survey issued two reports, dated 1838 (not now available), the second, from 1869 to 1888, issued two reports, 75 cents and $1, respectively, and five volumes on geology, $1.25 to $3 50. The third organization, 1890 to 1900, issued a report for 1890, $1, and vol. 7 (1893), $150 Since 1900 the present organization has issued a number of Bulletins, most of which deal with the geology of some part of the state, as follows: Bulletin 10, The Middle Devonian (1909), 25 cents, 14, Columbus Quadrangle (1911), 30 cents; 15, Devonian and Mississippian of northwestern Ohio (1912), $1; 17, Conemaugh Formation (1912), 60 cents, 22, The Dunkard Series (1920), 60 cents; 23, Camp Sherman Quadrangle (1921), 50 cents; 24, Wayne County (1921), 50 cents, 28, Columbiana County (1924), $1, 30, Delaware County (1926), 75 cents, 31, Vinton County (1927), $1; 35, Jefferson County (1930), $1. Other bulletins on Ohio geology and resources of most interest are.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. E. Maringer, A. Schwope

IT has been recognized that oxygen in minute quantities is extremely detrimental to the room-temperature ductility of molybdenum. Early fracto-graphic studies' of the cast metal indicated that oxides are formed preferentially at the grain boundaries. Additional verification of this preferential segregation has been obtained from internal friction studies on poly crystalline molybdenum (average grain diameter varied from 0.039 to 0.065 mm) and from observations of the effect of oxygen on specimens of extremely large grain size. Specimens A, B, and C, of 0.040 in. diameter commercial molybdenum wire (Lot FW 13-40) were heat treated in the vacuum furnace described by Few and Manning according to the specifications given in Table I. Internal friction studies of these specimens were carried out using a low frequency (approximately 1 cycle per second) torsional pendulum completely enclosed in a vacuum tank. As the pressure of oxygen in the heat treating atmosphere changed, the portion of the internal friction vs temperature curves ascribed to grain boundary relaxation changed correspondingly, Fig. 1. The decrease in the damping capacity at high temperatures as the pressure of oxygen in the heat treating atmos-

Jan 1, 1955

By Charles E. Hall

The Crimora mine, operated by the American Manganese Company, Limited, is located 21/2 miles east of Crimora station, 011 the Shenandoah Valley railroad, in Augusta county, Virginia. It is situated in a basin at the western base of the range of mountains which flanks the Shenandoah Valley on the east. This range is composed of the Potsdam sandstone (No. I. of the Pennsylvania survey), and extends in a northeasterly-southwesterly direction the entire length of the valley. The general dip of the measures is westward. The massive sandstone of the mountain is geologically overlaid with shales or slates, which belong to the Potsdam, or lie between it and the Lower Silurian limestone. Throughout this region these shales are decomposed, and form more or less extensive clay deposits, which are found along the base of the range and often underlie a considerable area to the westward of the abrupt slope of the range. Sand and fragments of quartzite occur in considerable quantities on the surface, and often conceal the true character of the underlying formation. The area containing this ore-deposit extends northeast and south-

Jan 1, 1892

By T. A. Rickard

The use of the verb in this mood is not as common as formerly: at the time, for' example, when the Bible was translated and the plays of Shakespeare were written. Nevertheless it is an essential part of literary English. In editing the `Mining and Scientific Press' I do not insist upon the use of the subjunctive in articles that are contributed from the outside, but it is deemed proper in all our editorial writing. To speak plainly, the subjunctive is I a mark of scholarship; it is ignored by those that are not particular in such matters, and unfortunately it is a source of perplexity to many that are entirely unfamiliar with the use of it. Therefore, as an editor, I think it well to allow the indicative mood to be used by contributors in sentences in which, to be strictly correct, the verbs .should be in the subjunctive mood. The fact that most subjunctives are indistinguishable in form from indicatives is another cause of trouble to the uninitiated.* For example, the verbs in such phrases as "Suffice it to say ", "So help me God ", and "God save the King" Fare in the subjunctive. One reason why the subjunctive is becoming uncommon is the growing habit of expressing the subjunctive meaning by aid of auxiliary verbs that are coupled with the infinitive; thus: "It will suffice' to say" and "May God save the King". The subjunctive is common in subordinate clauses, and that is how it obtained its name, `subjunctive', meaning * The student is referred to `A New English Grammar', by E. A. Sonnenschein, published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford. This textbook (see pp. 60-71 in Part III) discusses the subject luminously.

Jan 1, 1931

Charles Catlett, Staunton, Virginia (communication to the Secretary*): I have had occasion to examine a few of the irondeposits in the immediate section of which Mr. Watson speaks, but have not had an opportunity to visit any of the well-known manganese-deposits. I find the former can be very safely read in light of the information which it is possible to get from the same measnres farther. north, where they are less completely decomposed. In the same way all of his conclusions in regard to the geology of the manganese-deposits bear out their occurrence in Virginia, when we allow for the far more complete decomposition in the section he has so carefully studied. Judging from the same measures farther north, I think he will be safe in agreeing even further with Penrose as to the origin of these ores. Some years ago I carried on prospecting work in these measures in Virginia, in which the iron-ore and manganese-ore were followed down to undecomposed material, and in which their occurrence along a definite line of stratification, and apparently a part of the original bedding, was plainly shown. This is unusual, however, even in the section of which I speak. At Crimora, Virginia, the decomposition is quite complete; at the same time the results of some hydraulic work, which has been done there, disclosed, at the time of my last visit, the manganese interbedded in the residual clay along a definite and distinct plane parallel to the bedding of the underlying quartzite, and which, as is shown at other points, corresponds with the plane of the original material. In view of the phosphorus reported by Mr. Watson as existing in the Cartersville ores, and the not uncommonly prohibitive amount in southern ores, I am interested to know whether

Jan 1, 1904

By William H. Emmons

Discussion of the paper of William H. Emmons, presented at the Canal Zone meeting, November, 1910, and printed in Bulletin No. 46, October, 1910, pp. 767 to S37. CHARLES R,. KEYES, Des Moines, Ia. (communication to the Secretary*) :-It is not in a spirit of criticism that I offer a supplemental suggestion or two on the subjects covered by this valuable and highly instructive memoir. There are two points which, in my opinion, should have received greater emphasis in Mr. Emmons's excellent paper. One is the fundamental role played by the chlorides under certain conditions in ore-formation. The other is the possible establishment of geographic relationships among the four phenomena of (1) excessive chloridic content of mine-waters; (2) the abundance of chloridic compounds of the precious metals ; (3) the presence of. manganese oxides; and (4) the diminishing importance, in ore-genesis, of the metallic sulphates. Although Mr. Emmons's notes refer to gold alone, it may be pertinently asked whether the same principles do not hold good for silver and copper also, since these metals form, together with gold, a distinct and well-known chemical group. That the reactions involved apply equally well to the other two metals mentioned, is shown by a number of recent observations and discussions. Chloridic ores of silver are, as I have lately endeavored to show, mainly worked in. arid or desert regions only ; and the great deposits of disseminated copper-ores are similarly characteristic of such regions, in which both classes doubtless owe their formation to the abundance of saline materials derived from desert dusts, and to the .plentiful and almost universal presence of manganese oxide. Under these climatic conditions, silver is somewhat more abundantly deposited than copper and gold, because its chloride is so much * Received Nov. 11, 1910.

Jun 1, 1911

By S. W. Parr

THE low-temperature carbonization of coal involves the carrying out of the coking process under conditions wherein neither the coal mass nor any of the passageways through which the volatile products pass are heated above 700° or 800° C. For convenience in this discussion, the single number 750° will be used to designate the maximum range. This temperature is not selected arbitrarily; it is the result of certain natural conditions that are inherent in the substances involved. Two of these conditions arc sufficiently pronounced to suggest a line of demarcation at this point as follows: (1) Below 750°, all the heavy hydrocarbons are expelled, which means that, at these lower temperatures, the illuminants, the gases of high calorific value, and the condensible oils are discharged; above 750°, there are given off the lean, non-illuminating gases consisting for the most part of hydrogen and marsh gas and having no condensible constituents present. (2) Below 750°, there is substantially no secondary decomposition; above 750°, the volatile products are readily decomposed, forming tars, naphthalene, free carbon, etc. It is not intended to maintain that no secondary decompositions occur below 750°. Many recent studies have demonstrated the practicability, especially in the presence of catalytic substances, of cracking certain of the hydrocarbon compounds; but at these lower temperatures the step is a moderate one, as, for example, from xylene to toluene or from toluene to an anthracene. These changes are moderate in amount. Not only do the reactions proceed slowly but they are subjected to the decomposing conditions for only a short time. This is evident when it is recalled that at these initial temperatures the decomposition, of the coal is very rapid and, if anywhere near a neutral pressure is maintained, the movement

Jan 2, 1920

By W. E. C. Coxe

AT the meeting of the Institute in Philadelphia, in June, 1876, it was my pleasure to read a paper on the "Manufacture and Endurance of Iron Rails." I then spoke of some trial rails which had been placed in the down track of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, over which passed, in addition to merchandise and passengers, most of the heavy coal traffic of that company. One of these rails, made at the Philadelphia and Reading Rolling Mill in 1870, and then placed in the track, was removed in 1876, after having carried about 55,000,000 gross tons, and was on exhibition at the Centennial Exhibition. A piece of this worn rail, twisted cold, was also shown there. One of the same series of rails was allowed to remain in the track until 1878, and short sections of this rail, as well as one not worn, to show its original shape, are presented for your inspection. A comparison of the two will show that the top of the head or tread has worn down 3/16 ths of an inch during its nine years of service. It carried in that time 67,000,000 gross tons of freight, passengers, cars, and engines. This rail was made in the usual way of manufacturing iron rails at the Philadelphia and Reading Rolling Mill. The head was made from puddled iron bars, piled, heated, and rolled into bars, 4 1/2 and 3 inches wide by 1 inch thick, these bars, breaking joints, were made into a pile in section 9 inches square, heated and rolled into slabs 9 inches wide and 2 inches thick; the balance of the rail-pile was made of 4 1/2 and 3-inch bars, rolled from two-thirds old rails and one-third puddled iron, the

Jan 1, 1880

By L. D. Godshall

The extreme difficulty of obtaining a short and, at the same time, exact method for the determination of gold and silver in copper-materials has been well illustrated in "Assays of Copper and Copper-Matte," and its discussion, by Dr. A. R. Ledoux and other leading authorities on this subject.* Two general methods were used by the numerous assayers who took part in the symposium initiated by Dr. Ledoux, and whose results are given in the paper and discussion. One of these is the dry or fire-method, consisting of scorification and cupellation, the former being repeated if the percentage of copper is very high, all slags and cupels being assayed and the results so obtained added to the ordinary assay; and the copper retained by the silver buttons being determined and deducted from the combined weight of the buttons obtained from the assay of the original material, the scorification-slag, and the cupel. The other is the wet or combination-method, which, while not involving so much work, requires a longer time. Briefly, it is as follows : The material to be assayed is dissolved in nitric acid, the solution is diluted, and the fine undissolved gold is collected by means of sulphate of lead, formed by the addition of lend acetate and sulphuric acid to the solution, After standing from 12 to 24 hours, the precipitate is filtered off, and the silver in the filtrate is precipitated as a chloride or bromide, and collected by means of sulphate or bromide of lead. The solution containing this precipitate in suspension is again allowed to stand until the precipitate has settled. It is then filtered; both precipitates, containing the gold and silver, are dried, ignited and scorified, either separately or together, and the result is cupelled in the usual way.

Jan 1, 1901

By Tom W. Pfeifle, Paul E. Senseny

INTRODUCTION Engineered structures such as mines, shafts and tunnels, and storage caverns for hydrocarbons, chemical s and brine are being built in natural rock salt formations in increasing numbers. In addition, salt formations are being considered as potential hosts for mined, nuclear waste repositories. The popularity of these formations for engineering purposes stems from the many favorable commercial, physical, and thermal characteristics attributed to the material itself. Not only have the formations been stable and free of dissolution for hundreds of millions of years, but the salt is fairly easily mined and has very low permeability, low water content, and high thermal conductivity. Another characteristic of salt is its tendency to flow or creep when subjected to a shear stress. Although this behavior may be desirable in certain instances, it may be detrimental in other instances since the creep rate may be large enough to produce deformations that tend to reduce the volume of storage caverns or to restrict access to mining operations. In either case, the engineer is faced with the problem of accurately predicting the long-term structural deformations under various combinations of stress and temperature and is required to compare these deformations with long-term design criteria. In the laboratory, deformation-versus-time curves obtained at constant stress and temperature show that creep of salt is similar to creep of many other crystal line solids. Figure 1 shows a typical deformation-versus-time curve for salt. When a shear stress is first applied, the rate of deformation is high, but decreases monotonically. This initial behavior is called transient or primary creep. At some time, the deformation rate no longer decreases but continues at a constant rate. This behavior is called steady-state

Jan 1, 1982

By Charles G. Yale

A few years ago somebody connected with one of those self-constituted bodies of unofficial character, like a Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade, or State Development Board, started a catch-phrase referring to California as a The Land of Sunshine, Fruit, and Flowers," and the railroad magazines and folders keep it steadily in use, working day and night. Yet it altogether ignores the substance which brought the State into the Union, which peopled it, and which made it famous thronghout the world. You ladies and gentlemen who have come from what wc here call "the East," have in your own States, no matter which one, sunshine, fruit, and flowers. But your Eastern States, having these things as we do, have not the gold that we do. Therefore, the old designation of " The Golden State," applied to California, should be revived, as being the most distinctive term. It is worthy of remembrance, too, that during the dark days of the civil war this State handed over $172,000,000 in yellow gold, and saved the credit of the nation. Gold-mining has been carried on in California since '' The days of old, The days of gold, The days of '49," and it still continues. Since that historic year, and up to the end of 1910, the State has produced, in gold alone, $1,530,214,468. Since 1792 the entire United States production of gold has been $3,261,573,500, so that the single State of California has, in that period, produced within $201,144,564 of one-half of all the gold from Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and the Southern and scattering States. In other words, all the other 25 States of the United States combined

Jan 1, 1912

By A. Weiss

Operations Research developments within the mining industry have evolved over the last few years through stages typical of any new technique. By 1965, most companies had passed from mere recognition of the usefulness of operations research techniques to cautious acceptance of and, in some in- stances, to confident utilization of this relatively new tool. This is reflected in the growing interest and increasing participation of mining companies in sponsoring individual papers on the subject published in mining journals or presented in full sessions at annual meetings. Chief among the sources which served, in 1965, as a barometer for measuring operations research progress within mining is the Annual Symposium on the Applications of Statistics, Operations Research, and Computers in the Mining Industry, which is now sponsored by the University of Arizona, Stanford University, Colorado School of Mines, The Pennsylvania State University, and the Society of Mining Engineers of the AIME. Two significant trends were evident in the applications of operations research techniques to problems typical of the mining industry. On the one hand, unique and imaginative O.R. applications were being developed by several companies, government agencies, and at the university level. These techniques were usually developed to solve specific existing problems. On the other hand, there was unmistakable evidence of attempts to look for problems which could be solved with those "operations research" approaches which would involve the use of the digital computer. In the latter instance, solutions may become applications or demonstrations of how the computer can be used in the reduction and interpretation of data, without the benefit of a decision model. This is a common tendency as most companies have computers, at least in their accounting sections, and many operations research solutions require the use of a digital computer. From the applications observed in 1965 and in prior years, the successful techniques have evolved.

Jan 2, 1966

INTRODUCTION Great emphasis has been given throughout this text to the necessity of maintaining the integrity of mineralogical populations when operating upon sample data drawn from mixed populations. Mineral deposits rarely are completely homogeneous and often consist of many subsets separated by geological and mineralogical boundaries. Sometimes different mineral populations are difficult to distinguish, and may be inadvertently lumped together-often without serious consequences, but more often with detrimental effects upon analytical results. The geologist must accept the responsibility for recognizing and recording mineral boundaries that may include: changes in mineral suites, lithological horizons, host rock types, faulted and offset segments, zones of enrichment or depletion, and several other geological and mineralogical changes that effect mineralogical structuring and distribution within a deposit. When employing conventional methods for assigning estimated values to irregularly shaped mineral inventory blocks, it was only necessary for the geologist or engineer to con- fine the block limits to the known geologic boundaries. Thus if a fault interrupted the mineral zone, the trace of the fault could be used as a block boundary. Intelligent decisions could always be made as to which blocks to include in each mineral population. However, with the advent of the computer, which per- mits the computation of mineral inventory blocks using better mathematical estimation techniques, there now enters the "boundary problem." Unless the computer can be programmed to recognize population differences and geologic boundaries, greater estimation errors will be found in computer-generated mineral reserves rather than in less sophisticated conventional inventories. Much disillusionment has been expressed over the years by experienced mineral appraisers as a result of their study of computer-generated inventories that failed to account adequately for geologic vagaries. Many, thus disillusioned, have concluded that computer techniques are not satisfactory, or have only limited applications to simple deposits. As with all problems in the mineral industry,

Jan 1, 1980

By H. F. Smiley, Fred Sehmann

The production of the North Central Texas area comes entirely from the Pennsylvanian section with the exception of one pool in Cooke County and one in Young County where oil has been, produced from the weathered surfaces of Pre-Pennsylvanian peaks overlapped by oil-bearing strata of Pennsylvanian age. In the southern part of the area the Strawn and Bend groups furnish the production, the Strawn sands being the predominating horizons at depths from 1500 to 3000 feet. In the northern part of the area including North Young, Archer, Wichita, Wilbarger, and Clay counties, the Cisco group has produced consistently for nearly 30 years from sands ranging in depth from 700 to 2500 ft. To our knowledge there are 13 separate producing sands in t,he Cisco group ranging from 200 to 1800 ft. in Wichita County. During the past three years, deeper drilling has opened three new producing horizons. A Canyon sand in Central Archer County has produced from 400 to 800 bbl. per well at a depth of 2200 ft.; and in the same pool, owned jointly by the Deep Oil Development Co. and Lindsay Drilling Co., a Strawn sand was found at 3600 ft. which produced 75 bbl. per day. In Southern Wichita County the Bend group has been found productive. A very oolitic sandy lime series from 3675 to 3942 ft. has produced in three wells drilled to date. During the past year the district has been producing under an extreme proration which accounts for the small production figures for 1932, as well as the few drilling activities at the end of the year. Table 1 presents the available drilling and production data compiled by the North Texas Oil and Gas Association.

Jan 1, 1933

The Joint Committee (consisting of the chairmen of the several society committees), formed under the authority of the five societies, in order to facilitate the carrying out of the organization of an engineer reserve as part of the military forces of the United States, for which work it was appointed, now begs leave to report as follows: .The Committee has been in personal communication with the Secretary of War, the officers of the General Staff, the officers of the War College, and with the Hon. George E. Chamberlain, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, and the Hon. James Hay, Chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs. As the result of these interviews there has been incorporated in the draft of the legislation proposed by the Secretary of War and included also in the bills drawn by the committees of the Senate and of the House a provision for the organization of an officers reserve on broad lines, including an engineer reserve. As now drawn these bills provide that an officer shall be commissioned for a period of five years with rank up to and including that of major, after passing such requirements of character and qualifications as shall be prescribed by the President. The bill also provides that a certain amount of duty with pay shall he performed each year by the officers in the reserve. . The Committee is waiting for the Navy Department to formulate its plans for the increase in the naval forces, and as soon as a decision has been reached by that Department and the Committee is in possession of the facts, the Committee will take up the question of the organization of an engineer reserve for the navy, similar to that contemplated for the army.

Jan 2, 1916

By W. D. Donnelly, M. L. Rudee

THE crystallography and morphology of ?-Al3Fe precipitates in an A1 + 0.5 wt pct Fe alloy have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The alloy was cast in cylindrical ingots, 15 cm in diameter and 60 cm in length, and cooled slowly. The measured composition was 0.527 wt pct Fe, 0.001 wt pct Mg, and 0.003 wt pct Cu. Spectrographic analysis revealed no additional trace impurities. Thin slices were cut from the ingot and reduced by more than 95 pct by rolling to a thickness of 0.1 mm with no intermediate annealing treatments. These thin sheets were then vacuum-annealed for 1 hr at 612°C and air-cooled in their capsules. Thin foils for examination in the electron microscope were prepared by electropolishing. The precipitate is found in the form of oval platelets on the (110) planes of the matrix. The major axes of the platelets are parallel to the (110) directions of the matrix, and vary in length from 1/2 to 2 p. The thickness is about 1/10 µ. Examples of platelets, both in the plane of the foil and normal to the foil, are shown in Figs. l(a) and l(b), respectively. lack' found that ?-A13Fe (more correctly Al13Fe4) belongs to the monoclinic system. Using Black's structural data and simultaneous electron-diffraction patterns from the matrix and precipitates, the habit planes and directions were determined to be: (001)? 1 (110)Al [100]?|| H [001]Al The orthogonal crystallographic axes of the precipitates are accurately in the habit plane, while the measured coincidences of the directions are only within 10 deg. The major axis of the platelet is parallel to [010] in the 0. This orientation corresponds to the direction of nearest registry of the lattices.

Jan 1, 1964

Statistics compiled by the United States Geological Survey show that the iron ore mined in the United States in 1917 reached a total of 75,288,851 gross tons, exceeding the former record output of 1916 by 121,179 tons. The shipments from the mines in 1917 were 75, 573,181 gross tons, valued at $238,260,333, a decrease in quantity of 2,297,372 tons, or 2.95 per cent., and an increase in value of $56,358,056, or 30.98 per cent., over the shipments in 1916. The average value per ton at the mines for all grades of ore in 1917 was $3.15 as against $2.34 in 1916. Stocks of iron ore at mines, mainly in Minnesota and Michigan, amounted at the close of 1917 to 10,628,908 gross tons, compared with 10,876,352 gross tons in 1916. The quantity of pig iron, exclusive of ferro-alloys, sold or used in 1917, according to reports of producers to the United States Geological Survey, amounted to 38,612,546 gross tons, valued at $1,053,785,975; compared with 39,126,324 gross tons, valued at $663,478,118 in 1916, a decrease of 1.32 per cent. in quantity and an increase of 59 per cent. in value. The average price per ton at furnaces in 1917, as reported to the Survey, was $27.29, compared with $16.96 in 1916, an increase of 61 per cent. The production of pig iron, including ferro-alloys, was 38,647,397 gross tons in 1917, compared with 39,434,797 gross tons in 1916, a decrease of 4.5 per cent., according to figures published by the American Iron and Steel Institute, March 18, 1918.

Jan 12, 1918